Climate change has more effects than just habitat destruction, and smog levels. Minor changes in temperature create large scale effects in the timing of animals basic biology.
The document discusses different mating systems such as monogamy, polyandry, and polygamy. It addresses factors that influence which system is evolutionarily adaptive, including parental investment, operational sex ratio, reproductive rates, and benefits/risks of each system. Examples are provided for different mating behaviors in species from insects to mammals. The diversity of polygamous systems is also examined, including female defense, resource defense, scramble competition, and leks.
This document provides information about mammals found in Pakistan. It discusses 174 mammal species reported in Pakistan, including 3 endemic species. It then covers the habitat and geographic distribution of different species belonging to the Palaearctic and Indo-Malayan realms. The document discusses two primate species - the Rhesus Macaque and Hanuman Langur, providing details on their appearance, size, reproduction, social structure, diet and habitat. It also provides descriptions of two bear species - the Eurasian Brown Bear and Asiatic Black Bear. The Pallas Cat and Common Leopard are also described. Finally, it discusses the Markhor sheep and Urial sheep found in Pakistan.
Over 60 million years, horses evolved from small fox-sized animals with multiple toes to the modern horse. The early Eohippus, or "dawn horse", stood 14 inches tall and resembled a deer, with 5 toes on front feet and 3 on back. Later varieties such as Mesohippus and Merychippus grew larger with fewer toes and longer legs and necks adapted for running and grazing. Pilohippus was the first single-toed horse and resembled a pony. The modern Equus emerged around 5 million years ago and is the only surviving branch of the horse family.
This document provides a history of the field of zoogeography, summarizing the key contributions of various scientists. It discusses early attempts to divide the world into zoogeographical regions in the late 19th century by Schmarda and Sclater. Sclater's 1858 divisions of the world into six regions based on bird distributions formed the basis for modern zoogeography. The document then outlines later modifications and enhancements to zoogeographical schemes by scientists such as Wallace, Darlington, and others. It also discusses the impacts of plate tectonics theory and the vicariance model on modern biogeography.
A zoogeographical region/realm is a sub-division of the Earth having a unique fauna, i.e. species that are found only in that area. Alfred Russel Wallace introduced six zoogeographical realms: Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Neotropical, and Nearctic regions. This is a brief overview of each.
Introduction to zoological nomenclature and the ICZNICZN
The document discusses the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), the body that establishes and maintains the international rules for naming animal species. It outlines the ICZN's role in revising and publishing the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, considering cases of nomenclatural uncertainty, and ruling on specific naming cases. It also briefly discusses some of the principles and challenges in zoological nomenclature, including priority, homonymy, and typification.
This document provides information about the 5th semester zoology course titled "Zoogeography & Palentology" with course code Zool-543 and 3 credit hours. It defines zoogeography as the study of animal distribution over the world. The document then outlines the history and branches of zoogeography, including applied, causal, and descriptive zoogeography. The causal branch examines ecological, historical, and experimental factors influencing distribution, while the descriptive branch studies animals and habitats through systematic, chorological, and faunistic approaches.
The extent to which a species can adapt to an anthropogenically influenced environment is dependent on the evolutionary history of the species, the antipredatory adaptations of the population under study, the individual experiences, tolerances and learning capacities of animals, and their sensory limitations.
The document discusses different mating systems such as monogamy, polyandry, and polygamy. It addresses factors that influence which system is evolutionarily adaptive, including parental investment, operational sex ratio, reproductive rates, and benefits/risks of each system. Examples are provided for different mating behaviors in species from insects to mammals. The diversity of polygamous systems is also examined, including female defense, resource defense, scramble competition, and leks.
This document provides information about mammals found in Pakistan. It discusses 174 mammal species reported in Pakistan, including 3 endemic species. It then covers the habitat and geographic distribution of different species belonging to the Palaearctic and Indo-Malayan realms. The document discusses two primate species - the Rhesus Macaque and Hanuman Langur, providing details on their appearance, size, reproduction, social structure, diet and habitat. It also provides descriptions of two bear species - the Eurasian Brown Bear and Asiatic Black Bear. The Pallas Cat and Common Leopard are also described. Finally, it discusses the Markhor sheep and Urial sheep found in Pakistan.
Over 60 million years, horses evolved from small fox-sized animals with multiple toes to the modern horse. The early Eohippus, or "dawn horse", stood 14 inches tall and resembled a deer, with 5 toes on front feet and 3 on back. Later varieties such as Mesohippus and Merychippus grew larger with fewer toes and longer legs and necks adapted for running and grazing. Pilohippus was the first single-toed horse and resembled a pony. The modern Equus emerged around 5 million years ago and is the only surviving branch of the horse family.
This document provides a history of the field of zoogeography, summarizing the key contributions of various scientists. It discusses early attempts to divide the world into zoogeographical regions in the late 19th century by Schmarda and Sclater. Sclater's 1858 divisions of the world into six regions based on bird distributions formed the basis for modern zoogeography. The document then outlines later modifications and enhancements to zoogeographical schemes by scientists such as Wallace, Darlington, and others. It also discusses the impacts of plate tectonics theory and the vicariance model on modern biogeography.
A zoogeographical region/realm is a sub-division of the Earth having a unique fauna, i.e. species that are found only in that area. Alfred Russel Wallace introduced six zoogeographical realms: Palearctic, Ethiopian, Oriental, Australian, Neotropical, and Nearctic regions. This is a brief overview of each.
Introduction to zoological nomenclature and the ICZNICZN
The document discusses the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), the body that establishes and maintains the international rules for naming animal species. It outlines the ICZN's role in revising and publishing the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, considering cases of nomenclatural uncertainty, and ruling on specific naming cases. It also briefly discusses some of the principles and challenges in zoological nomenclature, including priority, homonymy, and typification.
This document provides information about the 5th semester zoology course titled "Zoogeography & Palentology" with course code Zool-543 and 3 credit hours. It defines zoogeography as the study of animal distribution over the world. The document then outlines the history and branches of zoogeography, including applied, causal, and descriptive zoogeography. The causal branch examines ecological, historical, and experimental factors influencing distribution, while the descriptive branch studies animals and habitats through systematic, chorological, and faunistic approaches.
The extent to which a species can adapt to an anthropogenically influenced environment is dependent on the evolutionary history of the species, the antipredatory adaptations of the population under study, the individual experiences, tolerances and learning capacities of animals, and their sensory limitations.
CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE THROUGH CAPTIVE BREEDINGNamrata Singh
An ever expanding human population is putting increased pressure on endangered species and driving many to extinction. It is for this reason that the conservation of rare and endangered species has come to the forefront of our attention over recent decades.
There are a number of strategies that exist to conserve these species out of which captive breeding is one of the efficient tools.
This document provides details about the internal and external structures of insect wings. It discusses the various veins and folds that make up the wing, including the costa, radius, media, cubitus, anal veins, and cross veins. It describes how the wings are composed of a membrane supported by a system of veins, and how the veins contain nerves, trachea, and hemolymph. It also summarizes the different regions of the wing, including the remigium, vannus, jugum, and axillary area.
This document discusses the history of theories of animal behavior from ancient philosophers like Aristotle to modern ethologists. It covers early ideas like Lamarck's theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics and Darwin's theory of natural selection. Later, William James rejected the idea that animal behavior is purely instinctual while Skinner's experiments with operant conditioning in a Skinner Box influenced ideas of learning. Ethologists like Lorenz, Tinbergen, and von Frisch studied animal communication and behavior in natural environments.
Wildlife corridors are areas of habitat that connect separate areas of similar habitat and allow animal movement and gene flow between populations. They are important for maintaining biodiversity as they help counteract the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation. Effective corridors should be wide and maintain natural vegetation and habitat. They enable species migration and support genetic diversity. Management aims to enhance habitat quality and protect ecological processes within corridors. The Siju-Rewak Corridor in India links two protected areas and preserves an important elephant crossing point along the Simsang River.
Community ecology examines the interactions between populations of different species living in the same area. Species compete for limited resources but can coexist through mechanisms like resource partitioning, where species differentiate their use of resources to reduce competition. Disturbances can alter communities, initiating primary or secondary succession as the community reestablishes itself over time. Keystone species play an outsized role in community structure and ecosystem function.
APPLICATIONS OF TELEMETRY TECHNOLOGY IN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT....millwelssirmix
This ppt can confirm with some confidence of absolute certainty that telemetry technology is applicable in fisheries stock management to monitor species that are on the verge of extintion
The document discusses various barriers that limit the dispersal and distribution of animal species. There are three main categories of barriers: physical, climatic, and biological. Physical barriers include mountains, water bodies, and deserts which can isolate populations. Climatic barriers like temperature, humidity, and light also influence animal ranges. Biological barriers involve interactions with vegetation and other animals through predation, parasitism, and competition for resources. Together, these natural barriers influence the evolution and geographic distribution of wildlife.
This document summarizes the different bird orders and families found in Pakistan. It discusses loons, grebes, petrels, gannets, boobies, darters, pelicans, storks, flamingos, waterfowl, ospreys, pheasants, cranes, bustards, jacanas, plovers, lapwings, skuas, sandgrouse, pigeons, parrots, owls, rollers, hornbills, barbets, pittas and many families of passerine birds found in the country. In total, it provides information on over 50 orders and families of birds that live in or migrate to Pakistan.
This document discusses the field of animal behavior and its importance and applications. It notes that animal behavior is the study of how animals interact with each other and their environment, and serves as a bridge between physiology and the environment. It then outlines several ways in which the study of animal behavior contributes to and influences other fields, such as neuroscience, environmental management, human behavior studies, and conservation. Specific examples are given of insights gained into areas like communication, emotional expression, migration patterns, and pest control from animal behavior research. The document also discusses how animal behavior courses can increase scientific literacy and interest in biology.
Taxonomic collection and identificationAftab Badshah
Biological collections are valuable for preserving extinct species and rare specimens. They allow researchers to verify original data and study specimens that are otherwise inaccessible. Effective collections involve sampling populations across species' ranges and variations, including larvae and parasites. Specimens are collected using various methods and preserved appropriately through methods like alcohol, stuffing, or formalin depending on the taxon. Proper long-term labeling with data like location, date, life stage, and collector is critical for research.
Home ranges are areas where individual animals carry out normal activities like finding food, water, and shelter. They are not defended from other animals and home ranges of different individuals may overlap. Within a home range is a core area where most activities are concentrated, like around a nest site. The size of home ranges varies depending on factors like body size, sex, diet, habitat, and resources. Territories are smaller defended areas that provide necessary resources and do not overlap with each other. Animals use behaviors like scent marking and aggression to defend territories.
This document discusses various aspects of foraging behavior and habitat selection in organisms. It explains that foraging is how organisms obtain energy and nutrients from their environment. Habitat selection involves animals choosing habitats based on factors like genes, imprinting, and tradition. Two theories of habitat selection are discussed: the optimal foraging model, which predicts which habitat an animal should select to maximize benefits, and the ideal free distribution model, which predicts how individuals distribute themselves for highest fitness. Optimal foraging theory holds that organisms will optimize their energy budgets by maximizing energy intake and minimizing costs. Social foraging is also covered, where animals forage collectively and share information about food sources. The concept of territoriality and functions of establishing territories are then
Captive Breeding: Genetic and Demographic ManagementDrPrincelinaBora
It is a presentation about the genetic and population management of captive stock of wild animals which can be eventually reintroduced into the wild. It covers basically the aspects of setting genetic and demographic goal before starting a captive stock and also measures to reduce adaptation to captive environment which is detrimental in the wild. At the end some success stories have been added basically for captive programs conducted in India. All the references from where the data have been taken are given with the file.
Captive breeding involves breeding endangered animals in controlled, managed environments like zoos, wildlife reserves, and conservation facilities. It aims to conserve biodiversity by saving species from extinction and potentially reintroducing them to natural habitats. While captive breeding has successfully saved some species, it faces challenges like maintaining genetic diversity, adapting animal behavior for survival in the wild, and loss of natural habitat. New technologies studying gene expression and stem cells may help overcome some issues and further the goals of captive breeding programs.
Cooperative behavior among members of the same species that includes cooperative nesting, generational overlap, and reproductive division of labor. The termites, the ants, and some of the exceptionally well-organized bees and wasps are among the truly social insects that exhibit eusocial behavior. Multiple effectors such as ecological contributions, kin selection, delayed benefits and multi-level selection drive primitive eusociality towards advanced sociality through a point of "no return". These factors are not mutually exclusive - each may play a different role in the evolution of eusociality in different groups.
Introduction to zoogeography and types of distributionMuhammad Yousaf
This document contain smart definitions about zoogeography and tells about the distribution and its types. This is studied in Master classes of zoology in AWKUM.
Animals are not uniformly distributed across land and water due to factors like climate, food availability, shelter, and other species. Their distribution can be categorized as continuous, discontinuous, endemic, isolated, or bipolar. Continuous distribution means worldwide presence. Discontinuous distribution occurs when habitat is broken up, such as by oceans or changing land masses. Endemic distribution confines species to particular regions. Isolated and bipolar distributions restrict some animals only to specific isolated areas like Australia or polar regions.
This document discusses how climate change is negatively impacting birds in the United States. Migratory birds face unique challenges as climate change affects the habitats they rely on for breeding, migrating, and overwintering. Bird ranges and habitats are shifting locations in response to warming temperatures. Extreme weather events, diseases, and pest outbreaks exacerbated by climate change are also dramatically altering important bird habitats. Reducing carbon pollution is necessary to limit the magnitude of climate change's impacts and help safeguard birds.
CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE THROUGH CAPTIVE BREEDINGNamrata Singh
An ever expanding human population is putting increased pressure on endangered species and driving many to extinction. It is for this reason that the conservation of rare and endangered species has come to the forefront of our attention over recent decades.
There are a number of strategies that exist to conserve these species out of which captive breeding is one of the efficient tools.
This document provides details about the internal and external structures of insect wings. It discusses the various veins and folds that make up the wing, including the costa, radius, media, cubitus, anal veins, and cross veins. It describes how the wings are composed of a membrane supported by a system of veins, and how the veins contain nerves, trachea, and hemolymph. It also summarizes the different regions of the wing, including the remigium, vannus, jugum, and axillary area.
This document discusses the history of theories of animal behavior from ancient philosophers like Aristotle to modern ethologists. It covers early ideas like Lamarck's theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics and Darwin's theory of natural selection. Later, William James rejected the idea that animal behavior is purely instinctual while Skinner's experiments with operant conditioning in a Skinner Box influenced ideas of learning. Ethologists like Lorenz, Tinbergen, and von Frisch studied animal communication and behavior in natural environments.
Wildlife corridors are areas of habitat that connect separate areas of similar habitat and allow animal movement and gene flow between populations. They are important for maintaining biodiversity as they help counteract the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation. Effective corridors should be wide and maintain natural vegetation and habitat. They enable species migration and support genetic diversity. Management aims to enhance habitat quality and protect ecological processes within corridors. The Siju-Rewak Corridor in India links two protected areas and preserves an important elephant crossing point along the Simsang River.
Community ecology examines the interactions between populations of different species living in the same area. Species compete for limited resources but can coexist through mechanisms like resource partitioning, where species differentiate their use of resources to reduce competition. Disturbances can alter communities, initiating primary or secondary succession as the community reestablishes itself over time. Keystone species play an outsized role in community structure and ecosystem function.
APPLICATIONS OF TELEMETRY TECHNOLOGY IN WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT....millwelssirmix
This ppt can confirm with some confidence of absolute certainty that telemetry technology is applicable in fisheries stock management to monitor species that are on the verge of extintion
The document discusses various barriers that limit the dispersal and distribution of animal species. There are three main categories of barriers: physical, climatic, and biological. Physical barriers include mountains, water bodies, and deserts which can isolate populations. Climatic barriers like temperature, humidity, and light also influence animal ranges. Biological barriers involve interactions with vegetation and other animals through predation, parasitism, and competition for resources. Together, these natural barriers influence the evolution and geographic distribution of wildlife.
This document summarizes the different bird orders and families found in Pakistan. It discusses loons, grebes, petrels, gannets, boobies, darters, pelicans, storks, flamingos, waterfowl, ospreys, pheasants, cranes, bustards, jacanas, plovers, lapwings, skuas, sandgrouse, pigeons, parrots, owls, rollers, hornbills, barbets, pittas and many families of passerine birds found in the country. In total, it provides information on over 50 orders and families of birds that live in or migrate to Pakistan.
This document discusses the field of animal behavior and its importance and applications. It notes that animal behavior is the study of how animals interact with each other and their environment, and serves as a bridge between physiology and the environment. It then outlines several ways in which the study of animal behavior contributes to and influences other fields, such as neuroscience, environmental management, human behavior studies, and conservation. Specific examples are given of insights gained into areas like communication, emotional expression, migration patterns, and pest control from animal behavior research. The document also discusses how animal behavior courses can increase scientific literacy and interest in biology.
Taxonomic collection and identificationAftab Badshah
Biological collections are valuable for preserving extinct species and rare specimens. They allow researchers to verify original data and study specimens that are otherwise inaccessible. Effective collections involve sampling populations across species' ranges and variations, including larvae and parasites. Specimens are collected using various methods and preserved appropriately through methods like alcohol, stuffing, or formalin depending on the taxon. Proper long-term labeling with data like location, date, life stage, and collector is critical for research.
Home ranges are areas where individual animals carry out normal activities like finding food, water, and shelter. They are not defended from other animals and home ranges of different individuals may overlap. Within a home range is a core area where most activities are concentrated, like around a nest site. The size of home ranges varies depending on factors like body size, sex, diet, habitat, and resources. Territories are smaller defended areas that provide necessary resources and do not overlap with each other. Animals use behaviors like scent marking and aggression to defend territories.
This document discusses various aspects of foraging behavior and habitat selection in organisms. It explains that foraging is how organisms obtain energy and nutrients from their environment. Habitat selection involves animals choosing habitats based on factors like genes, imprinting, and tradition. Two theories of habitat selection are discussed: the optimal foraging model, which predicts which habitat an animal should select to maximize benefits, and the ideal free distribution model, which predicts how individuals distribute themselves for highest fitness. Optimal foraging theory holds that organisms will optimize their energy budgets by maximizing energy intake and minimizing costs. Social foraging is also covered, where animals forage collectively and share information about food sources. The concept of territoriality and functions of establishing territories are then
Captive Breeding: Genetic and Demographic ManagementDrPrincelinaBora
It is a presentation about the genetic and population management of captive stock of wild animals which can be eventually reintroduced into the wild. It covers basically the aspects of setting genetic and demographic goal before starting a captive stock and also measures to reduce adaptation to captive environment which is detrimental in the wild. At the end some success stories have been added basically for captive programs conducted in India. All the references from where the data have been taken are given with the file.
Captive breeding involves breeding endangered animals in controlled, managed environments like zoos, wildlife reserves, and conservation facilities. It aims to conserve biodiversity by saving species from extinction and potentially reintroducing them to natural habitats. While captive breeding has successfully saved some species, it faces challenges like maintaining genetic diversity, adapting animal behavior for survival in the wild, and loss of natural habitat. New technologies studying gene expression and stem cells may help overcome some issues and further the goals of captive breeding programs.
Cooperative behavior among members of the same species that includes cooperative nesting, generational overlap, and reproductive division of labor. The termites, the ants, and some of the exceptionally well-organized bees and wasps are among the truly social insects that exhibit eusocial behavior. Multiple effectors such as ecological contributions, kin selection, delayed benefits and multi-level selection drive primitive eusociality towards advanced sociality through a point of "no return". These factors are not mutually exclusive - each may play a different role in the evolution of eusociality in different groups.
Introduction to zoogeography and types of distributionMuhammad Yousaf
This document contain smart definitions about zoogeography and tells about the distribution and its types. This is studied in Master classes of zoology in AWKUM.
Animals are not uniformly distributed across land and water due to factors like climate, food availability, shelter, and other species. Their distribution can be categorized as continuous, discontinuous, endemic, isolated, or bipolar. Continuous distribution means worldwide presence. Discontinuous distribution occurs when habitat is broken up, such as by oceans or changing land masses. Endemic distribution confines species to particular regions. Isolated and bipolar distributions restrict some animals only to specific isolated areas like Australia or polar regions.
This document discusses how climate change is negatively impacting birds in the United States. Migratory birds face unique challenges as climate change affects the habitats they rely on for breeding, migrating, and overwintering. Bird ranges and habitats are shifting locations in response to warming temperatures. Extreme weather events, diseases, and pest outbreaks exacerbated by climate change are also dramatically altering important bird habitats. Reducing carbon pollution is necessary to limit the magnitude of climate change's impacts and help safeguard birds.
Bird migration is the seasonal journey undertaken by many bird species between breeding and wintering grounds. Over millions of years, environmental changes caused by ice ages shaped birds' migratory habits through natural selection. Physiological and environmental cues trigger migration, prompting birds to accumulate fat stores and prepare for long flights. Migration allows birds to access nesting and food opportunities while escaping harsh weather, lack of resources, and other threats. However, migratory birds now face increasing human threats including habitat destruction and pollution that hinder their long journeys.
This document discusses global warming and its impacts. It begins by explaining the causes and mechanisms of global warming, noting that increased greenhouse gases from human activity are the main driver of current warming trends. It then outlines some of the effects already occurring, such as rising temperatures, sea level rise, and species moving to different areas. The document predicts more severe impacts in the future this century, including stronger storms, more flooding and drought, declining fresh water, and some species becoming extinct. It concludes that global warming poses a severe threat to all life on Earth if not addressed.
Global warming refers to the gradual rise in Earth's average surface temperature. The document discusses several ways that global warming is a serious issue, including more frequent and severe weather events, higher death rates, dirtier air quality, increased wildlife extinction, more acidic oceans, and rising sea levels. All of these impacts threaten both human and natural systems. The conclusion emphasizes that human activity is the main driver of global warming and hopes to increase awareness of this important issue.
There is very little doubt today among the scientific community that anthropogenic, or human-induced, greenhouse gas pollution has contributed significantly to the global warming. Greenhouse gases are so named because they trap heat and impede its radiation back into the atmosphere, much like the glass panes on a greenhouse does, thus causing a rise in surface temperatures on earth.
Irreversible damages in the fauna (essay communicative competence)Samuel Osorio
Global warming is causing irreversible damage to wildlife through longer wildfire seasons destroying habitats, rising temperatures killing sea species dependent on ice, and climate changes disrupting migratory patterns of flying species. Many animals are struggling with premature births, food shortages, and adapting to new environments as warming accelerates natural processes. Over 785 species have already gone extinct with many more threatened as warming destroys habitats through melting ice caps and pollution while also directly impacting food availability and natural cycles. Continued rising temperatures risk population collapses and even extinction for some terrestrial, marine, and flying species as they struggle to survive amidst the environmental changes caused by global warming.
The document discusses evidence that global warming is occurring, including rising average temperatures around the world since 1800 and the hottest decades being the last two of the 20th century. It notes that humans are releasing carbon dioxide faster than nature can absorb it. The effects of global warming described include melting glaciers causing sea level rise and changes to animal habitats and behaviors like hibernation patterns being disrupted. Solutions proposed include developing renewable energy and clean coal technologies as well as international cooperation on reducing carbon emissions.
The document discusses ecological and evolutionary responses to global warming and the resulting biodiversity crisis. It notes that all life on Earth exists within a single ecological system, and that changes in one location can affect the entire system. It then summarizes observed phenological changes, range shifts of species towards cooler climates, increases in invasive species, impacts on species interactions, and rising extinction rates. It concludes by recommending increased conservation efforts, education, and research to understand and address these issues.
The document discusses the scientific consensus on the causes and effects of global warming. It explains that scientists have concluded human greenhouse gas emissions are the main cause of current global warming trends, based on extensive research ruling out natural factors alone. The document outlines some of the major greenhouse gases emitted by human activities that are contributing to increased temperatures worldwide, and provides examples of impacts already occurring like glacial melting as well as potential future impacts if warming continues such as rising sea levels.
Climate Change – A Threaten to Wildlife pptVishnuKannan19
Climate Change – A Threaten to Wildlife. This ppt was presented by Vishnu K (me) at the oral presentation competition held by the Department of Zoology, NMS S. Vellaichamy Nadar College, Nagamalai, Madurai. I got the First Prize in that Competition. It is about Endangered Species and how the Climate change affects the Wildlife.
Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth. This is a type of greenhouse effect.
Scientists have determined that global warming is caused primarily by human-produced greenhouse gas emissions from activities like burning fossil fuels. The main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, which are emitted through activities like driving, electricity production, agriculture, and industrial processes. While natural factors also influence the climate, the current rapid warming trend cannot be explained without accounting for human greenhouse gas emissions. Global effects are already appearing, such as rising temperatures, melting ice sheets and glaciers, sea level rise, and shifts in animal and plant ranges.
This document discusses temperature conditions that organisms face and how temperature affects their distribution. It contains the following key points:
1. Organisms have adapted to survive a wide range of temperatures through various mechanisms like changing concentrations of antifreeze chemicals, rapid transpiration to cool leaves, or reflective spines to reduce heating.
2. Temperature variations occur across spatial scales from global latitude differences to microclimatic changes within a few meters. Medium-term patterns like El Niño and the North Atlantic Oscillation also impact climate.
3. The distributions of many plant and animal taxa closely match maps of temperature factors like specific winter isotherms, demonstrating the strong influence of temperature on where species can survive.
Global warming is having widespread impacts such as sea level rise, extreme weather events, and disruption of food production. If countries do not take urgent action to reduce emissions, global temperatures could rise between 2.6 and 4 degrees Celsius. Evidence of warming includes increased melting of ice worldwide, especially at the poles, and a decline in penguin populations in Antarctica. Future impacts may include stronger storms, more droughts and floods, species extinction, and threats to fresh water and ecosystems. Polar bear populations are already declining due to loss of sea ice.
Effect of climate change on migration of birds A Presentation ByMr. Allah d...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Effect of climate change on migration of birds A Presentation ByMr. Allah dad KhanVisiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com
Global warming is having catastrophic effects such as accelerating sea level rise, droughts, floods, storms and heat waves. These impacts threaten some of the world's poorest people and vital species. While the scientific evidence is compelling, governments and businesses have responded slowly. Even if current mitigation pledges are met, the world will still face between 2.6 and 4°C of warming. Effects include melting ice worldwide, especially at the poles, and declining animal populations like Adélie penguins in Antarctica. Sea level rise has also accelerated over the last century.
Global warming is having catastrophic effects such as accelerating sea level rise, droughts, floods, storms and heat waves. These impacts threaten some of the world's poorest people and vital species. While the scientific evidence is compelling, governments and businesses have responded too slowly. Even if current mitigation pledges are met, the world will still face between 2.6 and 4°C of warming. Effects include melting ice worldwide, especially at the poles, and declining animal populations like Adélie penguins in Antarctica. Sea level rise has also accelerated and some plants and animals are shifting ranges northward or to higher elevations.
28.wild l ife as affected by climate change A series of Presentation ByMr All...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
A series of Presentation ByMr Allah Dad Khan Special Consultant NRM , Former DG Agriculture Extension KPK Province , Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar Pakistan allahdad52@gmail.com
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Herpetology Survey of Edith L. Moore Nature Sanctuary. Research by Dillon JonesDillon Jones
This document summarizes Dillon Jones' urban herpetology research at the Edith L. Moore Nature Sanctuary (ELM). It describes Dillon's ongoing visual encounter surveys and minnow trapping at ELM to document present reptile and amphibian species. So far, Dillon has recorded 18 species via survey data and additional species via iNaturalist data. The document outlines Dillon's next steps of continuing surveys, further analyzing data, and preparing recommendations for ELM on conservation of local herpetofauna.
Altruism: Can animals be truly selfless?Dillon Jones
The document discusses different examples of apparent altruism in animals and questions whether any animal behavior can truly be considered selfless. It presents cases such as vampire bats sharing blood meals, alarm calls that warn others of predators but also draw attention to the caller, and eusociality in bees. However, it notes that many such behaviors could be explained by kin selection or reciprocal altruism where the actor benefits indirectly, questioning whether the goal of survival is really to benefit the individual or their genes over their whole species. In the end, it concludes that determining what constitutes true selflessness may not have a straightforward answer.
This document discusses animal behavior in captivity and ways to address abnormal behaviors that often develop. It notes that captive environments are static with regimented care and little interaction, unlike natural environments. As a result, many animals display stereotypic or abnormal repetitive behaviors like pacing and feather plucking. While drugs are commonly used in zoos to treat these behaviors, enrichment is a better approach to improving psychological health by making environments more stimulating. The document promotes an upcoming talk on creating enrichment devices from recycled materials to enhance captive animal welfare.
Animal Enrichment- What it is, what it does, and how you can do it too!Dillon Jones
Presentation made for Texas A&M University Aggie Behavior Network Organization. Learn what animal enrichment is, how to make enrichment, and what benefits does it bring to animal welfare.
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This presentation for Aggie Behavior Network, a Texas A&M University Organization, was created to teach students about Anthropomorphism from an animal behavior centered view. The power point contained an activity at the end to illustrate critical vs classical Anthropomorphism.
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This presentation was used to introduce Ethology as a research field to our members. The last half of the presentation used an activity to critically evaluate our members reasoning skills.
The Aggie Behavior Network meeting on October 6th discussed several volunteer opportunities, including manning an educational booth on predator-prey relations near Waco on November 1st, 16th, and 29th. They also need volunteers and ideas for an AGLS tailgate event on October 29th. The semester trip will involve a 2.5 hour trip to see ringtail lemurs and build enrichment devices, and dues need to be paid, while the semester mini-trip focuses on building enrichment devices for raptors in an urban setting.
Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
Latest OSHA 10 Test Question and Answers PDF for Construction and General Industry Exam.
Download the full set of 390 MCQ type question and answers - https://www.oyetrade.com/OSHA-10-Answers-2021.php
To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
Earth Day How has technology changed our life?
Thinkers/Inquiry • How has our ability to think and inquire helped to advance technology?
Vocabulary • Nature Deficit Disorder~ A condition that some people maintain is a spreading affliction especially affecting youth but also their adult counterparts, characterized by an excessive lack of familiarity with the outdoors and the natural world. • Precautionary Principle~ The approach whereby any possible risk associated with the introduction of a new technology is largely avoided, until a full understanding of its impact on health, environment and other areas is available.
What is technology? • Brainstorm a list of technology that you use everyday that your parents or grandparents did not have. • Compare your list with a partner.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
2. Primer on Climate Change
The global average temperature has
increased by more than 1.5°F since the late
1800s.[2] Some regions of the world have
warmed by more than twice this amount. The
buildup of greenhouse gases in our
atmosphere and the warming of the planet
are responsible for other changes, such as:
https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/overview-climate-change-science
3. Effects
Changing temperature and precipitation
patterns [1][2]
Increases in ocean temperatures, sea level,
and acidity
Melting of glaciers and sea ice [1]
Changes in the frequency, intensity, and
duration of extreme weather events
Shifts in ecosystem characteristics, like the
length of the growing season, timing of
flower blooms, and migration of birds
Increasing effects on human health and
well-being
4. Canadian red squirrels are breeding about 18 days earlier.
Red foxes are spreading northward, encroaching on territory normally occupied by their arctic cousins.
Polar bears today are thinner and less healthy than those of 20 years ago.
http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/03/03/climate-change-turning-koalas-drink-scientists-find
Mammals
5. Coral reefs around the world are predicted to decrease by up to a third in size.
Elephant seal pups are leaner because their prey is
migrating to cooler waters.
Tidal organisms like rock barnacles, mollusks, and
tidal snails commonly found in warm southern waters
are moving northward.
Many fish species are moving northward in
search of cooler waters.
Sealife
6. The diet of some songbirds are changing, with some
avoiding insects that consume leaves exposed to high levels
of carbon dioxide.
North American tree swallows are laying their eggs about
nine days earlier than they did 40 years ago.
Common murres are breeding 24 days earlier than they did
a decade ago.
Birds
7. Plants
American flowering plants like
columbines and wild geraniums are
blooming earlier than before.
Some plants are thriving in areas
where their growth was limited
before, thanks to increased water,
heat and sunlight.
8. Insects
Edith's checkerspot butterflies are
moving northward in search of
cooler temperatures.
A gene in the fruitfly Drosophila
normally associated with hot, dry
conditions has spread to
populations living in traditionally
cooler southern regions.
9. Herps
North American Fowler's toads are breeding six days later than they
did a decade ago.
Loggerhead sea turtles are laying their eggs about 10 days earlier
than they did 15 years ago.
Rising temperatures are influencing the sex of Hawkbill turtle
hatchlings, with more females than males being born.
Gopher Tortoises are now going out of their burrows less or dying of
heat exhaustion
http://www.livescience.com/3863-animals-plants-adapting-climate-change.html
15. ● They are migrating earlier than normal
○ Not enough food when they
reach their destination
● They are laying their eggs earlier than normal
○ Might be from lack of resources or
temperature selection
● The young are being born earlier than normal
○ The new hatchlings don’t have enough food