The document discusses slum upgradation in India. It begins by defining slums and their characteristics such as lack of basic services, substandard housing, overcrowding, and insecure tenure. It then discusses the causes and risks of slums. Approaches to tackling slums include punitive actions like eviction, curative actions like upgrading infrastructure and services, and preventive actions like improving access to housing. The government of India has implemented programs like the JnNURM and IHSDP to support slum upgradation through infrastructure improvements and affordable housing. Low-cost construction techniques used include fly ash bricks, concrete blocks, and prefabricated materials. The goal of slum upgradation is to improve living standards

1. SLUM
UPGRADATION

2. Introduction
What is slum?
Term ‘slum’ refers to a variety of settlements that display
a combination of poor housing conditions, lack of basic
infrastructure, insecurity of tenure and various kinds of
environmental risks.
Slums include a variety of settlements such as shanty
towns, squatter settlements and illegal subdivisions
characterized by their informal tenure.
They also include dilapidated inner city housing,
overcrowded tenements, villages within cities and
deteriorating public housing.

3. According to UN-HABITAT, around 33% of the urban population in the
developing world in 2012, or about 863 million people, lived in slums.

4. Slums in India

6. States/Union territories not reporting Slums
Census 2001
1. Himachal Pradesh
2. Sikkim
3. Arunachal Pradesh
4. Nagaland
5. Mizoram
6. Manipur
7. Daman & Diu
8. Dadra & Nagar Haveli
9. Lakshadweep
Census 2011
1. Manipur
2. Daman & Diu
3. Dadra & Nagar Haveli
4. Lakshadweep

7. Characteristics of slums
■ Lack of Basic Services
Lack of access to improved sanitation facilities and improved water
source, supplemented sometimes, by the absence of waste collection
systems, electricity supply, surfaced roads and footpaths, street lighting
and storm water drainage
■ Sub-standard Dwelling
High number of substandard housing structures often built with non-
permanent materials unsuitable for housing, given local conditions of
location and climate, e.g. earthen floors, mud-and-wattle walls,
thatched roofs, etc. – often in violation of housing norms and standards
locally applicable
■ Over-crowding and High Density
Very low space per person, high occupancy rate, co-habitation by
different families and a large number of single-room units. Often five
and more persons share a one-room unit for cooking, sleeping and living.

8. ■ Unhealthy/Hazardous Conditions
■ InsecureTenure/Informal Settlements
■ Poverty and Exclusion
■ Minimum Settlement Size
Census of India 2001 requires at least 300 people or 60-
70 households living in a settlement cluster.

9. Causes that create slums
■ Rural-urban migration
■ Urbanization
■ Poor housing planning
■ Poor infrastructure, social exclusion and economic stagnation
■ Informal economy
■ Poverty
■ Politics
■ Social conflicts
■ Natural disasters

10. Risks because of slums
■ Vulnerability to natural and unnatural hazards
■ Unemployment and informal economy
■ Violence
■ Disease
■ Child Malnutrition
■ Epidemics

11. APPROACHESTOTACKLETHE PROBLEM OF SLUMS
1)Punitive Actions:
• Punitive approaches involve eviction of slum dweller often forcefully; and sometimes relocation
within city on another site but most of the time at outskirts of the city without any assistance.
Punitive approach mainly focused on demolishing the informal settlements and clearing the land
mostly without any substitute for its inhabitants.
• Forceful eviction of the slum dwellers from their settlements had been a common action in most of
the countries till very recent. In fact this approach is still prevailing in many countries. Millions of
poor people, or squatters, have been evicted until late 1980s around the world in the name of Urban
Renewal Projects, most of them (tenants) without a share in any benefit.
• Shady part of it was that these projects directly benefited the developers as against poor tenants.
However, excluding the already excluded poor from developmental opportunities aggravates the
problem

12. 2)Curative Actions:
• Adaptive or Curative approaches involve upgrading the level of physical, social, and economic urban
services as well as land and tenure security in slums.
• Upgradation in physical services include improvements of drainage, footpaths and streets including
street lights for security and night activity; and sewage and solid waste collection services.These
services have its positive impact on health and environment.
• Provision of education, health, recreation, community and other facilities under social services
enhances economic growth, safety and security against social crimes, and the awareness among
slum dwellers.
• Economic services include loans for house construction; facilitation of training and placements; and
technical support and credits for self employment and establishment of cottage industries.
• Tenure security motivates slum dwellers for up-gradation of housing and services and contributes to
avail economic opportunities.

13. 3)Preventive Actions:
• Preventive or proactive measures provide opportunities to urban poor and enables them to find
affordable housing solutions rather than to be pushed to settle in slums.
• A proactive approach also greatly enhances the capacity of cities to fulfil the needs of the newly
migrated population. It is often comparatively more effective and easy to implement than
conventional measures.
• However, most of the planning approaches have missed the proactive approach.And unfortunately,
the proved saying of “prevention is better than cure” is still not adopted by international development
community.
• Preventive or proactive approach that could attack on formation of slums is still in its toddler stage.
There are few countries that have initialized to take preventive actions.
• Some low or middle income countries including Brazil,Colombia, Indonesia, Philippines, Sri Lanka,
and South Africa have managed to control genesis of slum by predicting and planning for increasing
urban population by improving urban poor’s access to services through employment generating
initiatives; affordable housing provisions; and by implementing pro-poor reforms and policies.

16. JnNURM
■ The government of India has launched the Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission Scheme for the selected cities of the country. The JnNURM scheme has two
submissions namely Urban infrastructure and Basic Service to the Urban Poor. Basic
Services to the Urban Poor focus on access to infrastructure for the urban poor.
■ Integrated Housing & Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) is a programme under
JnNURM which works for slum upgradation and rehabilitation in India
Objective of IHSDP
The objective of the scheme is to provide adequate Shelter and basic infrastructure
facilities to the Slum Dwellers in Urban Areas.
The scheme of IHSDP is funded in the ratio of 80:20 by the Govt. of India and State Govt.
As per guidelines of the scheme, the States/UTs may avail the central assistance for
improvement/ upgradation/ relocation projects including upgradation/new construction
of houses and infrastructural facilities like water supply, sewerage, storm water drains,
community bath, paving of lanes, street lights, communityToilet etc.

17. LOW COST CONSTRUCTIONTECHNIQUES
FOR SLUM REHABILITATION
■ Prefabrication
Concept of prefabrication / partial prefabrication has been adopted for speedier
construction, better quality components & saving in material quantities & costs

18. ■ Some of these construction techniques
& Materials for walls, roof & floor slab,
doors & windows are as follows:
In Walls:-
i. Fly –Ash sand lime bricks:
These bricks have various advantages over the clay
bricks. It possesses adequate crushing strength,
uniform shape, smooth finish and does not require
plastering and also are lighter in weight than ordinary
clay bricks.

19. ii. Solid Concrete and stone blocks:
This technique is suitable in areas where stones and
aggregates for the blocks are available locally at
cheaper rates. Innovative techniques of solid blocks
with both lean concrete and stones have been
developed for walls.
iii. Non Erodable mud plaster:
The plaster over mud walls gets eroded during rains,
which necessitates costly annual repairs.This can be
made non erodable by the use of bitumen cutback
emulsion containing mixture of hot bitumen and
kerosene oil.
The maintenance cost is low due to enhanced
durability of mud walls.

20. In Floor and Roof:
Structural floors/roofs account for substantial cost of a building in normal situation.Therefore,
any savings achieved in floor/roof considerably reduce the cost of building.
Some of the prefabricated roofing/flooring components found suitable in many low-cost
housing projects are:
■ Precast RC Planks.
■ Prefabricated Brick Panels
■ Precast RB Curved Panels.
■ Precast RC Channel Roofing
■ Precast Hollow Slabs
■ Precast Concrete Panels
■ Trapezon Panel Roofing
■ Un reinforced Pyramidal Brick Roof

21. Materials to be used:-
(BMTPC- Building Materials &Technology Promotion Council,
Govt. of India)
■ Environment friendly materials and technologies with cost effectiveness are required to be adopted
for sustainable constructions which must fulfill some or more of the following criterion :-
• Not endanger bio-reserves and be non-polluting.
• Be self sustaining and promote self reliance.
• Recycle polluting waste into usable materials.
• Utilize locally available materials.
• Utilize local skills, manpower and managing systems.
• Benefit local economy by being income generating.
• Utilize renewable energy sources.
• Be accessible to people.
• Be low in monetary cost.

22. 1. Bamboo Mat Board
■ Raw material source - Bamboo grass(plant), Species
■ Materials for production - Bamboo, polymeric resin,
chlorinated hydrocarbons and boron and cashew nut
shell liquid.
■ Applications - Flooring, walling, structural membrane,
false ceiling, door/window frames.
2. Bamboo MatVeneer Composite
 Raw material source - Plantation wood, bamboo plant
 Materials for production - Plantation wood veneer,
bamboo mat, polymeric resin, chlorinated hydrocarbons,
boron, cashew nut shell liquid
 Applications - Door skin in flush doors, structural use as
roofing, web construction, prefab and portable shelters,
packing, modular partitions, furniture.

23. 3. Bamboo Corrugated Roofing Sheet
■ Raw material source - Bamboo grass(plant), Species
■ Materials for production - Bamboo, polymeric resin,
chlorinated hydrocarbons and boron and cashew nut shell
liquid. coating for UV Protection and to improve
impermeability to water.
■ Applications - Roofing sheets as substitute to corrugated
Asbestos Cement sheets, Galvanized Iron sheets,
Aluminium sheets and Fibre-reinforced Plastic (FRP)
sheets.
4.Bamboo-Rice Husk Composite .
■ Raw material source - Rice mills, bamboo plants (grass)
■ Materials for production - Rice husk, bamboo mat,
cashew nut shell liquid phenolic resin.
■ Applications -Temporary shelters, ware houses, false
ceilings, insulation, partition and stage settings, industrial
and domestic floorings

24. 5. Fly Ash Polymer Composite
■ Raw material source - Fly ash from coal based power
generating plants.
■ Materials for production - Fly ash, Polymeric material
■ Applications - Partitions, door shutters, roofing sheets
6. Blast Furnace Slag Composite
■ Raw material source - Waste from steel plants
■ Materials for production – Blast furnace slag, polymeric resin,
laminating material
■ Applications - Partitions and interior finishing on walls

25. 7. Sandwitched Fly Ash Panel
■ Raw material source - Fly ash from coal based power
generating plants.
■ Materials for production - Fly ash, cement, sand, foaming
agent
■ Applications - Partitions and walling panels
8. PlantationTimber Doors/ Windows
■ Raw material source - Rubber wood, popular wood and other
soft woods
■ Materials for production – Rubber wood and popular wood
plants, thermoplastic and thermosetting resin, adhesives
■ Applications - Doors and window frames , flush and paneled
door shutters

26. Demonstration Housing Project at Dehradun, uttarakhand
■ No. of Units : 100
■ Built-up area of a unit : 181sq.ft
■ Unit consist of : 1room,kitchenspace, 1 bath room, 1WC
■ Cost per unit : Rs.45000
■ Cost per Sqft : Rs.249/-
■ Nodal State Agency : District Urban Development Agency
Technologies / Specification
■ Foundation
Step footing in solid concrete blocks
■ Walling
Solid /Hollow concrete blocks
RCC plinth, lintel, roof level band, vertical reinforcement in corners for
earth -quake resistance

27. ■ Roof/Floor
RCC planks & joist with screed
IPS flooring
■ Doors & Windows
Pre-cast RCC door frames
Wood substitute door shutters
Fly ash polymer door shutter for toilet.
Cement jalli in ventilators and windows
■ Others
Internal and external pointing
White wash on walls
Precast ferrocement chajjas

28. SLUM UPGRADATION
■ Slum upgrading consists of physical, social,
economic, organizational and environmental
improvements to slums undertaken cooperatively
and locally among citizens, community groups,
businesses and local authorities.
■ The main objective of slum upgrading is to alleviate
the poor living standards of slum dwellers. Many
slums lack basic local authority services such as
provision of safe drinking water, sanitation,
wastewater and solid waste management.
■ Alternatives to slum upgrading include the
construction of alternative tenements for people
living in slums (rather than fixing the infrastructure
itself) or the forced removal of slum dwellers from
the land.
■ The upgradation scheme has been supported by
numerous institutions, such as the Asian
Development Bank and the United Nations
Development Programme.

29. SLUM UPGRADATION
■ Proliferation of slums and squatter settlements is an inevitable consequence of
urbanization and stems from the failure of the state and market to ensure affordable
housing and services for the urban poor.
■ Urban planning and management can be made much more effective by devolving
authority to the poor in their own areas. But the poor also need to gain access to
finance and land.
■ Philippines, for example, a people’s council works closely with the city council.As a
result, new initiatives have been launched to clean up the Naga river, manage waste
and revitalise the city hospital.
■ In PortoAlegre in Brazil, groups of citizens scrutinise government spending, as well as
deciding on priorities for the coming year in a participatory budgeting process.
■ Banks and other lenders are waking up to the vast market for housing loans at the low-
income end of the market and they are finding that the default rates on these loans
are very low.
■ InThailand, the Urban Community Development Office, funded by the government, is
providing loans directly to low-income community organisations and small informal
sector enterprises.

30. Ban Mankong (Secure Housing) Programme inThailand
■ It is a comprehensive national slum and squatter upgrading programme launched by theThai
government in the year 2003 through Community Organizations Development Institute (CODI).
■ In 2003, there were about 5,500 urban poor communities inThailand, with 8.25 million inhabitants
living in poor quality and insecure housing in 300 cities.
■ Around 30 per cent of the population lived in squatters and 70 per cent on rented land who could
not afford conventional housing delivered by state agencies,or market.
■ Ban Mankong focusses on the provision of infrastructure subsidies and housing loans to urban
poor to support in-situ upgrading or a range of options such as land sharing, land readjustment, or
resettlement depending on specific context. Support has been provided to community
organizations constituted by low income communities for the project and also to their networks
to facilitate them to work with municipal authorities, other local actors, and national agencies.
■ The programme is demand-driven by communities and customized to their needs and priorities.
Communities can decide how to use infrastructure subsidy.
■ Community-based savings and credit groups have been established who can access housing loans
at low rate of interest (6 per cent) from CODI or banks through community networks.

31. ■ Several upgradation projects have created economic
spaces for the poor (e.g., new markets) and social
facilities such as primary schools, health centres,
community halls, libraries, etc., to strengthen human
and social capital of the communities.
■ Construction of new houses have been undertaken by
hiring manpower (unskilled labourers and skilled
masons, carpenters, plumbers, and electricians) from
local communities, thereby giving employment
opportunities through upgrading projects.
■ By 2008, this project in Bangkok resulted in the
development of 52 teams of community builders
composed of 2,000 people who were engaged in 38
upgrading projects and constructed 5,600 units.
■ The mechanism eliminated the dominant role of
contractors in the building process and reduced building
cost to the extent of 25 per cent and related financial
hardship confronted by the low-income communities.

32. Lessons from Case Study
■ Ban Mankong has a ‘whole city–whole slum’ approach with inbuilt flexibility to decide on the
technical options of in-situ improvement, plot reconstitution, land sharing or relocation (with
minimum economic and social costs to households) based on community feedback in the
context of challenges posed by specific circumstances of low-income communities.
■ It transcends the border of physical upgradation to include deeper aspects of changing social
relationships within the communities and power relations between communities and local
authorities by providing the urban poor, a space for negotiation and freedom of choice about
their shelter, tenure option, and habitat.
Ban Mankong

33. ThankYou