Human cells contain two different types of genes. Most of our genes are in the nucleus, so they are present in two copies (diploid) and inherited from both parents. However, we also have a small number of genes in our mitochondrial DNA, which is effectively haploid and inherited only from the mother. Based on your understanding of population genetics, would you expect genetic drift to cause greater fluctuations in allele frequencies for mitochondrial genes or for nuclear genes? Or should both types of genes be equally affected by genetic drift? Solution Answer: Genetic drift is going to cause “greater fluctuations in allele frequencies for both mitochondrial genes & for nuclear genes”. This is because according to neutral theory, these fluctuations are nearly due to the substitutions of synonymous or nonsynonymous mutations. These are finally resulted from \"conteracting generation time\". Nuclear DNA is mainly inherited from both mother and father to code for mRNA finally to synthesize proteins required for the entire organism formations but mitochondrial DNA is merely inherited from mother only because of mutations in cytoplasmic DNA but father do not pass this inheritance to either males or females. Nuclear DNA has composed of genetic information and useful to code for mature organism as per environmental cues. Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA mutations may induce mitochondrial diseases result inability of cells to generate energy currency of cells for metabolic activity in the resultant phenotype. Recent research has revealed that mtDNA nonsense mutations mainly due to replicative segregation of heteroplasmic alleles result in bioenergietic lethal defects different from mutations in nuclear genome. It has profoundly observed that maternal genes have capability to provide energy organelles with mtDNA. However, high mutation rate during gamete formation in heteroplasmic alleles responsible for mutant mitochondria due to maternal inheritance.Mitochondrial genome is circular and double helical similar to nuclear genome and code for tRNA similar to nuclear genome. Mitochondrial DNA is matrilineal & affected via genetic drift similar to nuclear genome. Mitochondrial genome has approximately 1100 bases in which two regions are hypervariable or polymorphic with no genetic code functions exert variability between human beings. Most of mitochondrial DNA is inherited from material origin useful to detect crime aspects in forensic science.

1. Human cells contain two different types of genes. Most of our genes are in the nucleus, so they
are present in two copies (diploid) and inherited from both parents. However, we also have a
small number of genes in our mitochondrial DNA, which is effectively haploid and inherited
only from the mother. Based on your understanding of population genetics, would you expect
genetic drift to cause greater fluctuations in allele frequencies for mitochondrial genes or for
nuclear genes? Or should both types of genes be equally affected by genetic drift?
Solution
Answer:
Genetic drift is going to cause “greater fluctuations in allele frequencies for both mitochondrial
genes & for nuclear genes”. This is because according to neutral theory, these fluctuations are
nearly due to the substitutions of synonymous or nonsynonymous mutations. These are finally
resulted from "conteracting generation time". Nuclear DNA is mainly inherited from both
mother and father to code for mRNA finally to synthesize proteins required for the entire
organism formations but mitochondrial DNA is merely inherited from mother only because of
mutations in cytoplasmic DNA but father do not pass this inheritance to either males or females.
Nuclear DNA has composed of genetic information and useful to code for mature organism as
per environmental cues. Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA mutations may induce
mitochondrial diseases result inability of cells to generate energy currency of cells for metabolic
activity in the resultant phenotype.
Recent research has revealed that mtDNA nonsense mutations mainly due to replicative
segregation of heteroplasmic alleles result in bioenergietic lethal defects different from mutations
in nuclear genome. It has profoundly observed that maternal genes have capability to provide
energy organelles with mtDNA. However, high mutation rate during gamete formation in
heteroplasmic alleles responsible for mutant mitochondria due to maternal
inheritance.Mitochondrial genome is circular and double helical similar to nuclear genome and
code for tRNA similar to nuclear genome. Mitochondrial DNA is matrilineal & affected via
genetic drift similar to nuclear genome. Mitochondrial genome has approximately 1100 bases in
which two regions are hypervariable or polymorphic with no genetic code functions exert
variability between human beings. Most of mitochondrial DNA is inherited from material origin
useful to detect crime aspects in forensic science