The document summarizes research on school-based childhood obesity interventions. It finds that interventions using social cognitive theory were most effective, especially when incorporated into teacher curricula. A study using concepts from social cognitive theory and intervention mapping with parent/teacher involvement also showed success. A gardening program had benefits but its effects on obesity require more research. The least effective intervention saw limited student change as they already understood nutrition/activity importance. While many interventions have been conducted, school-based approaches using social cognitive theory can effectively reduce obesity among youth by addressing lifestyle environment, situations, expectations, self-efficacy and control.
Joseph E. Donnelly - "Physical Activity and Academic Achievement in Elementar...youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
Joseph E. Donnelly, EdD, FACSM - "Physical Activity and Academic Achievement in Elementary School Children"
Panel 2 - How can we increase physical activity in children and adolescents? The presentations in this panel will describe programs that have successfully increased physical activity at preschool, in the home, at school, in communities, and in the private sector.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
I provided background information and research on child nutrition, and I related it to child development theories and application to research, teaching, and working with children. This research paper encompasses human growth and development by sharing how a child's ecological system impacts their wellbeing, such as food programs, school, or family.
Joseph E. Donnelly - "Physical Activity and Academic Achievement in Elementar...youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
Joseph E. Donnelly, EdD, FACSM - "Physical Activity and Academic Achievement in Elementary School Children"
Panel 2 - How can we increase physical activity in children and adolescents? The presentations in this panel will describe programs that have successfully increased physical activity at preschool, in the home, at school, in communities, and in the private sector.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
I provided background information and research on child nutrition, and I related it to child development theories and application to research, teaching, and working with children. This research paper encompasses human growth and development by sharing how a child's ecological system impacts their wellbeing, such as food programs, school, or family.
A Conceptual Framework for Healthy Eating Behavior inEcuador.docxevonnehoggarth79783
A Conceptual Framework for Healthy Eating Behavior in
Ecuadorian Adolescents: A Qualitative Study
Roosmarijn Verstraeten1,2*, Kathleen Van Royen2, Angélica Ochoa-Avilés2,3, Daniela Penafiel2,4,
Michelle Holdsworth5, Silvana Donoso3, Lea Maes6, Patrick Kolsteren1,2
1 Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, 2 Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,
3 Food, Nutrition and Health program, Universidad de Cuenca, Cuenca, Ecuador, 4 Rural Research Centre, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, Guayaquil, Ecuador,
5 Public Health Section, School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR) - The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom, 6 Department of Public Health, Ghent
University, Ghent, Belgium
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study was to identify factors influencing eating behavior of Ecuadorian adolescents - from
the perspective of parents, school staff and adolescents - to develop a conceptual framework for adolescents’ eating
behavior.
Study design: Twenty focus groups (N = 144 participants) were conducted separately with adolescents aged 11–15 y (n
(focus groups) = 12, N (participants) = 80), parents (n = 4, N = 32) and school staff (n = 4, N = 32) in rural and urban Ecuador.
A semi-structured questioning route was developed based on the ‘Attitude, Social influences and Self-efficacy’ model and
the socio-ecological model to assess the relevance of behavioral and environmental factors in low- and middle-income
countries. Two researchers independently analyzed verbatim transcripts for emerging themes, using deductive thematic
content analysis. Data were analyzed using NVivo 8.
Results: All groups recognized the importance of eating healthily and key individual factors in Ecuadorian adolescents’ food
choices were: financial autonomy, food safety perceptions, lack of self-control, habit strength, taste preferences and
perceived peer norms. Environmental factors included the poor nutritional quality of food and its easy access at school. In
their home and family environment, time and convenience completed the picture as barriers to eating healthily. Participants
acknowledged the impact of the changing socio-cultural environment on adolescents’ eating patterns. Availability of
healthy food at home and financial constraints differed between settings and socio-economic groups.
Conclusion: Our findings endorse the importance of investigating behavioral and environmental factors that influence and
mediate healthy dietary behavior prior to intervention development. Several culture-specific factors emerged that were
incorporated into a conceptual framework for developing health promotion interventions in Ecuador.
Citation: Verstraeten R, Van Royen K, Ochoa-Avilés A, Penafiel D, Holdsworth M, et al. (2014) A Conceptual Framework for Healthy Eating Behavior in Ecuadorian
Adolescents: A Qualitative Study. PLoS ONE 9(1): e87183. doi:10.1371/journal..
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic.docxhopeaustin33688
Obesity is quickly becoming one of the most common chronic diseases among children. These rates have increased at an alarming rate and is a major public health problem because of related physical and psychological comorbidities, including type II diabetes, insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and mental health disorders. Dramatic increase in the number of overweight and obese children in recent years.
Studies indicate that children's lives may be shortened as a result of this alarming health problem. Estimates state that for any degree of overweight/obesity, younger adults (20-30 years of age) may have greater years of life lost due to obesity than older adults. Childhood obesity has been determined to be an independent risk factor for adult overweight/obesity.
To combat childhood obesity, there is a great need for public health interventions as well as education parents regarding childhood obesity and its consequences. Parents differ on causation of obesity, and differ in focus on nutrition and physical exercise. Many parents in the research do not see obesity as a barrier to physical activity. The parents need to recognize their child as overweight. Prevention is the most effective method for dealing with this growing health concern. The evidence reviewed, confirmed that family-centered interventions were associated with short-term reduction in obesity and improved medical parameters. The goal should be to involve community resources and provider referrals. Nurse Practitioners have a unique role in being the best facilitators to deliver health messages and are able to educate parents and increase awareness about the causes and consequences of childhood obesity.
Parents of young children need to interact with their child's primary healthcare provider for health advice and preventive health information during regularly scheduled physical examinations. It is up to the parents of these young children to combat intervention strategies such as:
a combination of nutritional and activity information, a cognitive-behavioral aspect to the intervention parent-directed activities
limiting sedentary child behaviors, provide positive approaches with children by parents and practitioners (e.g., emphasize positive rewards for healthy behaviors, encourage self-efficacy)
Future research is required to identify moderators and mediators to produce enduring changes in weight status of children.
The Objective was to determine in children who are at risk for becoming overweight or obese, does education with parental involvement on exercise and nutrition compared to individual education with the child alone decrease the risk of developing obesity and the health problems associated with obesity?
(P) In overweight, obese, or at risk young children (2-18years of age) Is family centered education/treatment interventions
(C) versus control or comparison interventions
(O) more effective in decreasing childhood obesity and compli.
Running head CHILDHOOD OBESITY 1CHILDHOOD OBESITY 7.docxsusanschei
Running head: CHILDHOOD OBESITY 1
CHILDHOOD OBESITY 7
Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations
Qualitative Research Critique and Ethical Considerations
Summary of the Study
The study seeks to evaluate the efficacy of school-based programs in treating and managing overweight and obesity among children. Childhood obesity is increasingly becoming both national and global public health concern that has resulted in increased childhood morbidity and mortality. In particular, childhood obesity has catapulted the increase in health problems such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, as well as osteoarthritis later in adulthood (Mahmood et al. 2014). Schools can provide one of the most effective channels through which childhood obesity interventions can be directed. In this respect, policies, procedures, and guidelines have been passed in many nations and states for the implementation of school-based interventions. In the United States, many studies have recommended the utilization of school-based obesity management programs to address the unending crisis of childhood obesity. In light of this concern, this study seeks to investigate the efficacy of school-based interventions in treating and managing childhood obesity. In particular, the study will also assess school methodologies such as incorporation of obesity education into the routine curriculum in minimizing the constantly-increasing cases of obese children population.
Method of Study
The study is also going to use qualitative design in order to examine the perception of children towards school-based obesity management initiatives. Previous studies conducted by Clarke et al. (2015) also sought to investigate the experiences and views of kids who went through school-based obesity management programs. This can help to improve knowledge and understanding of better ways to address the problem of childhood obesity within school settings. In order to provide a comprehensive finding that guides future clinical decision-making, the study will evaluate efficacy of school-based interventions with respect to many key areas. They include cost efficiency of school-based interventions, improvements in physical activities and healthy eating habits following interventions, as well as level of awareness among children on the dangers of childhood obesity and the ways in which it can be averted. Furthermore, effectiveness will be investigated through evaluation of body weight and BMI before and after the introductions of these interventions (Mahmood et al. 2014). Most significantly, cardiovascular fitness and other outcome measures will be investigated. The target population and participants of the study will mainly be school-going children. Both boys and girls with an average age of between 8 and 16 years will be incorporated into the study.
Schools vary in the ways in which they utilize such interventions. For instance, some schools utilize planet health programs that incorpo ...
Local Determinants of Malnutrition: An Expanded Positive Deviance Studyjehill3
Local Determinants of Malnutrition: An Expanded Positive Deviance Study
Julie Hettinger, Food for the Hungry
Nutrition Working Group Showcase
CORE Group Spring Meeting, April 29, 2010
Running head LITERATURE REVIEW 1LITERATURE REVIEW 5.docxcowinhelen
Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW 1
LITERATURE REVIEW 5
Literature Review
Name:
Institution:
Literature Review (Childhood Obesity)
Childhood Obesity describes attainments of weight beyond the normal body mass index ration leading to the vulnerability in lines. In the study, the use of article will facilitate the process. As noted, the researcher of the material sought to evaluate the factors that contribute to obesity in children. Their study focused on dieting and physical exercise as the primary factors that contribute to obesity. The researchers commenced the process by identifying the research question, proceeded with instruments then selected the design before engaging the target population to validate the research hypothesis. The target group for the study comprised of children aged below 12 years. They included children from a different racial background. Both boys and girls featured in the study. The researcher hypothesized the cause of obesity with the motive of encouraging the adaptation of intervention programs. The study prioritized preventive measures with the intent of decreasing cases of obesity in children in less than six months.
The literature for study includes article 1, 2, 3 and 4. Article 5, 6, 7 and 8 also featured in the study. The research sought to evaluate the prevailing trends concerning the wellness of the children using a collection of questions. The first article by Bleich, Segal, Wu, and Wilson& Wang sought to evaluate the role of community-based prevention. The second article by Tester et al examined the characteristics of the condition in children aged between 2 and 5. The third article by Cunningham, Kramer, & Narayan quantified the prevalence of the condition. Arthur, Scharf, and DeBoer’s fourth sought to evaluate the role of food insecurity in the contraction of obesity. The fifth and sixth Fetter et al and Lydecke, Riley, & Grilo examined the role of physical activity and parenting subsequently. The exploration of the implication of the limitation of the dietary behavior of the micro levels of the condition and parents understanding on the condition featured in the seventh and eight articles composed by Marcum, et al, and Vollmer respectively.
The sample population for the study in the first article comprised of the young population in homes school and care setting. The second article engaged children aged between 2 and 5 years. The third article engaged 7738 participants comprising of learners in kindergarten. The group in the early childhood stage featured in the fourth article as the sample population for the study seeking to investigate cases of obesity. The sample differed from the group engaged in the fifth and sixth article. The category interviewed comprised of the parents of the youth and pre-adolescents, the seventh and eight articles engaged the mothers of the children and the fathers averaging 35 years of white origin.
The limitation of the first article is that the resear ...
1. Growing Pains: A Systematic Review of Childhood Obesity
Interventions
Sa’sha Moody, Health Education and Promotion Student [B.S.P.H.], Georgia Southern University
Introduction
Purpose
Methods
Discussion/Recommendations
References
Results
According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention
(2014), childhood obesity is one of the major public health issues
today. Not only does food intake and physical activity play a major
part in this epidemic, but it can stem from other aspects as well, such
as emotional problems. The past three decades have seen a
dramatic global increase in childhood/adolescent obesity (Jelalian,
2007). This has made obesity a huge issue for public health due to
the effects it places on children once they grow older and also the
effect it has on life expectancy (Daniels, 2006).
.
Because school is one of the places that children spend
majority of their day, it fits with the implementation of healthy
behaviors and can be used as the basis of health promotion
interventions (Sharma, 2007). Not only should interventions take
place in the school setting, but they should also take place in the
family setting as well. Families play an important role in a child’s
development and life experiences, so the prevention of obesity in
young children will require effective approaches for working with
families (Davison, Jurkowski, Li, Kranz, & Lawson, 2013). Although
working with families is important, this review will focus on school-
based interventions. The purpose of this review is to examine school-
based interventions done to reduce childhood obesity.
Data Sources
Most of the articles reviewed were found using Galileo, which is a
scholarly search engine that allows the researcher to search through
databases related to their terms and topics. The articles were found in
the following databases: Medline with Full Text, Child Development
and Adolescent Studies, Education Full Text, ERIC, and PsycInfo. The
terms searched for were childhood, obesity, interventions, theory, and
school-based. This provided 44 articles to choose from. Google
Scholar, a search engine made by Google for finding scholarly articles
was used also. The terms searched for using Google Scholar were
childhood, obesity, intervention, and theory. This provided 70,000
articles, but only two of those articles was selected and used for this
review.
Study Selection
Only full text and scholarly/peer reviewed journals in English
were used. The articles reviewed in this study were published during
the time frame of 1999 and 2014. Research studies that did not include
interventions based on theory or interventions taking place in a school
setting were excluded from this review.
In total the researcher looked at 45 articles to determine whether they would meet the
inclusion and exclusion criteria. Of the articles reviewed, the researcher found 5 articles that
met the criteria included in this review. Articles were excluded because they did not focus on
school-based intervention, did not use theory, or were a review of interventions previously
done. An overview of these articles can be seen in table 1.
Two of the articles used Social Cognitive Theory and Behavioral Choice Theory to
implement their interventions. Gortmaker, S. (1999) discovered that obesity rates were lower
among females after the Planet Health sessions, which shows that the intervention is a good
approach to reducing obesity among youth. The other intervention that used social cognitive
theory and behavioral choice theory was also effective. It showed that there were decreases in
the percentages of total energy from fat and saturated fat. Dietary intake was improved and
television watching was reduced. The social marketing approach was applied in the early
stages of this intervention.
Hawley S, Beckman H, Bishop T. (2006) used self – efficacy and Stages of Change
Theory with their intervention. There was not a significant change among the students, as there
was for the families. A longer intervention period might have had a better effect on the families,
which could have pushed more of a change among the students.
Ahmed A, Oshiro C, Loharuka S, Novotny R (2011) used a grounded theory approach
with the gardening program intervention that was in place at the school in Hawai’i. The study
showed that school gardening programs exemplify healthy eating, providing healthy food and
teaching youth how to grow their own food at home.
Lloyd J, Logan S, Greaves C, Wyatt K. (2011) implemented the Healthy Lifestyles
Program which used the Intervention Mapping Protocol. Although the younger children seemed
to be more receptive to the program than the older children, this intervention proved to be
acceptable in being used in school to promote healthy living among youth.
Study Participants Measurement Theory/Experiment Used Intervention Results
Hawley S, Beckman H,
Bishop T.(2006)
65 sixth grade students and
25 of the students families
A cohort, repeated measures design. Five
40 minute sessions during PE classes over
a course of six weeks. Self- reported
physical activity by assigning metabolic
equivalent scores (METs) to each activity
and self-reported eating behaviors
measured by calculating total calories and
fat grams
for the foods consumed by students and
family members over the past 24 hours.
Questionnaires, Pre-tests and Post-tests
were also used.
Self – Efficacy and Stages of Change
delivery of a five-session middle
school classroom program over a 6-
week period and implementation of a
community
event (a Family Fun Night) to
promote physical activity and
nutrition.
The study indicated that the student sample might
have been more advanced than expected in their
understanding of the importance of good nutrition and
fitness therefore the intervention did not cause a
significant change among them from pre-intervention
to post-intervention as it did for the families.
Ahmed A, Oshiro C, Loharuka S, Novotny R(2011) 9 educators at a Hawai’i Island Middle School (2
administrators, 4 teachers, and 3 garden staff)
Semi-structured interviews of the 9 middle school educators
at a school with a garden program in rural Hawai‘i were
conducted.
Qualitative analysis of data was based upon a grounded theory
approach using descriptive, open coding
Gardening Program implemented in the school Perceived benefits of school-based gardening included
improving children’s diet, engaging children in physical
activity, creating a link to local tradition, mitigating hunger,
and improving social skills.
Poverty was cited as a barrier to adoption of healthy eating
habits.
Lloyd J, Logan S, Greaves C, Wyatt K. (2011) In pilot one 119 Children aged 8-11, parents and
teachers from a primary school and in pilot two 77
children aged 9-10
semi structured interviews
(teachers and parents), focus groups (children), questionnaire
responses (parents), documentation of
parental and child involvement and observations of
intervention delivery
Intervention Mapping protocol which uses behavioral theory and research
evidence; concepts from the Social Cognitive Theory
Healthy Lifestyles Program (HeLP), a school-based
intervention to prevent obesity in children
Two phases of pilot work demonstrated that the intervention
was acceptable and feasible for schools,
children and their families and suggested areas for further
refinement. Younger children were more receptive to the
behavior changes than the older children.
Gortmaker, S. (1999). A group of 1295 ethnically diverse grade 6 and 7
students from public schools in Massachusetts
communities
Randomized controlled field trial with 5 interventions and 5
control schools
Social Cognitive Theory and Behavioral Choice Theory School-based interdisciplinary intervention over 2 school years.
Planet Health Sessions were included within existing curricula.
Sessions focused on decreasing television viewing, decreasing
consumption of high fat foods, increasing fruit and vegetable
intake, and increasing physical activity.
Planet Health decreased obesity among female students
indicating a good approach for reducing obesity among
youth.
Gortmaker, S., Cheung, L., Peterson, K., Chomitz, G.,
Cradle, J., Dart, H., ... Laird, N. (1999).
479 students initially in grade 4 in Baltimore, Md,
public schools; 91% were African American. Repeated
24-hour recall measures in 1997 were collected for a
random subsample of 336 students. Cross-sectional
survey data were collected from all grade 5 students in
1995, 1996, and 1997 (n=2103).
quasiexperimental field trial with 6 intervention and 8 matched
control schools. Outcomes were assessed longitudinally using
preintervention (fall 1995) and follow-up (spring 1997) student
survey food frequency and activity measures and follow-up 24-
hour recall measures of diet and activity. Change was also
assessed using yearly repeated cross-sectional surveys of all grade
5 students from 1995 through 1997.
Social Marketing Approach, Behavioral choice theory, and social cognitive
theory
The Eat Well and Keep Moving Program was taught by classroom
teachers over 2 years in math, science, language arts, and social
studies classes. Materials provided links to school food services
and families and provided training and wellness programs for
teachers and other staff members. Intervention materials focused
on decreasing consumption of foods high in total and saturated fat
and increasing fruit and vegetable intake, as well as reducing
television viewing and increasing physical activity.
The 24-hour recall measures indicated that, after controlling
for baseline covariates, the percentages of total energy from
fat and saturated fat were reduced among students in the
intervention compared with control schools. There was an
increase in fruit and vegetable intake, in vitamin C intake,
and in fiber consumption. Television viewing was
marginally reduced. Evaluation of the Eat Well and Keep
Moving Program indicates effectiveness in improving
dietary intake of students and reducing television viewing.
Table 1. School-based Interventions Targeting Childhood Obesity
Staniford, L. J., Breckon, J. D., & Copeland, R. J. (2012). Treatment of childhood obesity: A systematic review.
Journal Of Child And Family Studies, 21(4), 545-564.
Daniels, S. R. (2006). The consequences of childhood overweight and obesity. The future of children, 16(1),
47-67.
Centis, E. E., Marzocchi, R. R., Di Luzio, R. R., Moscatiello, S. S., Salardi, S. S., Villanova, N. N., & Marchesini,
G. G. (2012). A controlled, class‐based multicomponent intervention to promote healthy lifestyle and to reduce
the burden of childhood obesity. Pediatric Obesity, 7(6), 436-445.
Davison, K. K., Jurkowski, J. M., Li, K., Kranz, S., & Lawson, H. A. (2013). A childhood obesity intervention
developed by families for families: Results from a pilot study. The International Journal Of Behavioral Nutrition
And Physical Activity, 10
Hawley S, Beckman H, Bishop T. Development of an Obesity Prevention and Management Program for
Children and Adolescents in a Rural Setting. Journal Of Community Health Nursing [serial online].
2006;23(2):69-80. Available from: PsycINFO, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 27, 2014.
Tucker S, Lanningham-Foster L, Lohse C, et al. A School Based Community Partnership for Promoting Healthy
Habits for Life. Journal Of Community Health [serial online]. June 2011;36(3):414-422. Available from:
Education Full Text (H.W. Wilson), Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 27, 2014.
Ahmed A, Oshiro C, Loharuka S, Novotny R. Perceptions of middle school educators in Hawai'i about school-
based gardening and child health. Hawaii Medical Journal [serial online]. July 2011;70(7 Suppl 1):11-15.
Available from: MEDLINE with Full Text, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 27, 2014.
Lloyd J, Logan S, Greaves C, Wyatt K. Evidence, theory and context—Using intervention mapping to develop a
school-based intervention to prevent obesity in children. The International Journal Of Behavioral Nutrition And
Physical Activity [serial online]. July 13, 2011;8Available from: PsycINFO, Ipswich, MA. Accessed October 27,
2014.
Gortmaker, S. (1999). Reducing Obesity via a School-Based Interdisciplinary Intervention Among YouthPlanet
Health. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 409-409. Retrieved November 18, 2014, from
http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=346206
Gortmaker, S., Cheung, L., Peterson, K., Chomitz, G., Cradle, J., Dart, H., ... Laird, N. (1999). Impact of a
School-Based Interdisciplinary Intervention on Diet and Physical Activity Among Urban Primary School
Children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 975-975. Retrieved November 18, 2014, from
http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=347688
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014). Childhood Obesity Facts Retrieved November 19, 2014, from
http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/obesity/facts.htm
Cutting short lunch time in school may lead to obesity. (n.d.). Retrieved November 19, 2014, from
The articles that proved to have the most successful interventions out of
all of the articles reviewed used Social Cognitive Theory. These interventions
also were worked into the teachers’ curricula which proved to be effective
because the teachers’ could make the information personal. The study of
Lloyd J, Logan S, Greaves C, and Wyatt K was also a successful intervention
that used some concepts from the Social Cognitive Theory and the Intervention
Mapping Protocol. This study also included involving teachers and parents
which proved to be effective. The study done by Ahmed A, Oshiro C, Loharuka
S, and Novotny R showed that gardening programs are successful in teaching
children about nutrition, but the effects of this type of intervention on obesity
needs to be further examined. The least successful intervention did not see
much of a change among the students, because they seemed to already
understand the importance of good nutrition and physical activity.
Although many interventions have been done to combat childhood
obesity, school-based interventions have proven to be effective in reducing
obesity among youth. The CDC (2014) has stated that schools play a
particularly critical role by establishing a safe and supportive environment with
policies and practices that support healthy behaviors and they also provide
opportunities for students to learn about and practice healthy eating and
physical activity behaviors. Applying the Social Cognitive Theory to school-
based interventions should be done to ensure that the intervention s will be a
success with the participants by taking into account their environment,
situation,expectations, self-efficacy and self-control. By taking all aspects of
one’s lifestyle into consideration and creating a program that addresses each
aspect, many changes can be made to improve unhealthy behaviors.