This modular housing based in Belapur, New Mumbai, is designed by Ar. Charles Correa. This project, which was constructed in the 1980s, stands as a perfect example of affordable and high density housing, which is the need of the hour.
This modular housing based in Belapur, New Mumbai, is designed by Ar. Charles Correa. This project, which was constructed in the 1980s, stands as a perfect example of affordable and high density housing, which is the need of the hour.
Affordable housing programming for architecture - thesis projectGhassanAlhammadi1
Thesis project and programming for architecture urban farming and affordable housing that responds to the context and the housing crisis. By making work-live- and marketing activities in one city to reduce the use of viechles and make it self-sufficient. The goals to solve the housing crisis and food security in yemen
I came to know regarding this competition from rediff.com
Salient features of a well-designed inclusive Neighbourhood (Colony) for the urban poor is characterized by a well conceptualized effort at social cohesion:
I. Housing Unit and Layouts of Cluster Housing
II. Neighbourhood Colony Layouts
III. Basic Physical Infrastructure (Water Supply, Sanitation, Drainage, Roads, Street Lighting, Solid
Waste Management, etc.)
IV. Cohesive Social Infrastructure (Community Centre, Informal Sector Market, Livelihood Centre,
etc.)
study of famous housing projects by architect Charles Correa.
1. BELAPUR Housing
2. Kanchanjunga Apartments
3. Tarapur housing
Authors- Richa, Parveen n Aarti
A complete case study on group housing project,
sustainable environment.
Housing society studied are
1) Amrapali Vananchal City, Bhilai
2) Amrapali Silicon City, Noida
3) Interlace Housing, Singapore
While the supply side constraints for low cost and affordable housing include lack of availability of land and finance at reasonable rates, the demand drivers include the growing
middle class and urbanisation. Real estate developers, private players in particular, have primarily targeted luxury, high-end and upper-mid housing segment owing to the higher returns that can be gained from such projects.
INTRODUCTION
COORDINATES - 23.22 ON 72.680 E ELEVATION - 265 feet (81 m)*
LOCATED 23 KM NORTH OF AHEMDABAD (FIN CAP. OF GUJARAT)
PLANNED IN 1960S BY, PRAKASH M APTE & H. K. MEWADA,
AFTER PARTITION OF BOMBAY * STATE : AHEMDABAD WAS MADE AS THE CAPTAL OFGUJARAT
AREA TOTAL 177KM2 ELEVATION : 8IM ( 266 FT)
POPULATION (2011)
TOTAL: 206,167 DENSITY : 1,200/KM2
CLIMATE*
TROPICAL WET AND DRY CLIMATE•
SUMMER MAXIMUM - 36 to 42 °C MINIMUM - 19 to 27 C
WINTER MAXIMUM - 29 C MINIMUM - 14°C
MONSOON: THE AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL IS AROUND 803.4 MM
LANGUAGES
GUJARATI, HINDI, AND ENGLISH• 54% GREEN COVER ON ITS LAND AREA
• THE CITY SITS ON THE BANKS OF THE SABARMATI RIVER, IN NORTH-CENTRALEAST GUJARAT
HISTORY
IN 1960, THE INDIAN STATE OF BOMBAY WAS SPLIT INTO TWO STATES, MAHARASHTRA AND GUJARAT LEAVING GUJARAT WITHOUT A CAPITAL CITY.
AT THE TIME AHMEDABAD WAS SELECTED TO BE THE FIRST CAPITAL OF THE NEWLY CREATED STATE.
• IT WAS LATER PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL CITY BE CONSTRUCTED FOR THE STATE.
• GANDHINAGAR GOT AN IDENTITY OF ITS OWN WHEN THE STATE OF MUMBAI WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO SEPARATE STATES OF GUJARAT AND MAHARASHTRA.
• IN THE BEGINNING, AHMEDABAD - A COMMERCIAL HUB OF GUJARAT WAS CHOSEN AS THE STATE CAPITAL AND IT WAS PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED ALONG THE LINE OF OTHER NEW STATE CAPITALS, PARTICULARLY CHANDIGARH
• THEREFORE TWO WELL-KNOWN INDIAN ARCHITECTS, H.K. MEWADA AND PRAKASH M. APTE (WHO WORKED AS BEGINNER FOR THE CHANDIGARH CITY) DESIGNED THE NEW STATE CAPITAL*
NAMED AFTER MAHATMA GANDHI THE FOUNDATION STONE OF THIS CITY WAS LAID ON 1965 AND IN 1971 THE CAPITAL WAS SHIFTED FROM AHMEDABAD TO GANDHINAGAR
PLANNING
• PLANNED AND IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1965-1970
• DETERMINATION TO MAKE GANDHINAGAR A PURELY INDIAN ENTERPRISE, PARTLY BECAUSE GUJARAT WAS THE BIRTHPLACE OF GANDHI.
• TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN A SEPARATE IDENTITY FOR THE NEW CITY THE SURROUNDING AREA OF ABOUT 39 VILLAGES WAS BROUGHT UNDER A PERIPHERY CONTROL ACT (AS IN CHANDIGARH)
• THE AREA LATER CONSTITUTED A SEPARATE ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT OF GANDHINAGAR.
• THE CITY WAS PLANNED FOR A POPULATION OF 150,000 BUT CAN ACCOMMODATE DOUBLE THAT POPULATION WITH INCREASE IN THE FLOOR SPACE RATIO FROM 1 TO 2 IN THE AREAS RESERVED FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT.
• THE RIVER BEING THE BORDER ON THE EAST, AND THE INDUSTRIAL AREA TO THE NORTH, THE MOST LOGICAL FUTURE PHYSICAL EXPANSION OF THE CITY WAS ENVISAGED TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST
This presentation covers the Urban Planning stages of Bhubaneswar, one of India's first modern cities along with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh. This city, the current capital of the coastal state of Odisha, was planned the German architect and urban planner, Otto Konigsberger, who also happens to be the author of 'Manual of Tropical Housing and Building.'
Leveraging the housing for the Urban Poor through innovative Resource Mobili...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Considering the fact that Housing for Poor is a major challenge which the Government of India is trying to overcome through PMAY- paper tries to provide few options for making housing for all a distinct reality
Affordable housing programming for architecture - thesis projectGhassanAlhammadi1
Thesis project and programming for architecture urban farming and affordable housing that responds to the context and the housing crisis. By making work-live- and marketing activities in one city to reduce the use of viechles and make it self-sufficient. The goals to solve the housing crisis and food security in yemen
I came to know regarding this competition from rediff.com
Salient features of a well-designed inclusive Neighbourhood (Colony) for the urban poor is characterized by a well conceptualized effort at social cohesion:
I. Housing Unit and Layouts of Cluster Housing
II. Neighbourhood Colony Layouts
III. Basic Physical Infrastructure (Water Supply, Sanitation, Drainage, Roads, Street Lighting, Solid
Waste Management, etc.)
IV. Cohesive Social Infrastructure (Community Centre, Informal Sector Market, Livelihood Centre,
etc.)
study of famous housing projects by architect Charles Correa.
1. BELAPUR Housing
2. Kanchanjunga Apartments
3. Tarapur housing
Authors- Richa, Parveen n Aarti
A complete case study on group housing project,
sustainable environment.
Housing society studied are
1) Amrapali Vananchal City, Bhilai
2) Amrapali Silicon City, Noida
3) Interlace Housing, Singapore
While the supply side constraints for low cost and affordable housing include lack of availability of land and finance at reasonable rates, the demand drivers include the growing
middle class and urbanisation. Real estate developers, private players in particular, have primarily targeted luxury, high-end and upper-mid housing segment owing to the higher returns that can be gained from such projects.
INTRODUCTION
COORDINATES - 23.22 ON 72.680 E ELEVATION - 265 feet (81 m)*
LOCATED 23 KM NORTH OF AHEMDABAD (FIN CAP. OF GUJARAT)
PLANNED IN 1960S BY, PRAKASH M APTE & H. K. MEWADA,
AFTER PARTITION OF BOMBAY * STATE : AHEMDABAD WAS MADE AS THE CAPTAL OFGUJARAT
AREA TOTAL 177KM2 ELEVATION : 8IM ( 266 FT)
POPULATION (2011)
TOTAL: 206,167 DENSITY : 1,200/KM2
CLIMATE*
TROPICAL WET AND DRY CLIMATE•
SUMMER MAXIMUM - 36 to 42 °C MINIMUM - 19 to 27 C
WINTER MAXIMUM - 29 C MINIMUM - 14°C
MONSOON: THE AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL IS AROUND 803.4 MM
LANGUAGES
GUJARATI, HINDI, AND ENGLISH• 54% GREEN COVER ON ITS LAND AREA
• THE CITY SITS ON THE BANKS OF THE SABARMATI RIVER, IN NORTH-CENTRALEAST GUJARAT
HISTORY
IN 1960, THE INDIAN STATE OF BOMBAY WAS SPLIT INTO TWO STATES, MAHARASHTRA AND GUJARAT LEAVING GUJARAT WITHOUT A CAPITAL CITY.
AT THE TIME AHMEDABAD WAS SELECTED TO BE THE FIRST CAPITAL OF THE NEWLY CREATED STATE.
• IT WAS LATER PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL CITY BE CONSTRUCTED FOR THE STATE.
• GANDHINAGAR GOT AN IDENTITY OF ITS OWN WHEN THE STATE OF MUMBAI WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO SEPARATE STATES OF GUJARAT AND MAHARASHTRA.
• IN THE BEGINNING, AHMEDABAD - A COMMERCIAL HUB OF GUJARAT WAS CHOSEN AS THE STATE CAPITAL AND IT WAS PROPOSED THAT A NEW CAPITAL SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED ALONG THE LINE OF OTHER NEW STATE CAPITALS, PARTICULARLY CHANDIGARH
• THEREFORE TWO WELL-KNOWN INDIAN ARCHITECTS, H.K. MEWADA AND PRAKASH M. APTE (WHO WORKED AS BEGINNER FOR THE CHANDIGARH CITY) DESIGNED THE NEW STATE CAPITAL*
NAMED AFTER MAHATMA GANDHI THE FOUNDATION STONE OF THIS CITY WAS LAID ON 1965 AND IN 1971 THE CAPITAL WAS SHIFTED FROM AHMEDABAD TO GANDHINAGAR
PLANNING
• PLANNED AND IMPLEMENTED BETWEEN 1965-1970
• DETERMINATION TO MAKE GANDHINAGAR A PURELY INDIAN ENTERPRISE, PARTLY BECAUSE GUJARAT WAS THE BIRTHPLACE OF GANDHI.
• TO ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN A SEPARATE IDENTITY FOR THE NEW CITY THE SURROUNDING AREA OF ABOUT 39 VILLAGES WAS BROUGHT UNDER A PERIPHERY CONTROL ACT (AS IN CHANDIGARH)
• THE AREA LATER CONSTITUTED A SEPARATE ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICT OF GANDHINAGAR.
• THE CITY WAS PLANNED FOR A POPULATION OF 150,000 BUT CAN ACCOMMODATE DOUBLE THAT POPULATION WITH INCREASE IN THE FLOOR SPACE RATIO FROM 1 TO 2 IN THE AREAS RESERVED FOR PRIVATE DEVELOPMENT.
• THE RIVER BEING THE BORDER ON THE EAST, AND THE INDUSTRIAL AREA TO THE NORTH, THE MOST LOGICAL FUTURE PHYSICAL EXPANSION OF THE CITY WAS ENVISAGED TOWARDS THE NORTH-WEST
This presentation covers the Urban Planning stages of Bhubaneswar, one of India's first modern cities along with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh. This city, the current capital of the coastal state of Odisha, was planned the German architect and urban planner, Otto Konigsberger, who also happens to be the author of 'Manual of Tropical Housing and Building.'
Leveraging the housing for the Urban Poor through innovative Resource Mobili...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Considering the fact that Housing for Poor is a major challenge which the Government of India is trying to overcome through PMAY- paper tries to provide few options for making housing for all a distinct reality
As provider of identity, security, safety, space for social habitation and quality of life, housing remains relevant to human living both locally and globally. Housing demand exceeds house supply, globally. Gap between demand-supply is getting wide and deep. Housing need is always evolving/devolving, never static and never finite. Nations are fighting a losing battle in the domain of meeting the agenda of housing for all . However,considering the Criticality of housing ,UN Habitat asked nations to make use of structural adjustments, rapid urbanization; leveraging slum economy, sourcing accumulated savings, making optimum use of purchasing power of the urban poor, ensuring dedicated public investment to leverage the resource mobilization for housing the poor. Program 48 defines agenda for resource mobilization for the urban poor in terms of: Stimulating national and local economies; generating employment and increasing revenues; strengthening fiscal and financial management capacity; enhancing public revenue through fiscal instruments; strengthening regulatory and legal frameworks; promoting equitable access to for all people.; adopting transparent, timely and performance based mechanisms and fostering the accessibility of the market for less organized or otherwise excluded communities from participation by providing subsidies and promoting appropriate credit mechanisms. Considering the way, housing and urban infrastructure are financed and the way poverty is getting concentrated in urban centers, making available and ensuring larger flow of funds for the shelter related programs and policies would be critical to make urban centers sustainable, productive, humane and livable.
As provider of identity, security, safety, space for social habitation and quality of life, housing remains relevant to human living both locally and globally. Housing demand exceeds house supply, globally. Gap between demand-supply is getting wide and deep. Housing need is always evolving/devolving, never static and never finite. Nations are fighting a losing battle in the domain of meeting the agenda of housing for all . However,considering the Criticality of housing ,UN Habitat asked nations to make use of structural adjustments, rapid urbanization; leveraging slum economy, sourcing accumulated savings, making optimum use of purchasing power of the urban poor, ensuring dedicated public investment to leverage the resource mobilization for housing the poor. Program 48 defines agenda for resource mobilization for the urban poor in terms of: Stimulating national and local economies; generating employment and increasing revenues; strengthening fiscal and financial management capacity; enhancing public revenue through fiscal instruments; strengthening regulatory and legal frameworks; promoting equitable access to for all people.; adopting transparent, timely and performance based mechanisms and fostering the accessibility of the market for less organized or o
Options for making affordable housing for all a reality in urban India (1)JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation tries to briefly dwelling on affordable housing in the context of India- Explaining the role and importance of housing in urban spaces , issues, challenges and roadblock faced and options available for making housing for all a distinct reality
AFFORDABLE HOUSING POLICY, SCHEME AT VARIOUS LEVELS, ISSUES, HUBS,
APPROACH, PUSH-PULL FACTORS, CASE STUDIES
Follow on Instagram: @conceptive_architects
Affordable housing for all in india- Issues and OptionsJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Occupying largest space and having largest count in human settlements, housing, despite being critical for human living, quality of life and occupying higher rating in all government policies and programs, has remained elusive for majority of the people belonging to lower end of economic/social pyramid. Housing has emerged as the most complex human problem, ever evolving, ever devolving, never static, never finite and never nearing solution. Increasing human numbers, rapid mass migration/ movement of the people due to shifting of residence in search of better economic opportunities within/across nations have emerged as the major cause of the problem. getting more vexed. Having different connotations and meaning for different communities across the globe , Housing has defied all solutions to make housing for all a distinct reality. As major consumer of energy, resources, land, materials, money, labour and time , housing has assumed complex dimensions in different nations/states /communities. Housing also is known to have impact on environment, ecology and global sustainability. Housing does not remain confined to four walls ; it needs a large network of amenities and services to support it. It has high degree of linkages with the human habitat. Paper looks at the housing in the Indian context, tries to identify different issues and roadblocks which are hindering the growth and development of affordable housing and makes an attempt to define agenda for increasing housing numbers in the affordable housing for the EWS/LIG segment of population.
Looking at policy framework, technological innovations,, financial and operational context, affordable housing can become a distinct reality only if all the stakeholders including Governments, parastatal agencies, financial institutions, private sector, builders, developers, colonizers, industry, beneficiaries, NGC/CBO and professionals including Architects / Engineers/Planners etc are brought on common platform. For achieving the goal government need to incentivise supply side and remove all roadblocks. Role of parastatal agencies shall be that of facilitators rather than provider with key responsibility given to the private and co-operative sectors. Reform linked policy framework; calling for making land market effective and efficient; rationalising government levies/fees/taxes; incentivising industries involved in producing pre-fabricated components and making building materials from waste; providing housing loans at concessional and affordable rates with flexible options of repayment; making landowners active partners in creating affordable housing on a mass scale; bridging gap between demand and supply sides; bringing enablers, providers and executors on the same platform; making all stakeholders work in a concerted/committed manner, would be critical in making affordable housing a distinct reality in the Indian context. Affordable housing can be effectively leveraged to create/ expand large job market for unskilled/ semi-skilled rural migrants; revitalize Indian industry; promote economy; achieving high growth rate and marginalize poverty in urban India. Housing, as a sector, can help making urban centres inclusive, resilient, smart , more productive, more effective, highly efficient, healthier, better habitable, better organized, well planned and more sustainable with assured quality of life. It is hoped, Pradhan Mantri Shehri Awaas Yojna, launched by the Government of India in 2015 , for constructing 10 million housing in urban areas by 2022, will usher a new era of providing housing for all besides creating adequate stock for rental housing and bringing new technologies and innovations to make available affordable housing to all targeted beneficiaries a distinct reality
Sourcing Land for Housing the Urban Poor in IndiaJitKumarGupta1
Sourcing land for housing remains the most challenging task for all agencies involved in providing shelter for marginalized sections of society. Challenge remains most formidable in the case of India, housing more than 17.3% global population and occupying merely a physical space of only 2.4%. India ranks high among the land stressed country, globally among nations. Housing is known to be largest consumer of land in the domain of both urban and rural settlements. Considering the high prevailing cost of land and large speculation to which urban land is subjected to, creating cost-effective and affordable housing remains most challenging task. Housing remains one of the most critical and dynamic entities related to human living, always evolving and devolving, never static, never definitive, ever dynamic, always changing and never decreasing .Housing strategies for the urban poor need a holistic and multi-pronged approach involving; ensuring adequate supply of serviced land at most affordable price; making land market operationally efficient and socially just; rationalizing the urban planning and development process; making informal sector integral part of urban planning / development; rationalizing land related legal framework governing land ; actively involving private and co-operative sectors ; creating an effective/efficient urban land information and management system; rationalizing the process/ cost of land transactions; minimizing the charges/ fees levied in the land transactions; minimizing time scale for sourcing land; making optimum use of available land; identifying right beneficiaries etc
Ongoing crisis of pandemic,Covid19, has clearly demonstrated the vulnerability of cities and migrants in the face of lockdown, when majority of urban migrant workforce, left cities to go back to their native places, despite all odds and hardships; clearly establishing the context, role/ importance of shelter in not only rationalizing growth/development of cities but also creating ownership among its citizens. It has also clearly demonstrated the necessity of providing adequate housing to all the urban residents, if the cities are to be made safe, resilient, sustainable and livable.
Similar to Affordable Housing MoHUPA & Dept. of Housing, SPA Delhi (20)
Chapter 19_DDA_TOD Policy_First Draft 2012.pdfParomita Roy
A Text Book for TOD in the Indian Context:
Each TOD must have the following components:
1. Pedestrian & Cycle/ Cycle-Rickshaw Friendly Environment
2. Connectivity: Create dense networks of streets and paths for all modes.
3. Multi-modal Interchange: Mass transportation modes servicing the area should be well integrated to
afford rapid and comfortable modal transfers.
4. Modal Shift Measures: Shift to Sustainable Modes by Using Design, Technology, Road Use Regulation,
Mixed-Use, Parking Policy and Fiscal Measures
5. Placemaking and Safety: Urban places should be designed for enjoyment, relaxation and equity.
6. High Density, Mixed-Income Development: Compact Neighbourhoods for Shorter Commutes and
Equity for All Sections of Society.
Policy details and development norms for each of the above components are provided below.
IRSDC-Gwalior-Heritage-Line_Scindia ji presentationParomita Roy
Created Vision Plan for Value Capture and Adaptive Reuse of Heritage Railway line of Gwalior as a tourism magnet as well as public transport system with daily/ leisure activities integrated for real estate potential. Presented to Hon'ble Central Govt. Minister Shri Jyotiraditya Scindia in 2021.
TOD; how to write form based codes; how to plan; urban planning; transit oriented development;
This presentation talks about the 7 essential Principles of TOD; the implementation of TOD through Form Based Codes; The need to replace norms for FAR & GROUND COVER with Buit-Up-Area and Green Open Space requirements; CASE STUDIES: (1) Successful application of Form Based Codes in Railways Projects;
(2) Low-rise Low density development with TOD norms and Form Based Codes
Need and Components of TOD-based Form Based Codes and TOD Regulations; Difference Between Model Codes and Specific Codes; Customization of Form Based Code concept to Indian conditions.
Download the Official Version of this Document from the UTTIPEC Website at the Link below:
http://uttipec.nic.in/StreetGuidelines-R1-Feb2011-UTTPEC-DDA.pdf
Solving Congestion through Transit Oriented Development, Delhi (Romi Roy)Paromita Roy
Detailed Policy Framework and a Roadmap for Change - required to solve problems of Delhi & achieve a vision for a livable world class city. Solving Traffic Congestion through Transit Oriented Development, Delhi (Romi Roy)
Vision for a World Class Delhi, Jan2009Paromita Roy
What becoming a World Class City could mean for people of Delhi......
A world class Delhi is not about building bigger highways and flyovers, and continually "cleaning" the city's poor out of visibility of the rich.....
Being a World Class City could mean a win-win situation for all the inhabitants and decision makers of the city..... be it rich poor - young old - male female.... making it a truly democratic capital city.
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Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
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Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
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https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
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Affordable Housing MoHUPA & Dept. of Housing, SPA Delhi
1. Spatial Inclusion and Sustainable Design of
Low-income communities
Paromita (Romi) Roy
April 2009
For JNNURM
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation,
Source: lecercle at flickr.com Govt. of India
2. Contributors:
Romi (Paromita) Roy, Architect and Urban Design Consultant, India
Dr. Neelima Risbud, Professor of Housing, School of Planning and Architecture
Ran Chen, LEED AP, Architect and Urban Planner, China
Shivani Langer, AIA, LEED AP, Architectural Consultant, USA.
Nishant Lall, Architect and Urban Design Consultant, India
Sustainable Low Income Community Standards
2
3. CONTENTS
1. Background
2. Need for Sustainable Affordable Housing
3. Design Principles for Spatial Inclusion and Sustainable Design of low-income communities and International Case Studies:
• Economic Sustainability Principles
• Social Sustainability Principles
• Environmental Sustainability Principles
• Appropriate Planning and Sustainability Standards
4. Next steps of Study
Sustainable Low Income Community Standards
3
5. PREMISE
Excerpts from U.N. 2007 Conference for Revision of World Urbanization Prospects:
“…more than 70 % of the population in Europe, North America, and many other richer developed countries already live in urban areas”
“India (currently) has 29% percent of its population living in urban areas, by 2050 it is expected to have 55% percent of its population, in
cities.”
A city needs cheap labour for menial jobs to keep production costs low and maintain the standard of living of the better off. The poor are
the source of that labour.
“…increasing urbanization will go hand in hand with economic growth."
Are we ready for 25% urbanization increase by 2050?
Sustainable Low Income Community Standards
5
6. Background
The Need for addressing the issue of Providing “Affordable Housing to All” has been realized and addressed recently in the “National Urban
Housing and Habitat Policy 2007” by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, New Delhi.
As the Economy of the Country is growing, higher rates of urbanization are unavoidable. India’s urban population in 2001 was 286.1 million,
which was 27.8% of the total population. Over the previous five decades, annual rates of growth of urban population ranged between 2.7 to
3.8%. By 2041 it is expected that 50% percent of India’s population will be living in urban areas.
“Urban” in India is defined as a human settlement with a minimum population of 5000 persons, with 75% of the male working population
engaged in non-agricultural activities and a population density of at least 400 persons per sq. km.”
The above paper also highlights the mismatch between demand and supply of housing units. 99% of the housing shortage of 24.7 million
at the end of the 10th Plan pertains to the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Groups (LIG) sectors. Further, the
National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) 61st Round reports that the number of urban poor has risen by 4.4 million persons,
between 1993-94 to 2004-05. It is, therefore, of vital importance that a new National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy carefully analyses
ways and means of providing the ‘Affordable Housing to All’ with special emphasis on the EWS and LIG sectors.
The “National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy 2007” paper identifies clearly the need to provide sustainable affordable housing
based on some of the following issues:
Lack of Housing Stock.
• At the advent of the 21st Century (2001), the housing stock in India stood at 50.95 million for 55.8 million urban households. Significant segments of this
housing stock was characterized by congestion and obsolescence. Congestion is particularly acute in inner city slums and peripheral slums. According to
the Census 2001, 61.82 million persons or 23.1% of the urban population resides in slums. The quality of housing stock in slums is extremely poor. An
important reason for this is insecurity of tenure. Slums are also severely deficient in basic services such as potable water, sanitation, sewerage, storm
water drainage and solid waste disposal.
• The magnitude of housing shortage was estimated by a Technical Group in the context of formulation of the 11th Five Year Plan. The Technical Group
estimated the housing shortage at the end of the 10th Plan to be around 24.7 million for 67.4 million households. The Group further estimated that 99% of
this shortage pertains to EWS & LIG sectors. During the 11th Plan, the Group estimated that the total housing requirement (including backlog) will be to the
tune of 26.53 million units for 75.01 million households.
• Whereas more than 23% of the urban population resides in slum (Census:2001), a much higher proportion of the urban population of metropolitan cities
lives in slums; it is estimated that 55% of the population of Mumbai lives in slums. It is of critical importance that the strategy of in-situ slum upgradation is
adopted for preponderant proportion of the slum dwellers, since they provide valuable services to residents living close to their own dwelling places.
Sustainable Low Income Community Standards
6
7. Lack of Health and Hygiene in low-income communities.
• Given the degraded habitat in which slum dwellers live and the frequent episodes of illness characterizing slum families, it is of vital importance that special
attention is paid to urban health and hygiene on the one hand and social and preventive medicine on the other hand. In order to improve the quality of life in
urban areas, it is of critical significance that the housing stock is improved through urban renewal, in situ slum improvement and development of new
housing stock in existing cities as well as new townships. Further, the enhancement of housing stock must be accompanied with high quality provision of
basic services. It is a well established fact that safe, hygienic and spacious provisioning of housing duly buttressed with adequate basic services and a
congenial habitat promotes significant improvement in productivity of workers.
Increase in Urban Poverty.
• Non-affordability of housing by economically weaker sections of society and low income families in urban areas is directly linked with the magnitude of
urban poverty. The NSSO reports that the number of the urban poor has risen by 4.4 million persons during 2004-05. One fourth of the country’s total
urban population, numbering 80.7 million persons is below the poverty line. The urban poor constitute 26.7% of the total poor in the country. The fact
that the number of urban poor has risen is in stark contrast with rural poverty, where both the total number of rural poor and its incidence vis-à-vis the rural
population has fallen.
• The urban poor have limited access to basic services. According to the 2001 census, there is a 9% deficiency in drinking water, 26% in toilets and 23% in
drainage. It is quite understandable that most of this shortage pertains to Slums.
Need for Sustainable Habitat.
• Development of sustainable habitat is closely related to the adoption of ‘the Regional Planning approach’ while preparing Master Plans of towns/ cities,
District Plans and Regional/Sub-Regional Plans. It involves maintenance of the ecological balance in terms of a symbiotic perspective on rural and urban
development while developing urban extensions of existing towns as well as new integrated townships.
• Promotion of sustainable habitat is closely linked with reserving a significant proportion of the total Master Plan area as ‘green lungs of the city’ (e.g. Master
Plan for Delhi 2021 provides 20% of green areas), protecting water bodies with special emphasis on the flood plains of our rivers and developing green
belts around our cities. Recreational land use refers to parks, playfields and other open space such as specified park, amusement park, maidan, a
multipurpose open space, botanical garden, zoological parks, traffic parks, etc.
• The new Habitat Policy reaffirms the importance of small and medium urban agglomerates/towns which have potential for future urban growth. The new
Policy seeks to accelerate the development of such small and medium towns which can serve as generators of economic momentum while at the same
time striving to reduce the rate of migration to existing large cities.
The need for “Sustainable Affordable Housing” has been realized above. Efforts have been made to provide low income housign through
policy changes and planning regulations applied in cities all over India. However, a clear understanding of sustainability is amiss in all
previous and current initiatives. The need for addressing sustainability in the spatial and social integration, economic viability and prosperity,
and sensitivity to climatic, social and community comfort – has not yet been recognized.
Sustainable Low Income Community Standards
7
9. Issue 1: Spatial and social integration into the larger urban community.
Delhi has a long history of forced eviction of ‘illegal’ squatter or slum
communities, and an equally long history of immigration into the city.
As the city of Delhi expanded and its land increased in commercial value,
the un-propertied/ poor were pushed to the periphery and, thereby, were
the first to subsidize the current development process at the cost of their
access to regular employment and livelihood opportunities, education,
health care and other social necessities.
Issues to think about:
The low-income population was originally living in “illegal” squatter
settlements or slums or JJC – because there was not adequate affordable
housing supply for them in the centre city – when they originally arrived in
the city to work and aid in its economic growth.
Displaced low-income population is most often located at the outskirts of
the city. This puts tremendous pressure on the transport infrastructure of
the city, as well as the finances of the low income families – as they have
to now commute every day to their place of work in the city. Moreover,
secondary sources of family income (women working locally, etc.) are
often severed, thus making the family poorer. Children are disconnected
from schools and new social and physical; infrastructure is not provided.
Shared amenities originally available in the city centre are also out of
reach after relocation.
The above situation often forces the poor to move back into the city and
live as squatters or slums in dilapidated conditions again, just to be close
to jobs & amenities.
Need for Study:
It is therefore essential that low income groups are located near their
sources of employment and within walking distance of informal sources of
employment like higher income households and other amenities within the
city. Low income groups need to be “mixed” with other income groups in
order to reduce social segregation and stigma and build civic pride.
Source: Housing and Land Rights Network, Habitat International Coalition
Sustainable Low Income Community Standards
9
10. Issue 2: Current large concentrations of low-income social ‘ghettos’ creating Social Stigma
Context and current challenges:
In the past, low income communities have generally been located in large
concentrations (from 50,000 to 1 lakh population) at a single location, without
adequate provision of social amenities and infrastructure services. Such singular
concentration of low-income families in one location leads to the creation of social
‘ghettos’ and creates several disadvantages and problems:
Due to lack of investment in civic amenities and basic social infrastructure –
these areas often perpetuate unemployment, lack of education, crime and very
unsanitary living conditions.
Mono-cultural concentration leads to perpetration of previous rural lifestyles,
delaying the integration of rural immigrants into the urban lifestyle and overall city
fabric.
Isolation leads to social stigma, and spatial segregation of economic classes.
Lack of shared public spaces with higher income groups creates further social
Dakshinpuri… segregation and disregard.
Very often, low income communities are relocated to new locations with the
assurance of basic civic and infrastructure amenities, but many of the requirements
are not eventually provided by the authorities due a a variety of reasons.
Seelampur, Delhi Seemapuri, Delhi
Sultanpuri, Mangolpuri – low income social ghettos of Delhi Image Source: The Tribune, India, 2006 Image Source: Mackenzie Berg, 2008
Sustainable Low Income Community Standards
10
11. Issue 3: Climatic sensitivity and flexibility to socio-economic needs.
In Mumbai, slums currently located near transit facilities and employment centres are being relocated away from
these basic amenities - to locations in the outskirts of the city. Moreover, the quality of design seems to lack the
most basic human right – the right to fresh air and daylight.
From a point of advantage, these new slum redevelopment projects have succeeded in providing legitimized and
more permanent and stable shelter for the low income people, as well as individualized sanitation and water
supply.
However, they unfortunately follow the “one type fits all” approach and exhibit no response to the climatic design
needs on Mumbai. Spatially, they exhibit no sense of community building, human-scale, social congregation
spaces or integrated socio-cultural amenities for the low-income community – and also provide them little
flexibility to adapt.
Need for Study:
It is therefore realized that guidelines are needed to be set for the design of low income housing that respond to
local climatic conditions and the socio-economic and cultural needs of the people who will live in these projects.
Image Source: Dheeraj Patil, 2008 Image Source: Dheeraj Patil, 2008
Sustainable Low Income Community Standards
11
12. Need.
Sustainable affordable housing provision therefore must address all of the above intrinsic issues currently being faced by low income communities in urban areas:
- Social integration into the larger urban community.
- Social disregard and apathy
- Access to inner city employment opportunities; or other local employment opportunities – leading to increased family poverty.
- Access to fast and convenient public transit.
- Choices and understanding of ‘designers’ in accommodating the flexible needs of the low income populations.
- Good and shared public services, resources and amenities.
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) initiative launched
in 2005-06 by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation is huge step in the
right direction. It aims to encourage cities to bring about improvement in the existing
services to make cities more sustainable in social and economic manner. The JnNURM
consists of two sub-missions:
The urban infrastructure and governance
Basic services to urban poor.
The main focus areas of JnNURM are as following: Economic Social
Integrated development of infrastructure services Securing linkages between asset
creation and maintenance for long run project sustainability
Accelerating the inflow of investments in urban infrastructure services
Planned development of cities including the peri-urban areas, outgrowth and urban Sustainable
corridors Development
Redevelopment and renewal of inner city areas
Universalization of urban services so as to ensure the availability to the urban poor
segment of society.
Environmental
Sustainable Low Income Community Standards
12
13. Section 3:
Components of Sustainable Low-income Communities:
In-site Upgradation
New Sustainable Low-Mixed income Communities
Local Local Subsidized Architects,
People NGOs Materials. Designers
ECONOMIC SOCIAL
Urban Infill: Choices,
Public Rapid for Existing Mixed income/ Shared public Community
Flexibility & Safety
Transit Access Employment/ social integration Amenities Involvement
Adaptability
Amenities
ENVIRONMENTAL
Energy Water Waste Reduction Local
Efficiency Management and reuse Materials
APPROPRIATE PLANNING STANDARDS
Response to local Climate, Topography & Culture
14. Sustainable New
Affordable Housing
Sustainable Low Income Community Standards
14
15. Guidelines for Redeveloped or Newly Developed Mixed-use Mixed-income Communities
1. ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY:
1.1 Locate low-income groups near existing formal and informal Employment Opportunities.
1.2 Locate near Rapid Public Transit for easy access to employment and civic uses.
2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY:
2.1 Avoid creating large concentrations of low-income social ‘ghettos’; Integrate low-income groups within larger mixed-income mixed-use
communities. Avoid concentrations of a single income group higher than 250 families at one location.
- Mixing of income groups helps prevent large concentrations of low income communities in one location, and reduces crime, ensures maintenance of
streets and public services. This also provides many informal employment opportunities.
- Provide shared public spaces, social amenities and physical infrastructure before habilitation of low-income groups
- Incorporate middle to high income groups into existing low-income communities; Facilitate gradual up-gradation of the larger community.
2.2 Provide “Choices” in flexibility of design, use of space, availability of space, tenure, and location of low-income homes.
- Provide choice of dwelling unit size based on location and provision of amenities, and upward mobility choices.
- Provide flexibility for adaptation of low-income community homes to facilitate home or community based economic activity.
2.4 Involve low-income communities in rehabilitation process, and design and construction of their communities.
2.5 Address Safety:
- Street design - that provides adequate street lighting, buildings built up to the street with windows facing the street.
- Clear hierarchy of streets with well defined and legible zones for pedestrians, bicycles, buses and cars – would reduce accidents and create safety.
- Mixing of income groups as opposed to large concentrations to low income groups in one location - helps reduce crime.
- Shared public spaces, social amenities and physical infrastructure allows social interaction of different income groups in common public spaces and
helps reduce mutual apathy, generates social ties and reduces crime, thus increasing social security.
3. ENVIRONEMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY:
3.1 Save Energy – Respond to the unique climatic requirements of different cities and climatic zones; for comfort in outdoor and indoor spaces.
3.2 Natural Storm Water Management – Capture and locally treat storm water, Harvest rain water.
3.3 Recycle and reuse waste; Recycle and reuse waste water for the larger community, wherever possible.
3.4 Use local Materials and Construction Techniques.
4. PLANNING FRAMEWORK AND STANDARDS MUST RESULT IN SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING.
16. Sustainability Guidelines for:
1. SITE SELECTION
1.1 Locate low-income groups near existing formal and informal Employment Opportunities.
1.2 Locate near Rapid Public Transit.
16 SITE SELECTION
17. 1 Locate low-income groups near existing Employment Opportunities and near Rapid Public Transit;
Low-income groups must be accommodated within 10 minute walking or 10-minute bicycling distance from:
Existing formal and informal Employment Opportunities
Existing rapid transit stations.
This would allow them to reach their employment destinations in the easiest, fasted and cheapest way. Proximity to rapid transit stations
would also provide them convenient access to other civic, entertainment and commercial destinations in the city.
Existing low-income communities within
the city are generally located near
current employment centres and other
sources of livelihood. Therefore people
of these communities should be given
the option of upgrading their homes and
neighborhoods at the current location
itself, and continuing to live near their
current places of employment. If the
choice of relocation is preferred by
some residents, then better quality
homes and proximity to transit,
adequate employment opportunities and
social infrastructure must be provided at
the new locations, at various level of
affordability and tenure choices.
For new immigrants arriving into the city
with limited job skills, new homes must
be provided within existing or new
mixed income communities, so that they
can avail of civic and educational
benefits of the city and socially integrate
into the city faster. They must also be
located near public Rapid Transit so that
they can travel to potential work centres
easily.
SITE SELECTION 17
18. 1 Locate low-income groups near existing Employment Opportunities and near Rapid Public Transit;
High and middle income groups are important sources of informal employment for low income groups. Many high income families like to have
domestic help living close by and are willing to pay for their accommodation. In this scenario, low-income families may either be located within the same
compound as the high income groups; or in adjoining pockets or blocks, sharing common public amenities and infrastructure. This helps support the
interdependence between different income groups due to close proximity, and yet helps maintain their individual social and cultural identities, without
creating social segregation.
It also must be noted that low income groups should be located away from high-visibility and high commercial value areas, in order to prevent
escalation of unit prices and displacement of the low income population.
Low Income
Housing Units
Secondary Street / Lane
.
St
d ar y
c on
Se
Mid-High
Income Housing/
Commercial Uses u e)
Main Street et al
re al V
(High Visibility / Commercial Value) St ci
ain mer
M m
Co
i gh
(H
18 SITE SELECTION
19. There are several possible options for delivering low-
income housing near public rapid transit (i.e. Metro, BRT)
and near other middle to high income homes and
employment centres: 500 M walking
radius
Option 1:
- Mandatory Reservation for % of low-income housing
in private developments near public transit.
According to the Delhi Masterplan, all private
developments are to provide and maintain 15% of the total
FSI for low-income groups. Other states are likely to adopt
this mandate under the JNURM guidelines. This would be
a mandatory requirement for projects to obtain planning
approvals.
Option 2:
- FSI-density bonuses for market-rate developments to
pay for, or construct nearby low-income communities.
- Density bonuses for providing and maintaining
shared public parks, facilities and social
infrastructure.
Low income housing
Option 3: (Size < 250 families)
Rapid Transit Station
- Government built low income housing within 800 M High/ Middle income housing (Metro/ BRT)
walking distance from a rapid transit stations, limiting
the size of each community to a maximum of 250 Commercial
families. Offices/ Light Industrial
Schools/ Libraries/ Civic uses
Public Parks
Image Source: Paromita (Romi) Roy
SITE SELECTION 19
20. 1 Locate low-income groups near existing Employment Opportunities and near Rapid Public Transit;
Challenges: International Case Studies:
The Jefferson at Chelsea Station, New York: project includes 455 to 587 residential
Case Study in Gurgaon: In Gurgaon, all private developments are
units, with structured parking and a mix of rental and home-ownership opportunities
required to provide and maintain 20% of the total number of units as low
near an existing Subway Station in an existing high-income neighborhood .
income housing.
10% of the new units at Jefferson at Chelsea Station will be reserved as
Challenges being faced: Due to high quality and very small proportion affordable housing.
of low income housing in the private development complexes, these
units get illegally sold by the original buyers to rich singles or middle
income families, causing the intended low income population to move
out to squatter settlements in distant areas.
Potential Solution ideas:
-The sale and renting of low income homes could be regulated by the
housing society. Possibly - only the low income people working within
the complex could be allowed to buy/ lease or rent these apartments, for
living in along with their families.
-Provide shared toilets and other amenities, so that individual units are Jefferson at Chelsea Station, New York City
difficult to sell off.
-The developer and the high-income home owners could be mandated Wilshire Vermont Station Project, Los Angeles: comprises of a mixed-income,
to pay a construction and maintenance fee for low income housing multi-family rental apartment and retail program and a new middle school; all located
community at a nearby location (but not within the same complex). near a new Metro Station and Bus Interchange in LA.
20% of the housing units are designated to be “affordable” at 50% of the Area
Median Income.
Image Source: Urban Partners LLC
20 SITE SELECTION
21. Sustainability Guidelines for:
2. SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
2.1 Avoid creating large concentrations of low-income social ‘ghettos’; Integrate low-income groups within larger mixed-
income mixed-use communities.
-Mixing of income groups helps prevent large concentrations of low income communities in one location, and reduces crime, ensures maintenance
of streets and public services. This also provides many informal employment opportunities.
-Provide shared public spaces, social amenities and physical infrastructure before habilitation of low-income groups
-Incorporate middle to high income groups into existing low-income communities; Facilitate gradual up-gradation of the larger community.
2.2 Provide “Choices” in flexibility of design, use of space, availability of space, tenure, and location of low-income homes.
-Provide choice of dwelling unit size based on location and provision of amenities.
-Provide flexibility for adaptation of low-income community homes to facilitate home or community based economic activity.
2.4 Involve low-income communities in rehabilitation process, and design and construction of their communities.
2.5 Address Safety:
-Street design - that provides adequate street lighting, buildings built up to the street with windows facing the street.
-Clear hierarchy of streets with well defined and legible zones for pedestrians, bicycles, buses and cars – would reduce accidents and create safety.
-Mixing of income groups as opposed to large concentrations to low income groups in one location - helps reduce crime.
-Shared public spaces, social amenities and physical infrastructure allows social interaction of different income groups in common public spaces
and helps reduce mutual apathy, generates social ties and reduces crime, thus increasing social security.
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 21
22. Principles:
The above critical issues can be addressed through two main strategies:
a) All new housing for low-income housing must be incorporated in groups
not larger than 250 families - as part of larger mixed-income communities
which include middle to higher income groups, and existing shared amenities
like public parks, schools, healthcare facilities and public transit access.
b) Incorporate middle to high income groups into existing low-income Image Source: Mybranda.com
communities; to facilitate gradual up-gradation of the larger community.
Case Study: Carter Road Promenade: developed by the Bandra West Residents
c) Shared public spaces, social amenities and physical infrastructure must Association (BWRA) is used by people of all age groups and income levels….
be provided before habilitation of low-income groups. Parks, plazas,
community centres, libraries and health care centres, along with adequate
number of police stations should be located such that all income groups can
use and interact in the same space. Such social interaction reduces mutual
apathy, helps generate social ties and reduces crime, thus increasing social
security in the long run.
Locating smaller groups of low income families within a higher or mixed income
community also helps cross subsidize their homes, as well as shared public
amenities and civic infrastructure. Investments in civic amenities like parks,
community centres, health centres, and water and sanitation service provision
and maintenance can be shared by the overall community. This also facilitates
future possibilities of joint investments in alternative sources of energy, water
and waste treatment technologies.
Note: Individual toilets (as opposed to shared ones) should be provided wherever
possible – to ensure safety and privacy for women.
Image Source: Mybranda.com
22 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
23. 2.1 a) Avoid creating large concentrations of low-income social ‘ghettos’;
Integrate low-income groups within larger mixed income mixed use communities.
International Case Study: Redeveloping low-income social ghettos as
The Hope VI Community Development Projects, United States, since 1993.
Since the mid-nineteenth century, the US, much like India, continued to provide low cost public housing for low income populations in its larger cities, concentrating them
in large single income neighborhoods. By the late 1980s, these large concentrations of low income communities had deteriorated into physically and socially distressed
neighborhoods, marked by significantly high crime rates and years of disinvestment in civic infrastructure.
To amend this situation, the Hope VI Community Redevelopment Law was passed in 1993 aiming at a full transformation of the nation’s most distressed public housing
neighborhoods.
After several years now, the Hope VI Community Development Projects have led to redevelopment and transformation of numerous blighted, high-crime, public housing
“ghettos” all of the country into thriving mixed income, multi-use communities. Below are significant excerpts from the HUD USER Publication “Hope VI: Community
Building Makes a Difference” dated 13 March 2005:
Key findings of the report:
HOPE VI is helping residents move into the economic mainstream by stressing improved education, job training, and computer literacy.
In virtually every HOPE VI site, a range of new educational programs and partnerships has been established. In some cases, new schools have been built. In
others, several colleges and universities have become community partners with HOPE VI communities. They offer computer training, job-readiness skills,
entrepreneurial business skills, and preparation for the GED and College Board tests.
Project examples: in Atlanta, Seattle, Oakland, San Francisco, El Paso Hope VI projects..
HOPE VI is dramatically reducing crime and violence in public housing. Overall crime rates in the communities studied have been reduced by up to
72%.
Many of the original HOPE VI developments were places where one could not safely walk the street in the day, much less at night. The drop in violent crime at
HOPE VI sites has been dramatic, as high as 72 percent.
Project examples: in Oakland, Baltimore and Atlanta.
HOPE VI is reducing the isolation of public housing residents.
HOPE VI residents, once physically and socially isolated, are now forging ties with mainstream society. In addition to the new education and employment services
to help residents find their place in the world of work-new community centers, social service facilities, and recreation centers, and build larger community level ties.
Project examples: in Baltimore, Milwaukee, El Paso and Seattle.
HOPE VI is leveraging significant investments in community-wide improvements.
Before their revitalization, HOPE VI sites were neighborhood eyesores that contained concentrations of extreme poverty, and functioned as havens for drugs and
crime. HOPE VI revitalization often became a catalyst for change in the whole area, through community level investments in retail, transit, parks and other civic
services.
Project examples: in Baltimore, Milwaukee, El Paso and Seattle.
Source::“Hope VI: Community Building Makes a Difference”, 2000, US Department of Housing and Urban Development < http://www.huduser.org/publications/pubasst/hope2.html>
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 23
25. 2.1 b) Incorporate middle to high income groups into existing low-income communities;
to facilitate gradual up-gradation of the larger community.
International Case Studies:
Curran House, Tenderloin, San Valencia Gardens, Mission District,
Francisco: San Francisco:
Non-profit developer: Tenderloin Federally funded Hope VI project.
Neighborhood Development Corporation + This mixed use project replaced 246 dilapidated
SF Mayor’s office. and blighted public housing units with 260
affordable homes for extremely-low and low
A high quality affordable housing project built in income families and seniors.
a neighborhood rampant with crime, drug abuse The high-quality and mixed use nature of the
and homeless people living on the street. The project is intended to make it a signature project
project hope to bring in middle to low income in this originally crime ridden neighborhood,
families to live in these communities and help making the project the new “Gateway to the
transform their character… Mission”.
Image Source: Van Meter Williams Pollack, LLP
Image Source: David Parker + Partners Architects/
Curran House, Tenderloin (a high crime low-income neighborhood in Downtown San Francisco) Valencia Gardens, Mission District, San Francisco
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 25
26. Fruitvale Village, Oakland
MVE Architects; Public Private Partnership.
Fruitvale BART Station area originally comprised of large
surface parking lots and was abutted by a neighborhood with
low maintenance, high concentration of low income groups
and the highest crime rates in the region.
The Fruitvale Village project introduced to the area a mix of
mid and low income rental apartments, offices, shops and
utility stores, a public library and a large well designed civic
plaza which has now transformed the place into a
congregation point for the entire community. The plaza now
acts as a meeting place for office goers, for shoppers as well
as a venue for community festivals and events.
Fruitvale Village has transformed the area from a blighted low-
income neighborhood to a vibrant destination for the
Before community and the entire city.
After
Images Source: The Unity Council
26 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
27. 2.2 Provide “Choices” and flexibility of design, use of space, availability of space, tenure, and location of
low-income homes.
a) Unit Size and Location based Low-income housing “choices”:
Existing Low Income Communities should be given a range of choices for new homes – the cheapest option being that families upgrade their homes with the
help of local groups and subsidized material provided, within a given timeframe. In case they prefer to live in larger formalized homes – they would have the
choice to relocate to a location distant from their current location and employment centres.
New low-income immigrants to the city could be given a similar choice – smaller homes near the more expensive city centres, while larger homes would be
available in locations away from the city centres.
All new low-income housing must have a mix of rental and for-sale housing choices, subject to local trends.
New low-income
immigrants 3) Relocated to new Pre- Most spacious;
Largest unit size constructed location:
Far from city
distant from current
centre
location
but close to transit. NEW
MIXED
2) Relocated New INCOME
Development: within 2 COMMUNITIE
km of current location S:
near transit,
with shared
Smaller Unit Size 1) Phased redevelopment: amenities
at current location in city
Existing
Low-income or Smallest Unit Size 0) In-situ up-gradation Least spacious;
‘slum’ population
(not discussed in this paper) Within city centre
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 27
28. b) A variety of affordable unit-size choices can be provided based on family size; income level
and provision of shared or individualized amenities.
12 m2
Kitchen counter
Shared bathroom
35 m2
15 m2 One big bedroom
Small kitchen Big kitchen
Woonerf
Independent bathroom
Shared bathroom Small living room
18 m2
Small kitchen
Independent bathroom
MAIN STREET
45 m2
25 m2 Two bedrooms
Big kitchen Shared Toilet/ Bathroom for 20-25 persons
One bedroom
Medium size kitchen Independent bathroom
Independent bathroom Living room
28 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
29. 2.2 Provide “Choices” and flexibility of design, use of space, availability of space, tenure, and location of
low-income homes.
c) Provide flexibility for adaptation of public spaces in low-income communities to serve their unique cultural and socio-economic needs:
Informal and flexible courtyards and public spaces must be incorporated into the design of low-income communities to allow for informal economy to
flourish. Mixed uses and adaptability must also facilitated in the design and use of homes, community centres, courtyards and other public spaces.
Mumbai – Inferences from the multicultural and multiuse nature of Dharavi
The Holi Maidan is Koliwada’s main open public Fish Market: Mapping of Socio-Economic Activities of the The Tool-House: Live-Work Typology of a Kumbarwada
space. At the time of the annual Holi Festival, more Market in Relationship to the Morphology of Space: The Potter Family . Many of Dharavi’s residents live and work
than 10,000 people gather in and around the Fish Market is the witness of Koliwada’s roots as a at the same site. One must understand that shelter issues
central space, including Dharavi Main Road. The traditional fishing village. The fish market has existed at are inextricably tied to residents’ means of livelihood.
drawing records the movement of crowds and ritual its current location for the last 70 to 100 years.
processions around the central fire.
Source: Srivastava, Rahul et al, “Taking the Slum Out of Dharavi”, Feb. 2009, Airoots, <http://www.airoots.org/?s=sra>
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 29
30. d) Provide flexibility for adaptation of low-income housing for “home-based” economic and community activities:
Social and Circulation spaces in taller
buildings
Community halls provide living space
outside the family’s small apartment.
Shared spaces can be used by
women’s cooperatives to generate
home-employment. From here, women
can supervise children at play on
terraces, courtyards, etc.
Charles Correa – Maharashtra Housing, 1999 Some of the cottage industries of Dharavi….
Image Source: Charles Correa Images Source: Abu Kasinath
30 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
31. 2.2 Provide “Choices” and flexibility of design, use of space, availability of space, tenure, and location of
low-income homes.
e) Incremental, Expandable and Adaptable low income housing: In cities with lesser growth pressure and lower real estate values, homes could be
provided with the possibility of future incremental expansion and adaptability – which would allow families to adapt and prosper as the move higher in the
income bracket. Bigger cities do not allow this concept to succeed as land values are too high to leave flexibility and under-utilized land and built space.
International Case Study:
Elemental Housing Scheme, Chile
Alejandro Aravena Architects; Multiple Locations; 1999- Onwards
Incremental… Expandable…. Adaptable….
Images Source: Elemental Chile SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 31
32. 2.3 Involve low-income communities in rehabilitation process, including the design, construction and
maintenance of their communities.
1) Involvement of Community Based Organizations (CBO) facilitated by NGOs is critical to the long term success and integration of low income
groups into the larger urban community.
2) The intended population of the new projects should be involved at the design and planning stages of the project itself – for discussion and
feedback. This would give them a sense of ownership and understanding of the project and help in the future maintenance and strengthening of the
overall community.
At least two community meetings should be held (at concept and post-design stages) with the target user population of the development, to solicit
ideas, input and feedback on the proposal. Designs should be presented in a way comprehensible to the proposed users.
3) Formalize the role of the Community Based Organization as a representatives for a democratic ongoing means for communication with the
community - for continual updates and feedback on construction, maintenance and usability of the built and occupied project. Representatives should
have the role of conveying feedback from the community as well as making sure urban protocols are followed by the community itself.
Women representatives must be involved in the CBOs to take care of their interests as well as those of the children.
International Case Studies:
Via Verde, Bronx, New York:
Mixed rental and for sale housing
(139 rental low income families - 63 Co-Ops designated as affordable housing).
Based on community workshops – Health and safety of residents were
highlighted as the biggest issues to be addressed. Therefore mixed use with
retail on the ground floor and ‘eyes on the street’ through built to edge buildings
were major design concepts.
A community Health Centre and an Organic food co-op was also included. To
reduce asthma - air quality was addressed through good building design and
natural ventilation.
David and Joyce Dinkins Gardens, Harlem, NY
A joint effort of Jonathan Rose Companies and the nonprofit Harlem
Congregations for Community Improvement (HCCI) – the latter owns and
maintains it and was actively involved in the programming and construction of
the project. Includes 1/3 youngsters coming out of foster care while 2/3 is low
income housing for rent.
Source: e2 Series; PBS Documentaries, “Affordable Green Housing” Season II - Episode 4;
David and Joyce Dinkins Gardens, Harlem, NY Via Verde mixed-income housing, Bronx, New York Developer: Jonathan Rose Companies
32 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
33. 2.4 Facilitate Safety and Accessibility
Principles to Facilitate Safety and Accessibility:
A) “Eyes on the street” – Mixed uses for round the clock B) “Legible Streets” – Different streets have different functions and therefore
activity, built-to-edge buildings with no setbacks and no different levels of vehicular and pedestrian traffic. A legibly designed street
opaque boundary walls ensure that streets remain active with well defined sidewalks, bicycle lanes and appropriate signage would
and watched, and therefore safe throughout the day. ensure greater safety for all.
Avoid boundary walls and setbacks of buildings from the street Primary Commercial “Main” Street Primary Residential Street:
as it creates lonely ‘unwatched’ sidewalks. Vehicular, Pedestrian and Bike zones clearly defined. Pedestrians and bicycles have priority, cars go slow.
Wide sidewalks allowing space for pedestrians, streetlights, trees as well as Secondary Commercial Street: Secondary Residential Street:
hawkers, with built-to-edge buildings creates safety through “eyes on the street” Pedestrians and bicycles ONLY. Pedestrians and bicycles ONLY
Image Source: Author (Shanghai, 2008)
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 33
34. Principles to Facilitate Safety and Accessibility:
C) Provide Ambient Street lighting for pedestrians – without causing glare or light pollution.
Street lighting, especially for pedestrians walking on sidewalks is
a must to ensure their safety after dark. Street lamps, depending
on intensity of use and width of the street – must be provided
every 20 - 30 M, focusing light not on the car lanes, but on the
pedestrian and bicycle lanes.
At the same time, over-lighting an outdoor area at night is also
not the best solution for either security or safety. Instead, exterior
lighting that provides low contrast on critical areas and surfaces
(such as sidewalks and parking areas) actually provides better
visual acuity and improves safety.
Therefore full cut off fixtures which focus light downwards and
allow no light towards the night sky, and also do not cause glare
– are required for all public streets.
The light color of lamps also affects safety: illuminating
objects with products that have high Color Rendering
Street lamps should be for Avoid light fixtures with glare, Down-lighters focus light on the pavement and not
Indexes (CRI) improves visual recognition of people and pedestrians, not cars. use ambient down-lighters. upwards; providing better visibility for pedestrians.
objects at night.
Standards:
Lighting shall occur at all intersections and hazard-prone areas.
Lighting shall be directed downward at all times (up-lighting is
prohibited).
Prohibited lighting includes the following:
• Metal halide
• Mercury vapor
• Quartz
• Laser light or similar high-intensity for advertisement or
entertainment
• Searchlights
• Glass tubing filled with neon (neon back-lighting is
allowed for signage).
34 SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY
35. 2.4 Facilitate Safety and Accessibility
Principles to Facilitate Safety and Accessibility:
D) Handicapped Accessibility:
Handicapped access (wheelchairs, blind) should be provided to all public parks and
community facilities. (See left)
A proportion of homes must also be wheelchair accessible. In low rise walkup
buildings, the group floor should be accessible through a ramp. In high-rise buildings,
elevator access should be provided to as many floors as possible.
(See below)
Accessible Sidewalks
Accessible Sidewalks
Accessible Parks
Accessible Parks
Image Source: Charles Correa, Maharashtra Housing, 2009
In a highrise building, elevators could stop at every second or third floor (to reduce
costs) – but it must be ensured that the floors of exit are fully accessible by
wheelchair, without any stairs or other obstacles.
Accessible Civic buildings
Accessible Civic buildings
SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY 35
36. Sustainability Guidelines for:
3. RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
3.1 Increase Energy Efficiency – Respond to the unique climatic requirements of different cities and climatic
zones; for comfort in outdoor and indoor spaces.
3.2 Capture and locally treat storm water, Harvest rain water.
3.3 Recycle and reuse waste locally; Recycle and reuse waste water for the larger community, wherever
possible.
3.4 Use local Materials and Construction Techniques.
36 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
37. 3.1 Increase Energy and Resource Efficiency:
Respond to the unique climatic requirements of different cities and climatic zones.
MUMBAI: (Hot Humid Climate Zone)
Primary strategies for Energy Conservation and Comfort of residents in hot-humid climate of Mumbai:
4.1 Shading: to reduce solar gains and mitigate Heat Island Effect
4.2 Increased Air Movement in Summer: to remove heat and provide comfort in public spaces and homes through evaporative cooling.
Building height
1.8 x
Distance between buildings
RECOMMENDED ORIENTATION OF STREETS: x
W-E
Optimum distance between buildings
Summer winds from the West are extremely for adequate daylight access and air
desirable. So streets and open spaces should be movement.
oriented to catch these winds.
Southwest monsoon winds are very strong and
should be protected against.
Winter winds should be restricted with tree plantation
and narrower North-South Streets.
RESOURCE EFFICIENCY 37
38. Images Source: Author
Net block level FSI = 6.5 Net block level FSI = 4.4 Net block level FSI = 6.0
Density = 2600 units/Ha @ 25sq.m. each Density = 1750 units/Ha Density = 2400 units/Ha
Image Source: Kate Dunham
Image Source: Google Earth Image Source: Kate Dunham
UNDESIRABLE OPTION DESIRABLE OPTION UNDESIRABLE OPTION
Current low-income housing complexes being Midrise housing with optimal spacing between buildings Taller buildings, when designed in rows, require larger
constructed all over Mumbai Region. allowing daylight and airflow through public spaces spacing in between for adequate daylight access –
and homes. creating an undesirable urban experience.
38 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
39. 3.1 Increase Energy and Resource Efficiency:
Respond to the unique climatic requirements of different cities and climatic zones.
DELHI: (Composite Climate Zone)
Primary strategies for Energy Conservation and Comfort of residents in hot-dry/ composite climate of Delhi and Jaipur:
• Shading: to reduce solar gains and mitigate Heat Island Effect
• Optimal Solar access is required for daylighting and internal ventilation.
Microclimate of public streets:
Narrow streets provide shading and air
movement – and therefore greater comfort
Building height
for pedestrians. Spacing between buildings
should be enough to allow daylight access
1.2 x
to all homes.
Distance between buildings
RECOMMENDED ORIENTATION OF STREETS: x
20° to W-E axis
Hot-dry Summer winds (loo) from the North-West Optimum distance between buildings
are extremely undesirable. So streets, homes and for adequate daylight access and air
open spaces should be protected and oriented away movement.
from these winds..
Deciduous trees provide shade in summer
Southwest monsoon winds are very strong and
and let the sun through in winter.
should be protected against.
Sidewalks should be at least 3 m wide,
Winter winds should be restricted with tree plantation
clear of obstacles, and well maintained, so
and narrower North-South Streets.
people can walk on them.
RESOURCE EFFICIENCY 39
40. Double loaded corridor buildings are NOT recommended. Single loaded (double aspect) buildings are recommended – as this allows
adequate natural ventilation and daylighting of homes.
Block FSI = 4.0 Block FSI = 1.5 Block FSI = 1.8
Density = 1600 units/Ha Density = 600 units/Ha Density = 750 units/Ha
UNDESIRABLE OPTION DESIRABLE OPTION FOR VENTILATION RECOMMENDED OPTION
Double loaded corridor buildings with homes on both Low-rise housing with double aspect homes without Design details can allow the internal courtyards to be used by
sides – do not allow adequate ventilation. corridors – is preferable as it allows adequate residents for a variety of uses (cottage industry, kids
ventilation of homes. playing, clothes washing and drying, social gatherings, etc.
Microclimate of shared courtyards:
Grass and trees greatly help reduce heat island
effect and create comfort in open spaces.
However, internal courtyards should not be fenced off as shown above. Courtyards (with permeable paving, instead of
grass) are more usable for children playing , cottage industries, etc. Terraces are also valuable play areas for children.
Image Source: Author
40 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
41. 3.1 Increase Energy and Resource Efficiency:
Respond to the unique climatic requirements of different cities and climatic zones.
Gangtok: (Cold, hilly)
Primary strategies for Energy Conservation and Comfort of residents in cold and hilly areas of Gangtok:
Construct housing on slopes with South or South-west exposure.
Construct buildings by adapting to slopes; judicious site planning and grading to minimize cut and fill.
Maximize use of flat surfaces (streets, alleys, plateaus) – for commercial and open public spaces;
Use terraces and balconies of buildings to supplement usable open spaces for children and community
activities.
Identify and build only on stable slopes; preserve steep slopes
Preserve trees and vegetation to prevent erosion; use new innovative materials to for erosion control,
preserving top soil as well as ensuring safety and stability of homes.
Capture and retain storm water on site, prevent runoff and harvest rainwater.
Construct buildings with local materials and with high thermal mass; Wood used for construction must be
sourced from certified sources and not from cutting down forests.
So
Ex uth
po Su
su n
re
Terraces as additional Street/ Alley Internal Courtyards for Community Open Space,
play areas/ community activities, Parks and Commercial
community spaces artisan workspaces, etc Centres on flat land
RESOURCE EFFICIENCY 41
42. Shared community facilities like dispensaries,
libraries, small-scale retail uses can be located
along pedestrian pathways along the slopes. Community Open space and commercial
centre on flatter land
Potential location of
low income housing
Higher income residential and
Commercial uses requiring Potential location of
visibility are located on the main low income housing
streets.
Shown here:: “Tokyo EcoRenewal Prototype”; Japan
Images Source: Miguel Ruano, Eco-Urbanism, Sustainable Human Settlements
42 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
43. 3.1 Increase Energy and Resource Efficiency:
Respond to the unique climatic requirements of different cities and climatic zones.
International Case Studies:
Learning from Typologies in China
Lane Houses in Shanghai:
• A group of 6-12 families share a lane house. Each lane terminates at a main
commercial street on one end, giving people walking access to their daily
needs and services.
• Toilets and wash areas are shared between the families living around the
shared ‘lane’.
• The distance between homes is dictated my compulsory daylight access
(minimum 2 hours on December 21) and natural ventilation to every home.
Main Commercial Street (multimodal) Entry into “lane” or courtyard from the main street. Shared wash-areas in the common ‘lane’
Images Source: MenKShanghai
RESOURCE EFFICIENCY 43
44. Relocation low-income housing in
Huzhou, China:
• Real estate development pressures often
necessitate the relocation of villages in the
outskirts of growing cities (like Huzhou), but
adequate reimbursement and a much better
‘quality of life’ is provided as compensation
to relocated residents.
Storm water management is dealt with creatively All residential rows are double aspect – to allow natural
with landscaping, natural treatment and pedestrian ventilation. All homes look on to share green spaces.
walkways.
Main Commercial Street (multimodal)
Shops are rented out to raise revenue for Homes are arranged in rows and spaced in order to Balconies and ‘sun spaces’ are provided on the
maintenance of the low income housing development. ensure direct sunlight access to all homes. South side of the residential row.
Images Source: Kate Dunham
44 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
45. 3.2 Natural Storm Water Management – Capture and locally treat storm water, Harvest rain water.
KEY PRINCIPLE: GOAL:
A) Reduce runoff, treat runoff before discharge into natural water bodies. Mimic pre-development storm water drainage system
in maintaining the Quality and Volume of water
discharged into the adjoining natural water body
The Issue of “Runoff”: (river, lake or sea).
• Post development of any site,
there will be more impervious
surfaces – like sidewalks, paved
streets, parking lots, buildings etc.
- then there is increased storm
water “runoff”. Less water
evaporates into the air and seeps
into the ground.
HOW do we reduce “runoff”?
• Runoff water will pick up
residues, chemicals, oils, PRIVATE Areas:
pesticides, debris and pollutants
: Before Development • Rainwater Harvesting and Reuse to supplement and
from the surfaces it travels over.,
reduce potable water demands; and prevent water from
causing pollution downstream.
flowing off private property into municipality drains.
• Uncontrolled runoff will cause a
PUBLIC Areas:
large amount of to enter a stream
at once, causing flooding and • A 3-tier Storm Water Management Strategy utilizing
stream bank erosion. the parks and open spaces within the development
area must be employed to temporarily hold site-runoff,
treat the water and slowly release it back to the natural
waterway. Mimicking the natural discharge rate and water
quality before development had occurred, is essential.
• Natural Storm Water Management Systems would help
reduce pressures on municipal infrastructure and reduce
the sizing for pipes and treatment plants for storm water.
Increased • Natural Systems would prevent runoff from polluting
: After Development natural water bodies of the area.
RESOURCE EFFICIENCY 45
46. Strategies for Efficient and Natural Storm Water Management:
w
run-
flo
a) Storm water management should be separated from waste water treatment to off
ed
reduce pressure on infrastructure costs required for piping, conveyance and
rb
so
treatment.
ab
d
b) A 3-tier approach for natural storm water management should be followed….
an
d
re
lte
Fi
Street bio-filtration bed
1) Treat at Source:
Use street-swales or raingardens to filter and convey water naturally.
This also helps save on piping cost, while providing additional greenery.
run-
off
In hilly regions, detention ponds at regular intervals along slopes are
critical in order to capture, infiltrate and treat storm water before it drains
out of the site.
Parks/ Detention
2) Capture and Convey Naturally:
Parks and Open spaces should be multi-used as detention ponds during rainy
seasons, while remaining usable green spaces for the rest of the year.
In hilly regions, Natural Storm Water Management
Wetland Detention Pond
is extremely important in order to prevent erosion,
pollution and flooding of water bodies downstream. 3) Final treatment of remaining storm water can take place at a natural treatment
Image Source: Author wetland or a conventional facility.
46 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
47. 3.3 Recycle and reuse waste locally;
Recycle and reuse waste water for the larger community, wherever possible.
A critical issue affecting the health of low income communities is adequate sanitation and systems to deal with waste and sewage.
Several strategies can be employed for reducing pressure on the sewage system and improving the environment of the overall community:
Separate the sewage + waste water system from the storm water management system;
- This will have a twofold benefit – the sizing of pipes and sewage treatment plants will be reduced substantially. Also the captured storm water can be
harvested for reuse, or infiltrated to recharge the local ground water.
If low-income groups are located in integrated mixed income communities, common facilities like bio-gas plants and aerobic/ anaerobic digesters can be
constructed. These will have a two-fold benefit
• reuse and recycling will reduce the volume waste that would need to be disposed.
• Local economies for recycling and sorting of waste can get a boost.
• Biogas thus generated can be used in community kitchens, restaurants, etc. while energy generated from the waste could benefit the entire community.
Resource & Waste Management
Organic Waste Treatment Separation
Compost Biogas Recyclables Residual
Sale for landscaping Energy Generation / On-site Off-Site Disposal
Off-Site Sale
and/or agriculture vehicle fuel / cooking Gasification (Landfill)
Floating
Fixed
Reuse organic waste to produce biogas: a The “floating” type biogas plant at a A “fixed” type biogas plant A natural sewage treatment facility
technology used through history in rural India, Working Women's Hostel, Trivandrum under construction. implemented in Bombay University
now should be implemented in cities. by NEERI
Image Source: industrialgasplants.com Image Source: dailymail.uk.co
RESOURCE EFFICIENCY 47
48. 3.4 Use Local Materials or Recycled Materials
Use Local and Recycled Materials and Develop construction waste management plan to divert waste from landfills.
For all redevelopment projects:
1. Reuse salvaged materials from demolition of existing structures on site.
For all new construction and redevelopment projects, the following guidelines should be followed:
1. Construction materials should be selected such that majority of the materials are available within 250 km of site.
2. Reuse previously used construction materials and building elements.
3. Use materials which have some recycled content or that can be recycled after use.
4. Reduce the use and depletion of finite raw materials by replacing them with rapidly renewable materials (rapidly renewable materials are ones that are typically
harvested within a 10 year cycle, eg, bamboo products, corn products, wheat based products, strawboards etc.).
5. Construction and demolition debris/mulba should be diverted from landfills and incinerators. Recyclable construction waste materials should be sent back to the
manufacturing process and reusable materials should be taken to appropriate sites.
6. A mobile crèche should be provided for form workers during construction.
7. The project should collaborate with local building centers (BMPTC) which can help source materials as well as provide training and expertise for cheap yet
innovative construction.
48 RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
49. Sustainability Guidelines for:
4. PLANNING ISSUES
4.1 Implications of % EWS requirements in private housing
4.2 Summary of Sustainability Criteria to be met for Low-income housing
PLANNING GUIDELINES 49
50. 4.1 Implications of % EWS requirements in private housing: 15% of FSI vs. 15% of units
Site Area 10,000 Sq.m. FSI 1.0
EWS 25 Sq.m. BuA 10,000
Standard Private Home 100 Sq.m. Household 4
MIG 70
15% of FSI When planning norms require private developers to
FSI BuA No of Units % Population provide 15% of the FSI of their development to be allocated
EWS 0.15 1,500 60 41% 240 to low-income (EWS) – due to the smaller dwelling units
Standard Private Home 0.85 8,500 85 59% 340 size of EWS homes – this requirement translates into 40%
10,000 145 580 of the population of the project being low-income group.
This often becomes unrealistic for the developer from the
15% of Number of Units sale-ability and feasibility aspects of their project.
FSI BuA No of Units % Population
EWS 4% 425 17 15% 68
When the requirement is 15% of the total number of units,
Standard Private Home 96% 9,575 96 85% 383
the proportion of low income population allows for a more
Total 10,000 113 451
feasible ratio for sale-ability of the project.
Inference:
The above study reveals that in market rate developer driven projects, % of EWS
requirements should be stipulated as a % of the total number of dwelling units, not as a
percentage of FSI.
Source: Dr. Neelima Risbud, unpublished study calculations
50 PLANNING GUIDELINES