This document discusses a study that explored Lebanese stakeholders' perspectives on developing a School Nutrition Policy (SNP) in Lebanon. 32 stakeholders from government, NGOs, healthcare, education, and food industry were interviewed. The study developed a conceptual framework integrating several theories to identify individual, community, and organizational factors. Stakeholders generally agreed healthy lifestyles should be promoted in schools. However, major barriers included socioeconomic instability, social/religious diversity, and political divisions in Lebanon. Stakeholders felt public participation and collaboration across sectors would facilitate SNP development but it must be tailored to Lebanon's unique context. The study provides insight for policymakers on developing nutrition strategies in schools.
Ten-point Vision Strategies to Offer a Menu of Options to Promote Healthy Eat...asclepiuspdfs
Background: Globalization is largely responsible for the noticeable rise of food energy availability and other food consumptions trends. Lebanon has been experiencing a nutritional transition in food choices and patterns during the past years. Dietary habits and lifestyles have been consequently affected, and nutrition-health related problems are increasingly being observed. Public health nutrition strategies and policies will ultimately benefit individuals and their communities. Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the determinants of health promotion strategies and nutrition policies development by studying Lebanese key stakeholders’ perceptions.
The document summarizes several models of school health programs, including the three-component model, eight-component model, and full-service schools model. It describes the key elements and features of each component in the different models. The three-component model includes health education, health services, and a healthful environment. The eight-component model, from the CDC, expands on this to include additional elements like physical education, nutrition services, counseling, and parent/community involvement. The full-service schools model envisions the school as a center providing a wide range of health, social, and family services through collaboration with community agencies.
The Multi-Source Method (MSM) was used to develop a weight loss intervention for low-income, multiethnic postpartum women. MSM combines information from the target population, scientific evidence, and behavior change theory. It includes positive deviance methods, focus groups, community advisors, and the Social Cognitive Theory. A 13-week pilot intervention addressed nutrition, physical activity, behavioral skills, and psychosocial factors to increase self-efficacy and facilitate approximately 11 pound weight loss. Effectiveness will be assessed by changes in weight, self-efficacy, and well-being. The MSM engages the target community and integrates their perspectives into a theoretically-grounded intervention tailored to their needs.
Scope of Health Promotion included in National Health Policy (NHP) 2071(2014)Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
The document summarizes the scope of health promotion as outlined in Nepal's 2014 National Health Policy. It discusses how health promotion aims to enable people to increase control over their health through various individual, interpersonal, community, and policy-level strategies. The National Health Policy includes policies and over 120 strategies to promote public health through health education and communication, minimize malnutrition by promoting healthy foods, and ensure citizens' right to a healthy environment by controlling pollution. The policy aims to address health promotion through a strategic framework that focuses on reorienting services, creating supportive environments, reducing inequalities, improving health, preventing diseases, and reducing healthcare costs.
Community nutrition deals with food and nutrition issues related to groups linked by place of residence, culture, or health issues. There is a need to focus on the community level for health promotion and disease prevention, as an individual's behaviors and attitudes are influenced by their environment. Major nutrition problems in Bangladesh include chronic energy deficiency, micronutrient deficiencies like anemia and vitamin A deficiency, and multiple deficiencies. The Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey from 2011 shows that 41% of children under 5 are stunted, with 15.3% severely stunted.
Community Organization for Health Promotiondr natasha
This document provides an overview of community organization and development. It defines key terms like community, community organization, and community development. It discusses the philosophy, principles, and scope of community development. Some key points include:
- Community development is a process that unites government efforts with community members to improve social, cultural, and economic conditions.
- Community organization involves community members organizing themselves to address issues and work towards development.
- Principles of community development include it being a process, taking a holistic approach, empowering communities, and ensuring environmental sustainability.
- Community participation, recruitment of participants, and their characteristics are important aspects of community development.
The document discusses health promotion majors and careers. It defines health promotion as understanding health and fitness skills and promoting them to others. Health promotion degrees can lead to careers such as personal training, dietetics, social work in sports medicine, athletic training, and management. Health promotion is important as it informs people of health risks, protects people from risks, and educates students about wellness. The document provides mission statements from Coastal Carolina University and Lynchburg University about their health promotion programs.
1) The document discusses several models of health promotion, including those proposed by Caplan & Holland, Beattie, Tones & Tilfors, and Tannahill.
2) Caplan & Holland's model categorizes health promotion into four paradigms based on theories of knowledge and the nature of society: traditional, humanist, radical humanist, and radical structuralist.
3) Beattie's model generates four health promotion strategies based on the mode of intervention (authoritarian vs negotiated) and focus of intervention (individual vs collective).
Ten-point Vision Strategies to Offer a Menu of Options to Promote Healthy Eat...asclepiuspdfs
Background: Globalization is largely responsible for the noticeable rise of food energy availability and other food consumptions trends. Lebanon has been experiencing a nutritional transition in food choices and patterns during the past years. Dietary habits and lifestyles have been consequently affected, and nutrition-health related problems are increasingly being observed. Public health nutrition strategies and policies will ultimately benefit individuals and their communities. Objective: The objective of the study was to explore the determinants of health promotion strategies and nutrition policies development by studying Lebanese key stakeholders’ perceptions.
The document summarizes several models of school health programs, including the three-component model, eight-component model, and full-service schools model. It describes the key elements and features of each component in the different models. The three-component model includes health education, health services, and a healthful environment. The eight-component model, from the CDC, expands on this to include additional elements like physical education, nutrition services, counseling, and parent/community involvement. The full-service schools model envisions the school as a center providing a wide range of health, social, and family services through collaboration with community agencies.
The Multi-Source Method (MSM) was used to develop a weight loss intervention for low-income, multiethnic postpartum women. MSM combines information from the target population, scientific evidence, and behavior change theory. It includes positive deviance methods, focus groups, community advisors, and the Social Cognitive Theory. A 13-week pilot intervention addressed nutrition, physical activity, behavioral skills, and psychosocial factors to increase self-efficacy and facilitate approximately 11 pound weight loss. Effectiveness will be assessed by changes in weight, self-efficacy, and well-being. The MSM engages the target community and integrates their perspectives into a theoretically-grounded intervention tailored to their needs.
Scope of Health Promotion included in National Health Policy (NHP) 2071(2014)Mohammad Aslam Shaiekh
The document summarizes the scope of health promotion as outlined in Nepal's 2014 National Health Policy. It discusses how health promotion aims to enable people to increase control over their health through various individual, interpersonal, community, and policy-level strategies. The National Health Policy includes policies and over 120 strategies to promote public health through health education and communication, minimize malnutrition by promoting healthy foods, and ensure citizens' right to a healthy environment by controlling pollution. The policy aims to address health promotion through a strategic framework that focuses on reorienting services, creating supportive environments, reducing inequalities, improving health, preventing diseases, and reducing healthcare costs.
Community nutrition deals with food and nutrition issues related to groups linked by place of residence, culture, or health issues. There is a need to focus on the community level for health promotion and disease prevention, as an individual's behaviors and attitudes are influenced by their environment. Major nutrition problems in Bangladesh include chronic energy deficiency, micronutrient deficiencies like anemia and vitamin A deficiency, and multiple deficiencies. The Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey from 2011 shows that 41% of children under 5 are stunted, with 15.3% severely stunted.
Community Organization for Health Promotiondr natasha
This document provides an overview of community organization and development. It defines key terms like community, community organization, and community development. It discusses the philosophy, principles, and scope of community development. Some key points include:
- Community development is a process that unites government efforts with community members to improve social, cultural, and economic conditions.
- Community organization involves community members organizing themselves to address issues and work towards development.
- Principles of community development include it being a process, taking a holistic approach, empowering communities, and ensuring environmental sustainability.
- Community participation, recruitment of participants, and their characteristics are important aspects of community development.
The document discusses health promotion majors and careers. It defines health promotion as understanding health and fitness skills and promoting them to others. Health promotion degrees can lead to careers such as personal training, dietetics, social work in sports medicine, athletic training, and management. Health promotion is important as it informs people of health risks, protects people from risks, and educates students about wellness. The document provides mission statements from Coastal Carolina University and Lynchburg University about their health promotion programs.
1) The document discusses several models of health promotion, including those proposed by Caplan & Holland, Beattie, Tones & Tilfors, and Tannahill.
2) Caplan & Holland's model categorizes health promotion into four paradigms based on theories of knowledge and the nature of society: traditional, humanist, radical humanist, and radical structuralist.
3) Beattie's model generates four health promotion strategies based on the mode of intervention (authoritarian vs negotiated) and focus of intervention (individual vs collective).
The document discusses designing health systems to promote health. It defines health promotion as enabling people to increase control over their health according to the WHO. It also discusses the five elements of the Ottawa Charter for health promotion: building healthy public policy, reorienting health services, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, and developing personal skills. The document also defines health systems and discusses how their functions support health promotion goals. It provides strategies for planning health promotion programs and designing health services to promote health in primary care, hospitals, and other residential care settings.
The document discusses the history and definitions of health promotion. It provides:
1) The term "health promotion" was first used in 1974 and refers to strategies that tackle the wider determinants of health beyond just healthcare.
2) Health promotion aims to empower people to have more control over their health and aspects of their lives that affect it.
3) Key strategies of health promotion include building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, and reorienting health services.
Nutrition Education in Primary Schools, Volume 2, The Activities: A Planning Guide for Curriculum Development
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document provides an overview of health promotion including definitions, approaches, models, activities, processes, principles, tools, and programs. It also discusses evaluation of health promotion programs and challenges. Key points include:
- Health promotion is defined as empowering people to increase control over their health through various population-based, participatory, multi-sectoral approaches.
- Common models include Tannahill's which incorporates health education, prevention, and protection.
- Activities can target populations, lifestyles, environments and include education, policy, community development.
- Stakeholders have roles in building healthy public policy, supportive environments, skills and reorienting services.
- Evaluation assesses
This document summarizes an assignment on applying public health frameworks and strategies in practice. It discusses key public health frameworks like the Ottawa Charter of 1986 and Bangkok Charter of 2007. It also identifies common health determinants from Health Canada and priority areas selected by the community, including nutrition, food security, employment, income and education. The document outlines assessment processes, ethical considerations, goals and strategies to address health inequities in the community based on evidence and partnering with First Nations people.
AT A.G TEACHERS Dr Geetika Saluja Teaching Curriculum Development to Integrat...Dr. Geetika Saluja
The document discusses teaching curriculum development to integrate education for active citizenship and sustainable development. It argues that simply increasing literacy is not enough and that education must encourage public participation and community decision making. It also stresses that institutions must model sustainable practices and that curricula need to focus on developing skills, values and perspectives that support sustainability. The document advocates for a whole school-whole system approach where sustainable values are reflected both inside and outside the classroom. It provides principles for curriculum design like conservation, peace, equity and appropriate development to teach students how to apply sustainable practices at all levels of decision making.
Current strategies for stunting reduction in the light of emerging evidence o...Francois Stepman
Habiba Hassan-Wassef, MD
National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
1-5 October 2018. Addis Abeba. The 8th Africa Nutritional Epidemiology Conference (ANEC VIII 2018)
This document discusses nutrition communication. It defines nutrition communication as informing people about important nutrition issues through various channels to improve nutritional status. The objectives are to restrict misinformation and encourage healthy diets. Strategies include linking messages to interventions and changing knowledge/attitudes. Target groups include mothers and health workers. Tools include formulating messages and choosing media like posters or radio. Methods involve individual counseling, group discussions, and mass media campaigns. Messages must be accurate, affordable, and culturally sensitive. Testing ensures messages are understood before widespread distribution.
This document provides an overview of health promotion for nurses. It discusses how health promotion has become an increasingly important part of the nurse's role according to health policies and the shifting focus of nursing from disease to health. The document outlines some key health promotion frameworks and approaches, including identifying three principal ways nurses can approach health promotion: as a behavior change agent, empowerment facilitator, and strategic practitioner. It also discusses how health promotion interventions can be evaluated for their aims, processes, impacts and outcomes within each of these models. Finally, the document provides context on the historical development of health promotion and how frameworks have emerged in response.
This literature review summarizes research on effective strategies for obesity prevention initiatives targeting children under 12. It finds that successful programs typically use a multi-system approach, are based on community needs, have strong communication and engagement strategies, and evaluate their effectiveness. The review also examines specific programs from around the world, highlighting common elements like coordinated involvement of multiple community sectors and political/resource support.
The document discusses health promotion and the roles of pharmacists. It defines health promotion as enabling people to control and improve their health through skills and environmental changes. Pharmacists are well-positioned to conduct health promotion activities due to their accessibility and knowledge. The document outlines various health promotion strategies pharmacists can implement, such as providing educational materials, hosting displays, and taking opportunities during medicine sales to discuss health topics.
Introduction to health promotion and population healthAbduh Ridha
This document provides an introduction and outline for a presentation on health promotion and population health. It includes:
1) Milestones in the development of health promotion and population health from 1974 onwards, including reports, conferences, and definitions that were influential.
2) An outline of key concepts in health promotion and population health, including definitions of health, health promotion, empowerment, and determinants of health.
3) Questions from the audience about differences and commonalities between health promotion and population health that will be addressed later in the presentation.
Concept and definitions
Health education
Beliefs and approaches in health promotion
Health promotion strategies and priority actions
Public health, social movement, health inequity and millennium goals
Canadian experience in health promotion
Conclusion
The document summarizes a study that examined using schoolchildren in rural western Kenya as health change agents. 40 schoolchildren were given health education training and then taught their peers and parents about malaria, diarrhea, and hygiene. Knowledge and practices were measured before and after through surveys. The schoolchildren's teaching led to significant knowledge improvements among peers and parents. Behavioral changes were more evident among the children than adults. The project impacted school and home environments. The study demonstrates schoolchildren's potential as cost-effective health educators in their communities.
This document discusses theories of learning and their application to patient education. It covers behaviorism, cognitivism, humanism, and social learning theory. It also discusses principles of adult learning, communication skills, counseling techniques, and educational methods that can be used in patient instruction. The goal is to effectively integrate risk assessment and health promotion counseling into the dental care process through education and communication.
Health promotion aims to reach optimal health through activities that increase well-being, prevent disease, and control existing disease. It involves empowering communities, policymakers, professionals, and the public to support health-promoting policies, systems, and behaviors. Approaches to health promotion include creating healthy populations by addressing needs across life stages, promoting healthy lifestyles, and developing healthy environments. Challenges to health promotion in developing countries include poverty, economic priorities focused on growth over health, low education levels, political instability, and influence of commercial interests.
1. The study evaluated a community-based intervention for dengue control in Cuba that strengthened intersectoral coordination and community empowerment.
2. Surveys found that levels of community participation and positive behavioral changes increased more in pilot areas with the coordination and empowerment interventions compared to the control area.
3. Entomological surveillance data showed that the pilot and extension areas achieved lower Breteau indices, indicating greater effectiveness at controlling the Aedes mosquito, compared to the control area over the six-year period.
Perspectives of Nursing in the Care of the Patient with Diabetes Mellitus-Cr...CrimsonPublishersIOD
This document discusses perspectives on nursing care for patients with diabetes mellitus. It begins by providing statistics on the rising prevalence of diabetes worldwide and in Venezuela. It then discusses the importance of diabetes education and therapeutic education for patients. The document reviews different models of nursing care, emphasizing the importance of the chronic care model to achieve effective self-management. It argues that all caregivers should adopt this model to achieve treatment goals like metabolic control and quality of life.
This document summarizes a systematic review of 117 peer-reviewed articles on social and behavior change communication (SBCC) approaches to improving maternal, infant, and young child nutrition practices. The review found that:
- Interpersonal communication approaches, like home visits and peer counseling, were the most commonly used and consistently reported some of the greatest positive changes in nutrition practices.
- Over half of the interventions targeted only one audience, such as pregnant/lactating women or caregivers.
- A variety of SBCC approaches have been found effective depending on context, including timing, frequency, intensity, duration and quality of the intervention.
- Further research is still needed to evaluate the relative effectiveness, complementarity and costs of
This document summarizes formative research conducted to understand school health environments and stakeholder perceptions of school health in four countries. Key findings include:
1) Interviews with teachers, government workers and parents in Lao PDR, Mongolia, Nepal and Sri Lanka identified six themes around insufficient resources leading to suboptimal health conditions.
2) At the individual level, cold weather and poor diet were issues due to lack of personal resources. At the school level, lack of water purifiers, latrines and other physical resources were discussed.
3) Interviewees also pointed to schools' overdependence on external resources and lack of sustainability, as well as shortages of health services at the school and community level.
The document discusses designing health systems to promote health. It defines health promotion as enabling people to increase control over their health according to the WHO. It also discusses the five elements of the Ottawa Charter for health promotion: building healthy public policy, reorienting health services, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, and developing personal skills. The document also defines health systems and discusses how their functions support health promotion goals. It provides strategies for planning health promotion programs and designing health services to promote health in primary care, hospitals, and other residential care settings.
The document discusses the history and definitions of health promotion. It provides:
1) The term "health promotion" was first used in 1974 and refers to strategies that tackle the wider determinants of health beyond just healthcare.
2) Health promotion aims to empower people to have more control over their health and aspects of their lives that affect it.
3) Key strategies of health promotion include building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, and reorienting health services.
Nutrition Education in Primary Schools, Volume 2, The Activities: A Planning Guide for Curriculum Development
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document provides an overview of health promotion including definitions, approaches, models, activities, processes, principles, tools, and programs. It also discusses evaluation of health promotion programs and challenges. Key points include:
- Health promotion is defined as empowering people to increase control over their health through various population-based, participatory, multi-sectoral approaches.
- Common models include Tannahill's which incorporates health education, prevention, and protection.
- Activities can target populations, lifestyles, environments and include education, policy, community development.
- Stakeholders have roles in building healthy public policy, supportive environments, skills and reorienting services.
- Evaluation assesses
This document summarizes an assignment on applying public health frameworks and strategies in practice. It discusses key public health frameworks like the Ottawa Charter of 1986 and Bangkok Charter of 2007. It also identifies common health determinants from Health Canada and priority areas selected by the community, including nutrition, food security, employment, income and education. The document outlines assessment processes, ethical considerations, goals and strategies to address health inequities in the community based on evidence and partnering with First Nations people.
AT A.G TEACHERS Dr Geetika Saluja Teaching Curriculum Development to Integrat...Dr. Geetika Saluja
The document discusses teaching curriculum development to integrate education for active citizenship and sustainable development. It argues that simply increasing literacy is not enough and that education must encourage public participation and community decision making. It also stresses that institutions must model sustainable practices and that curricula need to focus on developing skills, values and perspectives that support sustainability. The document advocates for a whole school-whole system approach where sustainable values are reflected both inside and outside the classroom. It provides principles for curriculum design like conservation, peace, equity and appropriate development to teach students how to apply sustainable practices at all levels of decision making.
Current strategies for stunting reduction in the light of emerging evidence o...Francois Stepman
Habiba Hassan-Wassef, MD
National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
1-5 October 2018. Addis Abeba. The 8th Africa Nutritional Epidemiology Conference (ANEC VIII 2018)
This document discusses nutrition communication. It defines nutrition communication as informing people about important nutrition issues through various channels to improve nutritional status. The objectives are to restrict misinformation and encourage healthy diets. Strategies include linking messages to interventions and changing knowledge/attitudes. Target groups include mothers and health workers. Tools include formulating messages and choosing media like posters or radio. Methods involve individual counseling, group discussions, and mass media campaigns. Messages must be accurate, affordable, and culturally sensitive. Testing ensures messages are understood before widespread distribution.
This document provides an overview of health promotion for nurses. It discusses how health promotion has become an increasingly important part of the nurse's role according to health policies and the shifting focus of nursing from disease to health. The document outlines some key health promotion frameworks and approaches, including identifying three principal ways nurses can approach health promotion: as a behavior change agent, empowerment facilitator, and strategic practitioner. It also discusses how health promotion interventions can be evaluated for their aims, processes, impacts and outcomes within each of these models. Finally, the document provides context on the historical development of health promotion and how frameworks have emerged in response.
This literature review summarizes research on effective strategies for obesity prevention initiatives targeting children under 12. It finds that successful programs typically use a multi-system approach, are based on community needs, have strong communication and engagement strategies, and evaluate their effectiveness. The review also examines specific programs from around the world, highlighting common elements like coordinated involvement of multiple community sectors and political/resource support.
The document discusses health promotion and the roles of pharmacists. It defines health promotion as enabling people to control and improve their health through skills and environmental changes. Pharmacists are well-positioned to conduct health promotion activities due to their accessibility and knowledge. The document outlines various health promotion strategies pharmacists can implement, such as providing educational materials, hosting displays, and taking opportunities during medicine sales to discuss health topics.
Introduction to health promotion and population healthAbduh Ridha
This document provides an introduction and outline for a presentation on health promotion and population health. It includes:
1) Milestones in the development of health promotion and population health from 1974 onwards, including reports, conferences, and definitions that were influential.
2) An outline of key concepts in health promotion and population health, including definitions of health, health promotion, empowerment, and determinants of health.
3) Questions from the audience about differences and commonalities between health promotion and population health that will be addressed later in the presentation.
Concept and definitions
Health education
Beliefs and approaches in health promotion
Health promotion strategies and priority actions
Public health, social movement, health inequity and millennium goals
Canadian experience in health promotion
Conclusion
The document summarizes a study that examined using schoolchildren in rural western Kenya as health change agents. 40 schoolchildren were given health education training and then taught their peers and parents about malaria, diarrhea, and hygiene. Knowledge and practices were measured before and after through surveys. The schoolchildren's teaching led to significant knowledge improvements among peers and parents. Behavioral changes were more evident among the children than adults. The project impacted school and home environments. The study demonstrates schoolchildren's potential as cost-effective health educators in their communities.
This document discusses theories of learning and their application to patient education. It covers behaviorism, cognitivism, humanism, and social learning theory. It also discusses principles of adult learning, communication skills, counseling techniques, and educational methods that can be used in patient instruction. The goal is to effectively integrate risk assessment and health promotion counseling into the dental care process through education and communication.
Health promotion aims to reach optimal health through activities that increase well-being, prevent disease, and control existing disease. It involves empowering communities, policymakers, professionals, and the public to support health-promoting policies, systems, and behaviors. Approaches to health promotion include creating healthy populations by addressing needs across life stages, promoting healthy lifestyles, and developing healthy environments. Challenges to health promotion in developing countries include poverty, economic priorities focused on growth over health, low education levels, political instability, and influence of commercial interests.
1. The study evaluated a community-based intervention for dengue control in Cuba that strengthened intersectoral coordination and community empowerment.
2. Surveys found that levels of community participation and positive behavioral changes increased more in pilot areas with the coordination and empowerment interventions compared to the control area.
3. Entomological surveillance data showed that the pilot and extension areas achieved lower Breteau indices, indicating greater effectiveness at controlling the Aedes mosquito, compared to the control area over the six-year period.
Perspectives of Nursing in the Care of the Patient with Diabetes Mellitus-Cr...CrimsonPublishersIOD
This document discusses perspectives on nursing care for patients with diabetes mellitus. It begins by providing statistics on the rising prevalence of diabetes worldwide and in Venezuela. It then discusses the importance of diabetes education and therapeutic education for patients. The document reviews different models of nursing care, emphasizing the importance of the chronic care model to achieve effective self-management. It argues that all caregivers should adopt this model to achieve treatment goals like metabolic control and quality of life.
This document summarizes a systematic review of 117 peer-reviewed articles on social and behavior change communication (SBCC) approaches to improving maternal, infant, and young child nutrition practices. The review found that:
- Interpersonal communication approaches, like home visits and peer counseling, were the most commonly used and consistently reported some of the greatest positive changes in nutrition practices.
- Over half of the interventions targeted only one audience, such as pregnant/lactating women or caregivers.
- A variety of SBCC approaches have been found effective depending on context, including timing, frequency, intensity, duration and quality of the intervention.
- Further research is still needed to evaluate the relative effectiveness, complementarity and costs of
This document summarizes formative research conducted to understand school health environments and stakeholder perceptions of school health in four countries. Key findings include:
1) Interviews with teachers, government workers and parents in Lao PDR, Mongolia, Nepal and Sri Lanka identified six themes around insufficient resources leading to suboptimal health conditions.
2) At the individual level, cold weather and poor diet were issues due to lack of personal resources. At the school level, lack of water purifiers, latrines and other physical resources were discussed.
3) Interviewees also pointed to schools' overdependence on external resources and lack of sustainability, as well as shortages of health services at the school and community level.
Health teaching strategies in nursing are methods that nurses use to educate patients and promote health literacy
Some common health teaching strategies in nursing include:
1. Lecture: giving a presentation and reciting information to patients.
2. Mid-lecture quizzing: asking questions throughout or at the end of the lecture to assess learning.
3. Simulations: using realistic scenarios and equipment to practice skills and procedures.
Delegation: assigning more responsibilities to support staff and focusing more on patient education.
4. Assessment: finding out what the patient already knows and correcting any misinformation.
This document presents pathways between SBCC delivery strategies and improved maternal, infant, and young child nutrition practices. It introduces a conceptual framework that shows how SBCC can target different populations to address behavioral determinants and improve nutrition practices and status. The framework includes evidence-based high-impact nutrition practices in five areas: dietary practices during pregnancy/lactation, breastfeeding, complementary feeding, anemia prevention/control, and WASH. It then outlines key determinants of behavior change and SBCC delivery strategies like community mobilization, BCC, and advocacy. The document provides citations supporting the prioritized nutrition practices and refers readers to additional evidence on effective SBCC approaches on the SPRING website.
Position and role of health education in health promotion. Niru Magar
This ppt explores the Position and role of health education in health promotion.Health education is the process of providing individuals and communities with the knowledge, skills, and motivation they need to make informed choices about their health and well-being.
It's more than just learning facts; it's about developing the ability to understand, critically evaluate, and apply that knowledge to your life.
HE is aimed at bringing about behavioral changes in individuals, groups, and larger populations from behaviors that are presumed to be detrimental to health, to behaviors that are conducive to present and future health.
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to take control over and improve their health and its determinants. Health promotion is about creating the conditions and conducive environment for healthy choices for all and where people live, work, age and play.
Health promotion is an umbrella term that includes disease prevention, improvement of health, and enhancing well-being.
Through various platforms and strategies, HE aims to improve health outcomes, reduce health disparities, and foster a culture of informed decision-making and wellness.
A Conceptual Framework for Healthy Eating Behavior inEcuador.docxevonnehoggarth79783
A Conceptual Framework for Healthy Eating Behavior in
Ecuadorian Adolescents: A Qualitative Study
Roosmarijn Verstraeten1,2*, Kathleen Van Royen2, Angélica Ochoa-Avilés2,3, Daniela Penafiel2,4,
Michelle Holdsworth5, Silvana Donoso3, Lea Maes6, Patrick Kolsteren1,2
1 Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, 2 Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,
3 Food, Nutrition and Health program, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador, 4 Rural Research Centre, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador,
5 Public Health Section, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR) - The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, 6 Department of Public Health, Ghent
University, Ghent, Belgium
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to identify factors influencing eating behavior of Ecuadorian adolescents - from
the perspective of parents, school staff and adolescents - to develop a conceptual framework for adolescents’ eating
behavior.
Study design: Twenty focus groups (N = 144 participants) were conducted separately with adolescents aged 11–15 y (n
(focus groups) = 12, N (participants) = 80), parents (n = 4, N = 32) and school staff (n = 4, N = 32) in rural and urban Ecuador.
A semi-structured questioning route was developed based on the ‘Attitude, Social influences and Self-efficacy’ model and
the socio-ecological model to assess the relevance of behavioral and environmental factors in low- and middle-income
countries. Two researchers independently analyzed verbatim transcripts for emerging themes, using deductive thematic
content analysis. Data were analyzed using NVivo 8.
Results: All groups recognized the importance of eating healthily and key individual factors in Ecuadorian adolescents’ food
choices were: financial autonomy, food safety perceptions, lack of self-control, habit strength, taste preferences and
perceived peer norms. Environmental factors included the poor nutritional quality of food and its easy access at school. In
their home and family environment, time and convenience completed the picture as barriers to eating healthily. Participants
acknowledged the impact of the changing socio-cultural environment on adolescents’ eating patterns. Availability of
healthy food at home and financial constraints differed between settings and socio-economic groups.
Conclusion: Our findings endorse the importance of investigating behavioral and environmental factors that influence and
mediate healthy dietary behavior prior to intervention development. Several culture-specific factors emerged that were
incorporated into a conceptual framework for developing health promotion interventions in Ecuador.
Citation: Verstraeten R, Van Royen K, Ochoa-Avilés A, Penafiel D, Holdsworth M, et al. (2014) A Conceptual Framework for Healthy Eating Behavior in Ecuadorian
Adolescents: A Qualitative Study. PLoS ONE 9(1): e87183. doi:10.1371/journal..
Sps160 chapter 6 health promotion for target groupZul Fadli
The document discusses health promotion programs at schools. It describes the WHO's Global School Health Initiative launched in 1995 to improve student, staff, family and community health through schools. The goal is to increase the number of "Health-Promoting Schools". Strategies discussed include research, advocacy, strengthening national capacities, and creating networks to develop health-promoting schools. Key areas of focus for these schools are listed. Assessment tools are also described, including the Global School-based Student Health Survey.
This document discusses promoting health in schools through a holistic approach. It summarizes evidence that taking a whole-school approach to health promotion, which addresses policies, environment, curriculum, community links and services, can improve both educational and health outcomes for students. Specifically, multi-faceted approaches that consider the social and emotional factors impacting learning are more effective than single-issue programs delivered only in the classroom. The evidence indicates schools should utilize all six components of a health promoting schools approach to enhance students' well-being and learning.
This document outlines the key concepts and purposes of health education. It defines health education as the process of helping people learn behaviors to improve their health. It discusses how health education aims to prevent diseases through upgrading knowledge, building healthy trends, and changing behaviors. It also describes the roles and characteristics of health educators in medical settings, schools, workplaces, and communities in assessing needs, planning and implementing programs, evaluation, and advocating for health issues.
Introduction to Health Education and Health Promotion Part 2dr natasha
This document provides an introduction to health education, including definitions, objectives, content, principles, methods, settings and evaluation. It defines health education as a process of providing information to promote, maintain and restore health. The objectives are to inform, motivate and guide people into health-promoting actions. Content areas discussed include nutrition, hygiene, disease prevention, and health services. Principles focus on interest, participation, comprehension and learning by doing. Methods vary by setting and can include campaigns, classes, and social marketing. Settings discussed are schools, workplaces, healthcare facilities, and communities. Evaluation is described as an ongoing and iterative process.
Oral health promotion is a comprehensive approach to enhancing the oral health of
families, communities and populations which both
complements and challenges the approach on which formal
health care systems are based.
Assessment of the Existing School Health Promotion Program in a Selected Educ...AnuragSingh1049
The health promotion school program was designed to promote the wellbeing of school students. This concept was introduced during the 1980s by the World Health Organization (WHO). In Sri Lanka; it was initiated and implemented in 2008 targeting all government schools. The aim of the study was to assess the existing school health promotion program. The cross-sectional study was implemented in May 2018 with all secondary schools in a selected education zone in Sri Lanka which represent three types of schools, 1AB, 1C and type 2. The study participants were students and teachers. The newly developed tool (Health Promoting School Assessment Tool) was used to assess the existing school health promotion program under six main criteria. The nominal group technique was followed to fill the assessment tool designed in the study where a team of teachers and a team of students separately took part in the assessment. The findings of the study show that the existing health promotion school program is partially unsuccessful in the selected educational zone. The existing situation of the school health promotion program, according to the main six criteria of the Health Promotion School Assessment Tool, was not at a satisfactory level of the implementation (38.2%). Only three schools (N=23) scored more than 50% while other schools (n=20, N=23) were scored less than 50%. According to the assessment, for each group of an individual school, there was a difference between teachers’ assessment and students’ assessment of the overall health promotion program. It is important to conduct continuous monitoring and have an evaluation plan for the school health promotion program to acquire effective changes in school settings.
This document provides an overview of oral health promotion. It defines oral health promotion as public health actions to protect or improve oral health through behavioral, educational, socioeconomic, legal, environmental and social measures. The document discusses the origins and concepts of health promotion, as well as methods, strategies and approaches to oral health promotion. It also examines barriers to oral health promotion and provides examples of oral health promotion in action through various international conferences and charters.
This document discusses health education and related concepts. It defines health education as a process that informs people to adopt healthy practices and lifestyles. It also discusses the scope of health education, including topics like nutrition, hygiene, disease prevention, and mental health. The document outlines various methods of health education, including individual approaches, group approaches, and mass media approaches. It also discusses principles of effective health education like credibility, interest, and participation.
This document outlines key concepts related to health promotion including definitions, approaches, models, activities, principles, and examples of health promotion programs. It defines health promotion as a process that empowers communities and individuals to improve their health. Several approaches are discussed, including focusing on healthy populations, lifestyles, and environments. Models of health promotion include Tannahill's model and examples of community programs targeting preschools, schools, workplaces, and other groups are provided. The planning process and principles of health promotion are also summarized.
Public Health Program Development to Complement Occupational Therapy PracticeSamantha Thompson
This document describes a public health program developed through collaboration between occupational therapy and public health practitioners to support parents of teenagers with autism. A needs assessment identified key parental needs around stress, support, and caregiving burden. In response, a nine-session parent health program was developed covering topics like financial wellness, independence promotion, and social skills. Program evaluation found it increased parents' knowledge, decreased stress, and improved confidence in handling their teenager's transition out of high school. The collaboration between occupational therapy and public health allowed for addressing needs at both the individual client and community levels.
This document provides an overview of oral health promotion. It defines oral health promotion as aiming to prevent oral diseases before they occur or reduce their impact through community-based programs. The document outlines several approaches to oral health promotion, including preventive, behavioral, educational, empowerment, social change, and the common risk factor approach. It discusses the role of health professionals in advocacy, empowerment, and mediation. The overall goal of oral health promotion is to improve population oral health and quality of life by addressing the social determinants of health.
This document discusses coordinated school health programs (CSHP). It defines CSHP and its 8 components: comprehensive school health education, physical education, school health services, school nutrition services, school counseling/psychological/social services, healthy school environment, staff health promotion, and family/community involvement. It describes how to establish or strengthen a CSHP through leadership, an advisory committee, supportive policies, resource mapping, needs assessment, plan development, and ongoing evaluation. The goal of a CSHP is to address students' health needs and improve their ability to learn through an integrated approach across its 8 components.
The document discusses community, community health, and community health nursing. It defines a community as a group of people living in a geographical area who interact and share common characteristics. Community health refers to the overall well-being of community members, including their physical, mental, social, and spiritual health. Community health nursing aims to provide health services to individuals and communities to prevent disease, promote health, and rehabilitate when needed. The objectives of community health nursing are to improve the community's capability for self-care, strengthen community resources, control the environment, prevent and control diseases, and provide specialized services.
This editorial discusses the public health nutrition challenges facing the Middle East region. It notes the triple burden of undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight/obesity affecting different communities. Rapid nutrition and lifestyle transitions have contributed to increased chronic diseases. There is an urgent need to address this through effective nutrition policies and prevention programs developed by public health nutrition experts. However, the field is underdeveloped in the region due to limited training programs, surveillance data, and evidence-based policies. Capacity building of public health nutritionists is essential to develop culturally appropriate interventions and evaluate their impact on the populations of the Middle East.
Similar to School Nutrition Policies: Shared and Complementary Perspectives of Lebanese Key Stakeholders (20)
Convalescent Plasma and COVID-19: Ancient Therapy Re-emergedasclepiuspdfs
Convalescent plasma has been used as a treatment for infectious diseases for over a century. It involves transfusing plasma from patients who have recovered from an infection into patients who are currently ill with that same infection. Clinical trials are now investigating its use for COVID-19. While some early studies showed promising results, larger randomized controlled trials found no significant benefit of convalescent plasma for severe COVID-19. Further research is still needed to determine whether certain patient populations or plasma dosages may be more effective.
The Negative Clinical Consequences Due to the Lack of the Elaboration of a Sc...asclepiuspdfs
Until a few years ago, the immune system was considered as responsible for the only defense against microbial infections and other external agents. On the contrary, the immune cells have been proven to be linked not only through cell-cell contact but also by releasing proteins capable of influencing the immune-inflammatory response, the so-called cytokines or interleukins. Moreover, the cytokines have appeared to play not only immune activities but also metabolic and systemic effects influencing the overall biological systems, including the nervous, the endocrine, and the cardiovascular systems, by representing the main endogenous molecules responsible for the maintenance of the unity of the biological life. Therefore, only the systematic clinical consideration of cytokine effects may allow the generation of real future holistic medicine.
The great benefit of blood/blood constitutes therapy is the ability to provide transfusion support for patients with many unique hematologic conditions. For some patients, such as patients with sickle cell disease, thalassemia major, immune hemolytic anemia, anemia of kidney disease, and aplastic anemia may need for this consolidation extends throughout their life. By knowing the alteration mechanisms of these conditions, we can appreciate the stationary, urgency, and the value of the transfused red blood cell (RBC).
Decreasing or Increasing Role of Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Mult...asclepiuspdfs
During the past four decades, autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) has been the first choice and the standard option for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma. The introduction of new agents such as thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bortezomib has led to a clear improvement in basic approach and those agents became the standard of care in the induction phase; however, they were not able to play the role of ASCT in term of progression-free survival and overall survival. Debate continues about the best induction, consolidation, and maintenance taking into account the toxicities of these new agents. The new monoclonal antibody (anti CD38) starts to take its place in the induction setting and it seems to be a promising agent in the high-risk group. Until recently, ASCT is the standard treatment for newly diagnosed patients.
Comparison of the Hypocalcemic Effects of Erythropoietin and U-74389Gasclepiuspdfs
Aim: This study calculated the effects on serum calcium (Ca) levels, after treatment with either of two drugs: The erythropoietin (Epo) and the antioxidant lazaroid (L) drug U-74389G. The calculation was based on the results of two preliminary studies, each one of which estimated the certain influence, after the respective drug usage in an induced ischemia-reperfusion animal experiment. Materials and Methods: The two main experimental endpoints at which the serum Ca levels were evaluated were the 60th reperfusion min (for the Groups A, C, and E) and the 120th reperfusion min (for the Groups B, D, and F). Especially, the Groups A and B were processed without drugs, Groups C and D after Epo administration, whereas Groups E and F after the L administration. Results: The first preliminary study of Epo presented a non-significant hypocalcemic effect by 0.34% ± 0.68% (P = 0.6095). However, the second preliminary study of U-74389G presented a non-significant hypercalcemic effect by 0.14% ± 0.66% (P = 0.8245). These two studies were coevaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the coevaluation was that L is 2.3623042-fold (2.3482723–2.3764196) more hypercalcemic than Epo (P = 0.0000). Conclusions: The antioxidant capacities of U-74389G ascribe 2.3623042-fold more hypercalcemic effects than Epo (P = 0.0000).
The term refractory anemia (RA) may be confusing to those who are not hematologists. RA should be well defined because it means more than what it says. RA is defined as anemia that is not responsive to therapy except transfusion.[1] The term RA is used to rule out those types of anemia with a known cause such as anemia of systemic diseases (liver and kidney) and anemia of inflammation even though they are considered refractory to therapy.[2] RA with cellular or hypercellular bone marrow was formerly used to exclude aplastic anemia.
Management of Immunogenic Heparin-induced Thrombocytopeniaasclepiuspdfs
Immunogenic heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune response to heparin associated with significant morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients if unidentified as soon as possible, due to thromboembolic complications involving both arterial and venous systems. Early diagnoses based on a comprehensive interpretation of clinical and laboratory information improve clinical outcomes. Management principles of strongly suspected HIT should not be delayed for laboratory result confirmation. Treatment strategies have been introduced including new, safe, and effective agents. This review summarizes the clinical therapeutic options for HIT addressing the use of parenteral direct thrombin inhibitors and indirect factor Xa inhibitors as well as the potential non-Vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants.
A 73-year-old woman presented with fever and linearly arranged erythema on her chest, back, and abdomen. She was initially diagnosed with drug-related scratch dermatitis due to antibiotic use. However, her fever persisted and lab work showed abnormal liver enzymes and very high ferritin levels. Biopsies ruled out infection and malignancy. She was ultimately diagnosed with adult Still's disease (ASD) based on her symptoms and lab results. Treatment with prednisolone resolved her symptoms within a week. This case demonstrates that ASD can present with various skin lesions, and a high index of suspicion is needed for diagnosis.
Bone Marrow Histology is a Pathognomonic Clue to Each of the JAK2V617F, MPL,5...asclepiuspdfs
According to the World Health Organization and Clinical Laboratory Molecular and Pathological criteria bone marrow pathology in JAK2V617F mutated trilinear myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients essential thrombocythemia (ET) and polycythemia vera are indistinguishably featured by clustered medium to large pleomorphic megakaryocytes and increased cellularity (60–90%) due to increased erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis. MPL515 mutated ET is the second distinct clonal MPN characterized by thrombocythemia in a normocellular bone marrow showing clustered increased large to giant mature megakaryocytes with staghorn-like hyperlobulated nuclei. Calreticulin (CALR) mutated hypercellular thrombocythemia associated with prefibrotic megakaryocytic, granulocytic myeloproliferation (MGM) recently became the third distinct MPN featured by dense clusters of immature megakaryocytes with cloud-like nuclei. Bone marrow pathology in newly diagnosed MPN patients appears to be a pathognomonic clue for diagnostic differentiation between JAK2V617F mutated trilinear MPN, MPL515 normocellular thrombocythemia, and CALR thrombocythemia with MGM characteristics followed by secondary reticulin fibrosis. Their natural histories clearly differ featured by an increase of erythro/granulopoiesis and cellularity in JAK2V617F, decrease of erythropoiesis and cellularity in MPL515 and increase of dual megakaryo/granulopoiesis and cellularity in CALR mutated MPN.
Helicobacter pylori Frequency in Polycythemia Vera Patients without Dyspeptic...asclepiuspdfs
Introduction: In polycythemia vera (PV) patients, peptic ulcer and gastroduodenal erosions are more common than the general population, but there are insufficient data on the frequency of Helicobacter pylori (HP) and its role in etiopathogenesis. In this study, we aimed to compare the prevalence of HP infection in PV patients without dyspeptic complaints with a healthy control group without dyspeptic complaints. Materials and Methods: Fifty patients with PV without dyspeptic complaints and 50 controls without dyspeptic complaints were enrolled in this study after informed consent obtained. Stool samples of selected patients were analyzed using HP stool antigen test (True Line®). Results: There was surprisingly striking difference between HP prevalence in PV patients without dyspeptic complaints and asymptomatic healthy controls (64% vs. 2%) (P < 0.05). There was no significant relationship found between HP presence and age, gender, treatment modalities, complete blood count, positivity of JAK2 V617F, serum erythropoietin level, and splenomegaly in PV patients (P > 0.05). Conclusion: As the susceptibility of HP infections in PV patients are higher, it is recommended to have close surveillance of these patients by screening HP presence. In addition, when HP positivity is determined, the eradication of HP is essential to prevent possible future gastrointestinal lesions in patients with PV.
Lymphoma of the Tonsil in a Developing Communityasclepiuspdfs
The lymphoma of the tonsil is a rarity. Single case reports have appeared in countries as disparate as China, Greece, India, Japan, and Turkey. Therefore, this paper presents cases found in Nigeria among the Ibo ethnic group. The epidemiological comparisons are deemed to be worthy of documentation such as age ranges and sides of involvement.
Should Metformin Be Continued after Hospital Admission in Patients with Coron...asclepiuspdfs
Background: In most patients with diabetes, guidelines recommend discontinuation of oral anti-diabetic agents. Preliminary data suggest that pre-admission metformin use may have a mortality benefit in patients with coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 admitted to the hospital. Objective: The objective of the study was to review the impact of metformin on morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods: Review of English literature by PUBMED search until November 10, 2020. Search terms included diabetes, COVID-19, metformin, retrospective studies, meta-analyses, pertinent reviews, pre-print articles, and consensus guidelines are reviewed.
Clinical Significance of Hypocalcemia in COVID-19asclepiuspdfs
- Several retrospective studies found that hypocalcemia is common in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, occurring in 62-78% of patients.
- Hypocalcemia is associated with more severe disease and worse outcomes, including increased risk of hospitalization, longer hospital stays, multi-organ failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death.
- The cause of hypocalcemia in COVID-19 patients is unclear but may involve consumption of calcium for viral entry into cells or reflect severity of illness. Further study is needed.
Excess of Maternal Transmission of Type 2 Diabetes: Is there a Role of Bioche...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: An excess of maternal transmission of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been reported in some populations but not confirmed in other studies. Mitochondrial inheritance has been proposed to explain such excess. In the present paper, we have considered the presence of T2D in the mother and/or in the father in relation to the risk of T2D and to age at onset of the disease in the offspring. The distribution of two genetic polymorphisms involved in glucose metabolism in relation to the presence of T2D in the mother has been also considered. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and seventy-nine participants with T2D were studied in the population of Penne, a small rural town in the eastern side of central Italy. Adenosine deaminase locus 1 (ADA1) and phosphoglucomutase locus 1 (PGM1) phenotypes were determined by starch gel electrophoresis. Statistical analyses were carried out using commercial software (SPSS). Results: The proportion of patients from T2D mothers is much greater as compared to the proportion of the patients from T2D fathers (P < 0.0001). Age at onset of the disease in patients in whom one or both parents are T2D is lower as compared to other patients. The distribution of ADA1 and PGM1 phenotypes in participants with T2D depends on the presence of diabetes in the mother. Conclusions: About the transmission of T2D, our data confirm the high proportion of maternal T2D and show the role of two common biochemical polymorphisms involved in glucose metabolism.
The Effect of Demographic Data and Hemoglobin A 1c on Treatment Outcomes in P...asclepiuspdfs
Objective: Diabetes mellitus, the most common cause of non-traumatic foot amputations, is a life-threatening condition due to its high mortality and morbidity. In our study, we retrospectively evaluated our patients with diabetic foot syndrome in our clinic. Materials and Methods: The demographic data, duration of diabetes, Wagner classification, haemoglobin A 1c (HbA1c) levels, white blood cell, C-reactive protein sedimentation levels, hospital stay, and treatment results were evaluated retrospectively in 14 patients with diabetic foot between January 2017 and December 2018. Results: The mean age of the patients was 62.43 ± 7.7 years. Of the 14 patients, 3 were females and 11 were males. All 14 patients were type 2 diabetes mellitus. When diabetic foot Wagner classification was performed, 6 patients were evaluated as Wagner 2, five patients were Wagner 3, and three patients were evaluated as Wagner 4. Nine patients had complete amputation and 3 had vascular surgery. Conclusion: Although the level of HbA1c is below the target level, the risk of diabetic foot is increased when there is no adequate diabetes mellitus foot training. Inadequate diabetic patient education and hospitalization of patients after infection progress the amputation rate.
Self-efficacy Impact Adherence in Diabetes Mellitusasclepiuspdfs
The aim of the paper is to explore how self-efficacy (SE) is associated with adherence among adults with diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: The search of electronic databases identified 564 records from 2007 to 2017 on SE and adherence from different perspectives and its effect on adults with DM. Discussions: SE increases the confidence in adults in their self-care behaviors. Non-adherence continues to be a significant barrier to SE. SE and adherence should be informed by an understanding of theoretical frameworks and the individual characteristics. Conclusion: Adherence is likely among adults with better SE to empower them to make valid decisions about their health. Interventions to improve SE should be tailored based on different types of non-adherence such as intentional and unintentional non-adherence. Implications: An intercollaborative professional practice approach is crucial to improve SE and adherence for sound judgment and valid decision-making.
Uncoiling the Tightening Obesity Spiralasclepiuspdfs
While an underweight prevalence was once more than twice that of obesity, now more people are obese than underweight. Obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable death in the world. There are an estimated 2,100,000,000 obese people worldwide and that number is forecast to grow to 51% of the world’s population by 2030. Escalating obesity-related disease costs threaten to bankrupt the world’s health-care systems.
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in S...asclepiuspdfs
Background and Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is an increasingly important clinical and public health issue is associated with cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies have also linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of incident CKD. Therefore, the present study was designed retrospectively to find the prevalence and potential risk factors of CKD in patients with MetS in Saudi Arabia.
Management Of Hypoglycemia In Patients With Type 2 Diabetesasclepiuspdfs
Hypoglycemia is the rate-limiting step of intensive management in patients with diabetes. Lowering one’s A1C to a prescribed target is expected to mitigate one’s risk of developing long- and short-term diabetes-related complications. Several of the less expensive and commonly prescribed glucose lowering agents favored by practitioners result in weight gain, hypoglycemia, and even an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality. Although achieving a targeted A1C of <7 % is the standard of care, clinicians often fail to evaluate patients for glycemic variability which can increase oxidative stress driving long-term diabetes-related complications including CV death. The use of concentrated insulins and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists separately or in combination with each other reduces glycemic variability and one’s risk of hypoglycemia. Pharmaceutical agents which allow patients to safely achieve their targeted A1C without weight gain and hypoglycemia should be preferred in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Predictive and Preventive Care: Metabolic Diseasesasclepiuspdfs
South Asians have a very high incidence of ischemic heart disease and stroke. In addition, they also have a very high incidence of metabolic diseases such as prehypertension, hypertension, visceral obesity, metabolic syndrome, prediabetes, type-2 diabetes, and its clinical complications. Currently, there are over 75 million diabetic subjects in India and an equal number of prediabetics. Republic of China has taken over India as the diabetes capital of the world, with over 115 million diabetics. Modern medicine is disease focused and has failed to address the prevention of these chronic diseases. According to the reports from the United Nations (Millennium Development Goals [MDGs], the World Health Organization, Global Health Initiatives, and the non-communicable disease risk task force), obesity has increased by 2-fold and type-2 diabetes by 4-fold worldwide. Experts in this field predict that chances of meeting the MDGs set by the UN members of reducing the incidence of these diseases at 2025 to the level of 2020 are very little. Western medicine has failed to reduce or reverse the trend in the incidence of these diseases. We feel that an integrated approach to health care may be a better option, to reduce the disease burden in developing and resource-poor countries. Having said that, one cannot prevent something that one is not aware of, as such it is the need of the hour for us, to develop a robust predictive and preventive health-care platform. In an earlier article, we presented our views on reducing or reversing cardiometabolic diseases. There is great enthusiasm among the health-care providers and professional bodies that integration of emerging technologies will help develop personalized, precision medicine, as well as reduce the cost of health-care worldwide.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. Hamadeh and Marquis: Perspectives on School Nutrition Policies Developement
2 Clinical Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics • Vol 1 • Issue 1 • 2018
motivation, and build skills, and most important, through
the creation of opportunities that offer environments
(e.g., healthy schools) that make positive health practices the
easiest choice.[9]
Among healthy lifestyle patterns are food related decisions
influenced by personal, social and cultural variables.[4,10,11]
The current numerous environmental factors that affect
eating as well as physical activity behaviors may merely be
symptoms of deeper social forces such as change of family
structure and stressful life,[9]
but still healthy lifestyle should
be adopted at early ages.[12-14]
Various reports suggested the need for action by
developing strategies and policies based on comprehensive
approaches,[15,16]
reinforcing environments, and consolidating
actions joining youth in the most favorable environments
for health interventions including residence, schools, and
communities.[17-20]
Of these environments, schools represent
a proper place for health promotion to improve lifestyle and
health of young people.[17,18]
Health promotion is a relatively recent dimension of
intervention in public health made up around unifying and
holistic concepts.[15,21]
Health promotion at schools has
evolved during the past few years[15]
from practices centered
on health education in class[11]
to adoption of comprehensive
approach aiming attitudes, skills, and behaviors of youth
and their environment.[15,22-24]
Thus, by acting on the
determinants of health, the individual,l and the environment,
health promotion requires complex and multifactorial
interventions.[5,21]
Lebanon is an ethnic, cultural, and religious mosaic subjected
to strong pressures such as political divisions, economic
instability, and civil and regional wars.[25-28]
This unstable
situation is responsible for the institutional, political, and
programs weaknesses regarding agriculture, malnutrition,
and food insecurity specifically among vulnerable groups
and in rural regions.[28]
Lebanon has been experiencing a nutritional transition in food
choices during the past years from the typical Mediterranean
diet into the fast food pattern.[26,29]
As a consequence, the
dietary habits of youth have been affected; thus overweight
and obesity are increasingly being observed among the youth,
especially among boys.[4,30-32]
Although risk and prevalence of
obesity decreased with age in girls, they remain high among
adolescents in private schools.[4,33]
In response to this alarming reality, in 2009, Lebanon
proposed within the framework of a national plan a project
named “Strategy of school health” (SSH). The aim of this
strategy was to implement a comprehensive school health
program to improve the health conditions of students and
school communities. SSH is a joint action between the World
Health Organization (WHO), the Ministry of Health (MH),
the Ministry of Education (ME), and the School national
committee of Health.[34]
SSH has not been deployed yet, and
it is reasonable to believe that several factors are likely to act
as facilitators or barriers to its implementation.
Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the determinants
of an eventual School Nutrition Policy (SNP) development
by studying the perceptions of multidisciplinary Lebanese
key stakeholders.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A conceptual framework is proposed [Figure 1] to explore
those perceptions at the pre-implementation phase of the
SNP from different perspectives where various levels of
action, namely, community, individual, and organizational
variables are presented. These levels integrate concepts to
be retained issued from mixing theories and models used in
health promotion programs and based on social marketing
approach.[35,36]
Theory of trying,[35]
the Rossister-Percy
Motivational Model,[35]
the Health Belief Model,[35]
the
Protection Motivation Theory,[35]
the diffusion theory,[35]
the
TheoriesofOrganizationalChange,[35]
andtheCommunication
Theory[35]
were used to develop the innovative comprehensive
conceptual framework of this study.[37]
The value of this
theoretical combination is to highlight the major variables
involved in planning and developing a successful SNP.[21,37]
Subjects
Social marketing suggests targeting not only the organizations
concerned with a future health promotion program in schools
but also the community either individual having some
“leadership” in their environment, networks promoting
support for programs, and coordinating agencies to maintain
such programs.[38]
The target population of this study consists of various
multidisciplinary key stakeholders active in Lebanese
communities and/or experienced in health promotion
and willing to express their perceptions to explore the
determinants of an eventual SNPdevelopment in the Lebanese
school context as different as rural, urban, public, and private
sectors. No exclusion criteria were used in this study.
A total of 32 persons identified as active health stakeholders
were contacted. The key stakeholders who participated
in this study are the following: Two representatives of
the municipalities (rural and urban), three representatives
of the ministries (ME, MH, and Social Affairs), three
representatives of the United Nations agencies in Lebanon
(WHO, United Nations Family Planning Agency, and
United Nations of Relief and Works Agencies for Palestine
refugees in the Near East-UNRWA), 15 persons from the
3. Hamadeh and Marquis: Perspectives on School Nutrition Policies Developement
Clinical Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics • Vol 1 • Issue 1 • 2018 3
academic and expert fields involved in health promotion
selected from various disciplines (epidemiology, nutrition,
public health, environmental health, food safety and
insecurity, health promotion and education, community
health, family health, pediatrics, journalism, communication,
sociology, anthropology, health, and policy management),
two school health advisers working in urban and rural public
schools, four dieticians from the Lebanese Association
of Dietitians (LDA) (LDA president and three influential
dietitians in the media), two representatives of the mostly
active non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in private
and public schools, and the food industry represented by the
person involved in the “Nestle healthy Kids Global Program”
in Lebanon.
Instruments
Directed and semi-structured individual interviews were
conducted by a single interviewer (first author of this study) for
a maximum duration of 60 min. The interview grid was written
in three languages (English, French, and Arabic) to reach all
participants according to their linguistic skills. The project was
approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of
the University of Montreal. Subjects who agreed to participate
in this study were asked to sign a consent form.
Procedure
The recruitment began at the end of September 2010 and was
completed at the end of January 2011. The interview grid
was structured around 25 questions related to the conceptual
framework of this study: Seven questions addressed the
individual variables, six questions addressed the community
variables, six questions addressed the organizational
variables, and six questions addressed the other variables
of the conceptual framework. Collected data were recorded
followed by a transcription of each interview and production
of fact sheets of the exchanges to facilitate the subsequent
stages of data analysis.
Data analysis
Data from this research study have been submitted to a
thematic qualitative analysis.[39]
The first stage of this
analysis involved the production of major findings for
each interview grouped and reduced into common themes.
The analysis plan took into account all variable categories
of the conceptual framework, the stakeholders’ profile, and
their perspective whether they differ or not according to
the school profile, namely, the geographic profile (urban
and rural) and the socioeconomic school profile (private
and public). The synthesis was iterative, and whenever new
themes emerge, they were retained as new subcategories to
be considered as facilitating factors or barriers of the eventual
SNP development.Authors of this qualitative study discussed
the synthesized themes, challenging the findings that lead to
final exhaustive and complementary perspectives from all
participants.
RESULTS
A total of 32 subjects were participated in this study. Their
profile analysis reveals that 23 participants (72%) have
been implicated in past actions related to school health
promotion. Only the pediatrics, the representative of the rural
municipality, and few academics have never been active in
this domain. In particular, NGOs were involved in all school
health programs and were used to act as intermediaries
between the decision-makers and the communities.
“NGOs are strongly present in Lebanese schools and they
have the experience and the technical support needed to
thrive any school health promotion program” (Public health
representative).
All participants shared the same knowledge on healthy
food “healthy food rich in nutriments can help to maintain
a good health and to prevent from chronic diseases” (LDA
representative), and on healthy lifestyle “healthy lifestyle
is a state of physical, mental, and social well-being gained
by healthy eating, regular physical activity, and managing
stress” (NGO’s representative).
Furthermore, participants mentioned the same sources of
health and nutrition information in Lebanon.The cited sources
were: Mass media, advertising (television, billboards, radio,
magazines, etc.), Internet, parents, health professionals,
Figure 1: Integrated conceptual framework to study
perceptions associated with an eventual School Nutrition
Policy development in Lebanon
4. Hamadeh and Marquis: Perspectives on School Nutrition Policies Developement
4 Clinical Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics • Vol 1 • Issue 1 • 2018
alternative medicine marketers, neighbors, peers, and
schools. The trust of the Lebanese is conferred to the mass
media, especially the television, “Certainly mass media and
TV health shows, are the main trustworthy sources of health
information for the Lebanese population” (Pediatrician); to
the physician especially in rural environment, “Lebanese
rural communities act upon what their physicians demand
and tell them to do” (Anthropologist); and to the Internet,
especially among the youth, “young Lebanese trust whatever
they will receive as health information in particular from
Internet because they spend a lot of hours in front of the
screen” (UN agencies representative).
All participants perceived that the Lebanese population and
the communities, especially the highly educated ones, would
be receptive and favorable to an eventual SNP “There are
some groups of the community, especially the most educated
and interested in their health, who will be of great support
to the development of SNP” (Dietitian). Furthermore, they
express an intention to accept and support its development if
the resources (human and financial) and the social structures
(socioeconomic, cultural, political, religious, and regional)
were taken into consideration “SNP should be tailored
according to the Lebanese socioeconomic and cultural
context” (UN agencies representative). They also share
the idea that public participation throughout the process of
policy development would ensure the greatest acceptance
of this project “SNP will be broadly accepted in Lebanon if
we ensure the active participation of the lay public and the
targeted people” (Food industry representative).
Moreover,almostallparticipantsfindthatSNPwouldimprove
communities’ lifestyle if it is mainly structured according to
the schools’contexts, the efficient communication modalities
of nutrition promotion, and the current health status and
lifestylebehaviorsofyouthintheirenvironments“SNPshould
move out of schools and emphasize on other environmental,
social, and communication factors” (Academic).
Based on their previous experience and researches, our
participants commented on the most common health problems
(e.g., weight problems, malnutrition, and smoking) among
Lebanese youth related to their unhealthy and sedentary
lifestyles “Lebanon now is another fast food nation, the
Lebanese lifestyle is very much resembling the lifestyle of the
developed countries, and this is affecting the dietary habits of
our youth generation” (LDArepresentative). Besides, economic
status and mother educational level were identified by all
participants as health determinants “Poverty and parental low
educational level, especially of the mother, are related to the
unhealthy dietary habits of youth” (the WHO representative).
According to the interviewed key stakeholders, these health
problems require awareness campaigns and preventive
intervention at school and other environments “Addressing
these problems at school is one of the effective preventive
measures if supported by interventions involving the whole
community and youth’s environment” (Academic).
Thus, they insist on the importance to act in synergy with
other environments (family, peers, and neighbors) and on
all the determinants of health (knowledge and individual/
social/economical/political factors) “The SNP needs an
interdisciplinary approach and requires a lot of team
work efforts” (Ministries Representative). Moreover,
all the participants perceive that youth participation in
the SNP is likely to influence their life habits in all the
environments if they were convinced by its content and
if other environments have the will to act in the direction
of the SNP “the participation of youth in the SNP will
influence their lifestyle if the SNP is equitably implemented
with the support of their environments” (School health
adviser). They also shared the importance to evaluate the
SNP on a regular basis “There is limited research about
the effectiveness of nutrition education interventions in
Lebanon. Now more than ever, nutrition education has to
be regularly investigated and evaluated to ensure that we
greatly educate our children on how to be healthy and
productive adults” (LDA representative).
Only 10 participants (31.25%) believe that schools would
perceive the SNP as an innovation. Another 10 participants
found that schools would perceive it as innovation or
Americanization according to (1) its mode of development
and implementation “schools will perceive the SNP as
innovation if only it is adapted to the Lebanese context”
(Dietitian), (2) to its marketing “schools will perceive the
SNP as Americanization if it is marketed as adoption of a
pre-existent American school nutrition strategy” (Dietitian),
and (3) to the mentality and attitude of schools’ principles
“principles in Christian French schools may decline the SNP
if it is not matching with the Francophone health strategies”
(NGO’s representative). Other participants find a novelty
in the SNP as a national policy “There is a lot of individual
previous actions done in some schools, but SNP is a new
approach as national policy and not a local or regional action”
(Municipalities representative).
Finally, 21 respondents (65.6%) perceive that observing
desired results will be relatively slow and that SNP
development must be progressive in schools “moving
progressively toward SNP development in schools would
be an effective approach for observing results and allocated
funds” (Academic).
Besides these shared perspectives on the determinants of SNP
in Lebanon, data analysis of this study showed stakeholders’
complementary perceptions [Table 1] about facilitating
factors and barriers associated to the eventual development
of SNP.
5. Hamadeh and Marquis: Perspectives on School Nutrition Policies Developement
Clinical Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics • Vol 1 • Issue 1 • 2018 5
DISCUSSION
All key stakeholders are aware of the effect of nutrition
transition in Lebanon[4,32]
on communities’ health, especially
on the young population.[4,30-32]
For these stakeholders, youth
is a time when other perceptions become very significant and
when social demands influence the individual.[40]
In particular,
adolescents are not a homogeneous group; therefore, caution
is needed before drawing approaches and SNP needs to be
tailored to different segments.[5]
However, the focus on school apparently competent and
convenient does not address larger upstream environmental
factors which affect youth lifestyles.[41,42]
More importantly,
addressing the broader issue of the overall food environment
and its impact on youth diet with intensified involvement of
Table 1: Stakeholders’ complementary perceptions of facilitating factors and barriers associated to SNP
development in Lebanon
Type of variables Facilitating factors Barriers
Community/
interpersonal variables
Presence of national support to
develop, implement, and evaluate the
SNP (municipalities)
Lack of reinforcing environments (MH)
Design a SNP adapted to the Lebanese
social norms to increase communities
compliance (ME)
Diversity in Lebanese communities’ intentions
and attitudes to act in favor of the SNP
(municipalities)
Individual variables Encourage healthy lifestyle behaviors
among youth by using stimulating
arguments (body image, social
acceptance, and self-esteem) (LDA)
Consider youth a homogeneous group with
common interests and needs (Academic)
Develop several types of nutrition
interventions in different environments
and from early ages (Pediatrics)
Youth resistance to adopt healthy
recommendations and to act in favor of SNP
(Health expert)
Organizational variables Build a thriving advocate communities
(UN Agencies)
Presence of contextual disparities between
public and private schools (ME)
Enhance teamwork to create a platform
of coordinated activities (MAS)
Inappropriate physical environment in public
schools (NGOs)
Assess schools’ profile before the SNP
development (WHO)
Lack of human and financial resources in
schools (School health advisor)
Identify the governmental leadership
(Food Industry)
Failure to integrate SNP components into
schools’ curriculum (MAS)
Use variety of communication channels
(ads, marketing, mass/social media,
health clubs, popular figures, parental
role-modeling, billboards) (Academic)
Underestimate the role of physical activity, in
parallel to healthy dietary behaviors, at schools
(ME)
Establish a harmonious and
transparent partnerships and
alliances(UN Agencies)
Ignore the crucial role of municipalities (WHO)
Undertake regular monitoring and
evaluation of the SNP (NGOs)
Individualism and lack of collaboration between
civil, public, and private sectors (School health
advisor)
Ensure the inclusion of capacity
building efforts in the SNP development
process (MH)
Undefined objectives terms (short or long term)
of the SNP (Academic)
Other variables Consider the diversity of the Lebanese
context (cultural, social, regional,
political, and ideological structures)
(Academic)
Underestimate the political and religious impact
on public health decisions and policy makers
(LDA)
Recognize the importance of role
distribution between all Lebanese
stakeholders (Food Industry)
Misevaluate the socioeconomic concerns and
priorities of the Lebanese people (Academic)
6. Hamadeh and Marquis: Perspectives on School Nutrition Policies Developement
6 Clinical Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics • Vol 1 • Issue 1 • 2018
key stakeholder is essential. Development of healthy eating
zones inside and around schools including supermarkets,
corner stores, and vending machines is a potential tool
in the health promotion[41]
but was only identified by the
representatives of ministries and the dietitians.
Despite the heterogeneity of the perceptions analyzed in this
study, one finds a certain complementarity in these results.
All key stakeholders are conscious of their central roles in
health promotion near the schools and the communities. They
are also ready to share the burden responsibilities of the SNP
if they have a clear national initiative ensuring multilevel
coordination and multisectoral collaboration with a serious
governmental commitment and leadership. It is obvious that
NGOs in Lebanon are much experimented in the school health
programs and have gained the confidence of the private and
public sectors and of the communities.
Similar to other studies, the Lebanese stakeholders identified
the major desirable determinants for a successful SNP
development.[15,22-24,43-45]
It is crucial to use multidisciplinary
team acting in all sectors to ensure an active participation
of the community throughout the project process and to
reinforce participants’ competencies and knowledge.[46]
Furthermore, they stressed the importance to: (1) Select good
collaborators (family, school, community, food industry, and
decision- and policy-makers), (2) recognize the leadership
allowing the interaction and feedback, (3) search for advocacy
and partnership, (4) have an appropriate school environment,
(5) establish different objectives terms, and (6) control and
evaluate the elements of the policy, and finally, to make
public the results of all activities.[22,37,46]
However, some findings are specific for the Lebanese
context such as the remarkable impact of parental role
modeling, especially mothers, in health promotion.[47]
Furthermore, the role of political divisions, social structures,
religion, peer pressure, and neighborhood influences in
mediating the association between social networks and health
promotion.[48,49]
In Lebanon as elsewhere, the best channels of communication
are the innovative and pleasant programs near the youth,
and the use of various methods simultaneously such as face
to face approach, and parental and social role modeling
technique. These methods help to reach all communities
and to increase [43,47,50-52]
Hence, the communicated messages
must be simple, explanatory, positive, and attractive.[11,43,51]
Similarly, to the findings in other surveys,[7,53]
physicians are
the preferred sources of health information for the Lebanese.
In short, the most effective interventions start with the
targeted and concerned people. It is necessary to seek
concrete solutions to their problems and not to provide pre-
prepared answers.[21]
Although knowledge is necessary, it
is clearly not sufficient.[45,54]
The new concept of nutrition
education and promotion should be a permanent dialog based
on the reciprocal respect between health professionals and
the population in a real process of participation.[11,21,43]
A great concern is the lack of publication and studies of
nutritional and physical activity promotion in Lebanese
schools and of monitoring and evaluation findings.[41]
The UN
agencies, NGOs, food industry, MAS, and some academics
raised the lack of evaluation practices and indicator uses that
help to measure outcomes and facilitate the understanding of
where we are, where we are going, and how far we are from
the underlying goals.[55]
Results of this study indicated clearly the pertinence and
applicability of our conceptual framework that encompassed
theproximal(cognitiveandeffective)anddistal(environmental
and relational) reasons of human behavior.[22,24]
The
organizational variables (collaboration, communication, and
school environment) and the other variables of this conceptual
framework (mobilization, motivation, and social structures)
may dictate policymakers to develop and evaluate proper
nutrition-related promotion programs that promote healthy
food choices in schools and other environments (communities,
families, and neighborhoods).[21,24,55]
Whereas community
variables are mostly perceived as facilitating factors to the
SNP development, individual variables appear to be less
significant. Finally, it is important to consider as well other
subvariables, such as inadequate resources, political pressure,
social networks (peer, neighborhood, and family) influence,
mass and social media means, and regional disparities.[46,55]
Thefindingsofthisstudyarelimitedbythelackofdocumented
results or working papers of past actions in the field of health
promotion at schools to discuss the content of our findings.
Obviously, leaders will be needed to facilitate the roles of key
stakeholders[15,45]
and to obtain a common interest toward the
SNP. Furthermore, there is a great need for independent groups
not influenced by governments, pharmaceutical companies,
and political and religious associations to produce useful
summaries of healthy lifestyle literature that are evidence-
based and easily usable by the Lebanese.[56]
At all levels (local, regional, and national), it is necessary to
make integrated efforts of acquisition, synthesis, application,
and exchange of information on healthy diet and physical
activity to guide the health promotion in schools in addition to
support the community activities. It is important to integrate
a global approach in the SNP development.[37]
Thus, the
integrated framework of this study offers many perspectives
leading the respondents to comment on how a SNPis intended
to work and to produce desired changes and goals.
Such a detailed framework can also form the basis for
evaluating a policy’s effect at various points in time. The
7. Hamadeh and Marquis: Perspectives on School Nutrition Policies Developement
Clinical Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics • Vol 1 • Issue 1 • 2018 7
finality of health promotion and communication lies on
making key stakeholders and communities responsible for
their nutritional health. Therefore, nutritional promotion and
communication should not be considered as a single short-
term intervention. Such interventions should be regularly
based and monitored for their effectiveness over the years.
CONCLUSION
By combining social, behavioral, organizational, and
communication theories and models, this study offered
opportunities to comment on how a SNP is intended to work
to achieve the desired health goals. This study explored
several determinants envisaged in the SNP development that
helps the decision- and policy-makers in their promotion and
communication practices.
DISCLOSURE STATEMENTS
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express special thanks to all the
key stakeholders who made this study possible.
Sources of funding
This research received no grant from any funding agency in
the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.
Conflicts of interest
The authors declare that there are no competing interests.
Authors’ contribution
S.H.andM.M.conceivedtheconceptofthestudy.S.H.designed
the study, developed the integrative conceptual framework,
collected and analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript.
M.M. assisted in data interpretation and critical revisions.
Ethical standards disclosure
Ethical approval for this study has been obtained from the
Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine at the University
of Montreal.
REFERENCES
1. Kelishadi R. Global dimension of childhood obesity in the
eastern Mediterranean region. In: Flamenbaum RK, editor.
Global Dimensions of Childhood Obesity. New York: Nova
Science Publishers; 2006. p. 71-89.
2. Kelishadi R. Childhood overweight, obesity, and the
metabolic syndrome in developing countries. Epidemiol Rev
2007;29:62-76.
3. Papandreou C, Mourad TA, Jildeh C, Abdeen Z, Philalithis A,
Tzanakis N, et al. Obesity in Mediterranean region (1997-
2007): A systematic review. Obes Rev 2008;9:389-99.
4. Hamadeh S, ElZein H. Prevalence and etiology: Middle East
and North Africa (MENA) countries. In: Moreno L, Pigeot I,
Ahrens WA, editors. Epidemiology of Obesity in Children
and Adolescents–Prevalence and Aetiology. Ch. 8. New York:
Springer; 2011. p. 127-52.
5. Delisle H, Strychar I. Obesity at adolescence: Prevention is
timely even in low income countries. SCN News 2006;32:51-7.
6. Aurino E, Fernandes M, Penny ME. The nutrition transition
and adolescents’ diets in low- and middle-income countries:
A cross-cohort comparison. Public Health Nutr 2017;20:72-81.
7. Silagy C, Muir J, Coulter A, Thorogood M, Yudkin P, Roe L,
et al. Lifestyle advice in general practice: Rates recalled by
patients. BMJ 1992;305:871-4.
8. Parkinson J, Dubelaar C, Carins J, Holden S, Newton F,
Pescud M. Approaching the wicked problem of obesity:
An introduction to the food system compass. J Soc Mark
2017;7:387-404.
9. Hill JO, Wyatt HR, Reed GW, Peters JC. Obesity and
the environment: Where do we go from here? Science
2003;299:853-5.
10. Hamadeh S, Marquis M. Food motivation: Content analysis of
chatelaine women’s magazine. Nutr Food Sci 2008;38:52-60.
11. Food and Agricultural Organization. Interventions in Social
Communication on Nutrition. FAO Report; 1994. Available
from: http://www.fao.org. [Last accessed on 2018 Mar 10].
12. Ben-Arieh A. Measuring and Monitoring the Well-Being of
Young ChildrenAround the World. Background Paper Prepared
for the Education for All Global Monitoring Report 2007:
Strong Foundations: Early Childhood Care and Education;
2006.
13. World Health Organization. Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention
of Chronic Diseases. WHO Technical Report Series 916:
Report of the Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation; 2003.
14. World Health Organization. Strategic Directions for Improving
the Health and Development of Children and Adolescents.
WHO Report; 2003.
15. Simard C, Deschesnes M. Recension des Ecrits Publiés Entre
2000 et 2009 sur les Résultats D’évaluation des Approches
Globales en Promotion de la Santé en Contexte Scolaire.
Report Prepared by the National Institute of public Health in
Quebec; 2011.
16. Health Canada. Amélioration des Compétences Culinaires:
Aperçu des Pratiques Prometteuses au Canada et à L’étranger.
Health Canada Report; 2011. Available from: http://www.
santecanada.gc.ca. [Last accessed on 2018 Mar 08].
17. Baril G. Les Politiques Alimentaires en Milieu Scolaire: Une
Synthèse de Connaissances sur le Processus D’implantation.
Montréal, Ca: National Institute of public Health in Québec; 2008.
18. Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. L’école et Son rôle dans
L’éducation Sanitaire et la Promotion de la Santé en Général.
Rapport d’un Comité OMS D’experts sur le Rôle de L’école
dans L’éducation Sanitaire et la Promotion de la Santé en
Général. OMS, Série de Rapports Techniques; 1997. p. 870.
19. World Health Organization. Global Strategy on Diet, Physical
Activity and Health. WHO Resolution WHA57; 2004. p. 17.
20. Carroll-Scott A, Gilstad-Hayden K, Rosenthal L, Eldahan A,
McCaslin C, Peters SM, et al. Associations of neighborhood
and school socioeconomic and social contexts with body mass
index among urban preadolescent students. Am J Public Health
2015;105:2496-502.
21. Bastien R, Langevin L, La Rocque G, Renaud L. Promouvoir
la Santé: Réflexions Sur les Théories et les Pratiques.
8. Hamadeh and Marquis: Perspectives on School Nutrition Policies Developement
8 Clinical Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics • Vol 1 • Issue 1 • 2018
Montmagny: Marquis Publications; 1994.
22. Richard L, Gauvin L, Raine K. Ecological model revisited:
Their uses and evaluation in health promotion over two
decades. Ann Rev Public Health 2011;32:307-26.
23. Palluy J, Arcand L, Choinière C, Martin C, Roberge MC.
Réussite Educative, Santé, Bien-être: Agir Efficacement en
Contexte Scolaire: Synthèse de Recommandations. Montréal:
Report of National Institute of public Health in Québec; 2010.
24. Désy M. L’école en Santé: Recension des Ecrits. Rapport de la
Direction de Santé Publique. Montréal: Rapport de L’agence
de la Santé et des Services Sociaux de Montréal; 2009.
25. Hamdan, K. Le Conflit Libanais: Communautés Religieuses,
Classes Sociales et Identité Nationale. Beirut: Dar Al Farabi
Publications (Version in Arabic Translated by Riad Souma
from the original French Version Published in 1997 by Garnet);
1998.
26. Levallois A. Moyen-Orient, Mode D’emploi. Paris: Stock
Publications; 2002.
27. Liban Vision. La République Libanaise. Liban Vision Report;
2009. Available from: http://www.libanvision.com. [Last
accessed on 2018 Mar 10].
28. Salibi A. National Alliance against Hunger. Lebanese Ministry
ofAgriculture Report; 2008.Available from: http://www.iaahp.
net. [Last accessed on 2018 Feb 13].
29. Yahia N, Achkar A, Abdallah A, Rizk S. Eating Habits and
obesity among Lebanese university students. Nutr J 2008;7:32.
30. Sibai AM, Hwalla N, Adra N, Rahal B. Prevalence and
covariates of obesity in Lebanon: Findings from the first
epidemiological study. Obes Res 2003;11:1353-61.
31. Jabre P, Sikias P, Khater-Menassa B, Baddoura R, Awada H.
Overweight children in Beirut: Prevalence estimates and
characteristics. Child Care Health Dev 2005;31:159-65.
32. Naja F, Hwalla N, Itani L, Karam S, Sibai AM, Nasreddine L,
et al. A western dietary pattern is associated with overweight
and obesity in a national sample of Lebanese adolescents (13-
19 years):A cross-sectional study. Br J Nutr 2015;114:1909-19.
33. Chakar H, Salameh P. Adolescent obesity in Lebanese private
schools. Eur J Public Health 2006;16:648-51.
34. Comittee of School Health of Ministry of Education. Strategy
for School Health in Lebanon. Beirut, Lebanon: Ministry of
Education Report in Arabic Version; 2009.
35. Glanz K, Rimer B, Viswanath K. Health Behavior and Health
Education: Theory, Research and Practice. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass Publications; 2008.
36. Glanz K, Rimer B, Viswanath K. Health Behavior: Theory,
Research and Practice. 2nd
ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2015.
37. Hamadeh S, Marquis M. Impact of socioeconomic and social
contexts on youth perceptions of school nutrition policy
development in Lebanon. J Nutr Health Sci 2017;4:101.
38. Donovan R, Henley N. Social Marketing: Principles and
Practice. Melbourne: IP Communications; 2003.
39. Paillé P, Mucchielli A. L’analyse Qualitative en Sciences
Humaines et Sociales. 2nd
éd. Paris:Armand Colin Publications;
2008.
40. Bener A, Kamal A, Tewfik I, Sabuncuoglu O. Prevalence of
dieting, overweight, body image satisfaction and associated
psychological problems in adolescents boys. Nutr Food Sci J
2006;39:295-304.
41. Gittelsohn J, Kumar MB. Preventing childhood obesity and
diabetes: Is it time to move out of the school? Pediatr Diabetes
2007;8 Suppl 9:1-15.
42. Stark CM, Devine CM, Dollahite JS. Characteristics associated
with the application of an ecological approach to preventing
childhood obesity. Public Health Nutr 2017;20:174-82.
43. Food andAgricultural Organization. L’éducation Nutritionnelle
du Public. FAO Report; 1995. Available from: http://www.fao.
org. [Last accessed on 2018 Feb 11].
44. World Health Organization. Cadre Pour une Politique Scolaire:
Mise en Oeuvre de la Stratégie de L’oms Pour L’alimentation,
L’activité Physique et la Santé. WHO Report; 2008.
45. Health Canada. The Integrated Pan-Canadian Healthy living.
Health Canada Report HP10-1; 2005.
46. Hamadeh S. Nutrition and physical activity communication
in the 21st
century: Challenges and opportunities. EC Nutr
2017;11:66-77.
47. Habib R, Hamdan M, AlSahab B, Tamim H, Mack A, Afifi R.
The influence of parent-child relationship on safety belt use
among school children. Health Promot Int 2010;25:403-11.
48. Khawaja M, Abdulrahim S, Soweid RA, Karam D. Distrust,
social fragmentation and adolescents’ health in the outer city:
Beirut and beyond. Soc Sci Med 2006;63:1304-15.
49. Afifi RA, Yeretzian JS, Rouhana A, Nehlawi MT, Mack A.
Neighbourhood influences on narghile smoking among youth
in Beirut. Eur J Public Health 2010;20:456-62.
50. Griffith CJ, Mathias KA, Price PE. The mass media and food
hygiene education. Br Food J 1994;96:16-21.
51. Hornik R, Kelly B. Communication and diet: An overview of
experience and principles. J Nutr Educ Behav 2007;39:S5-12.
52. Reger B, Wootan MG, Booth-Butterfield S. Using mass media
to promote healthy eating: A community-based demonstration
project. Prev Med 1999;29:414-21.
53. Makoul G, Curry RH. The value of assessing and addressing
communication skills. JAMA 2007;298:1057-9.
54. Yeretzian JS, Afifi RA. ‘It won’t happen to me’: The
knowledge-attitude nexus in adolescent smoking. J Public
Health (Oxf) 2009;31:354-9.
55. World Health Organization-Regional Office for the Eastern
Mediterranean. Planning for Effective Communication
Strategies to Improve National Nutrition Programmes. WHO
Report WHO-EM/NUT/245/E; 2007.
56. Rosser W. Nutritional advice in Canadian family practice. Am
J Clin Nutr 2003;77:1011S-5.
How to cite this article: Hamadeh S, Marquis M.
School Nutrition Policies: Shared and Complementary
Perspectives of Lebanese Key Stakeholders. Clin J Nutr
Diet 2018;1(1):1-8.