1. In the name of Allah, the Most
Gracious, the Most Merciful
2. Hospital Acquired Infections
hospital acquired pneumonia, ventilator associated infections, surgical site
infections, blood stream infections, urinary catheter associated infections.
15% of above will get HAP
Scale of the problem : 1% admissions will get HAP
Increase length of stay expensive, need IV abx
Increase morbidity
High mortality 20—50 %
6. Definition
Pneumonia - Infection of the lung parenchyma with
symptoms and signs of consolidation of lung parenchyma.
Hospital Acquired – Occurs 48 hours or more after
hospital admission
7. Clinical features
Fever
Productive cough, pleuritic chest pain, SOB.
Raised inflammatory markers
New CXR infiltrates
Deterioration of gas exchange
8. Risk factors for HAP
Pt related and environment related
Age >70
Severe underlying disease/co morbidities
Malnutrition
Immune compromised
Coma
Metabolic acidosis
Sinusitis
9. Infection control related :
Poor healthcare worker hand hygiene
Contaminated respiratory equipment
10. Intervention related
Sedatives
Corticosteroids
Cytotoxic drugs
Prolong use of antibiotics
Ventilations (risk 20 times greater )
11. During pulmonary infection, acute inflammation results in
the migration of neutrophils (and other inflammatory
exudate) out of capillaries and into the air spaces, forming
a marginated pool of neutrophils.
Neutrophils phagocytize microbes.
Increased mucus production which can form mucus plug
Alveoli fill with fluid (inflammatory
exudate/pus/blood/mucus) consolidation
12. Pathophysiology
Extrinsic factors
Exposure to causative agent
Exposure to pulomary irritant
Intrinsic factors (host related)
Pulmonary injury – COPD, bronchiectasis, CF, Ca
Loss of protective airway reflexes – CVA, intoxication,
altered mental status, intubated
Spread from upper airways/haematogenous spread
Immunocompromised
Scale of the problem : 1% admissions will
get HAP
Increase length of stay
Increase morbidity
Increase complications
High mortality 20 to 50%
13. Investigations
CXR - non specific infiltrates
Blood, sputum and pleural fluid for culture
Arterial blood gas for severity
Renal and liver function tests to assess organ
dysfunction
Serology of little use in HAP
14.
15.
16. < 5 days
S pneumoniae
H Influnenzae
S aureus
Enterobacter spp
17. The same bugs?
Different for CAP and HAP
Different < 5 days in hospital
> 5 days in hospital
Unventilated and ventilated patients
18. > 5 days in hospital
P. Aerugenosa
Enterobacter spp.
Acinobacter spp.
Klebsiella spp.
S macrescens
E coli
Other GNRs
Saureus/ MRSA
19. Other special risks
Anaerobic bacteria
Legionella pneumophila
Viruses : infuenza A and B, RSV
Fungi
20. Antibiotics
Early onset infection <5 days not severe Co Amoxicav
or Cefuroxime / ceftriaxome 7days
Late onset > 5days anti pseudomonial penecillin or
Ceftazidime or quinolone
For MRSA suspected Vencomycin
Consider adding Aminoglycoside for severe illness
suggested duration 7 or longer if pseudomonas
22. Pathogenesis /risk factors
Intubation compromise s natural barrier between
oropharynx and trachea.
Age>60, hypoalbu, ARDS, COPD, coma, burns,
trauma, organ failure, gastric aspiration, resp tract
colonization, sinusitis, H2 receptor antagonist,
paralytic agents, prior antibiotics, continued
sedation, MV >2days, tracheostomy, NG tube,
supine position.
23. Poor prognostic factors
Age
Co morbidities
Presence of fever < 35 c > 40c
Cvs HR >125/min low BP
Resp Rate >/30/min
Sats <90 %
Metabolic urea Na 130 Glucose >250 pH
<7.35
24. V A P
Local policies and advice from microbiology
Drug resistant pathogens P aeruginosa, MRSA,
acinobactor, klebsiella.
Delay in treatment not an option