Hormones thyroid and antithyroidal agents
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This document discusses thyroid hormones and antithyroid drugs. It begins by classifying hormones into different categories including thyroid hormones. It then describes the thyroid gland, its location and composition. The two principal thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine, are discussed along with their roles in metabolism and organ functioning. The biosynthesis and metabolism of thyroid hormones is explained involving thyroid stimulating hormones. Different classes of antithyroid drugs are then outlined, including thiomides, aniline derivatives, polyhydric phenols, and ionic inhibitors, describing their mechanisms of action in inhibiting thyroid hormone synthesis.
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Hormones thyroid and Antithyroidal agents
All vertebrates have thyroid glands.
It is not essential for life but it is necessary for growth and mental well being
Hormones and its classification
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions. There are many types of hormones that act on different aspects of bodily functions and processes.
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This document provides an overview of hormone classification. It discusses that hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream and carried to target organs. Hormones can be classified based on their solubility, chemical nature, or function. The main classifications are lipid soluble hormones like steroids; water soluble hormones like peptides and proteins; and classifications based on whether they are peptides, proteins, amino acid derivatives, steroids, or glycoproteins. Hormones function to coordinate biological activities including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and behavior.
Hormones
Hormones are chemical substances produced in the body that control and regulate the activity of certain cells or organs. They are classified based on their chemical nature as proteins, steroids, or amino acid derivatives. Hormones also bind to either intracellular or cell surface receptors and work through various second messenger systems to stimulate physiological processes. Key functions of hormones include growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood control. Hormone levels are regulated through feedback mechanisms and various factors can influence their actions.
Hormones
Hormones are the member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organism that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organ to regulate physiology and behavior.
Hormones are used to communicate between organs and tissue for physiological regulation and behavioral activities.
such as digestion, metabolism, respiration, tissue function, sensory perception, excretion, lactation, stress, growth, and development, movement, reproduction and mood.
Hormones
This document defines hormones as organic substances produced by endocrine glands and secreted into the bloodstream to control metabolic and biological activities in target cells. Hormones act as chemical messengers. Hormones are classified based on their chemical nature as either protein/peptide hormones, steroid hormones, or amino acid derivatives, or based on their mechanism of action as either group 1 or group 2 hormones.
Thyroid Hormones Females
The thyroid gland secretes two main hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Their synthesis requires iodine and occurs through four steps: uptake of iodine, activation of iodine, iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, and coupling of iodotyrosines. The hormones are stored, secreted into blood when stimulated by TSH, and transported bound to carrier proteins. They are degraded through deiodination and excretion in the bile and urine. T3 and T4 increase metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, promote protein synthesis, and regulate glucose and lipid metabolism.
Hormones
Hormones are chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic functions of other cells. They include amino acid-based hormones and steroids like eicosanoids. Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and can trigger second messenger systems that use molecules like cyclic AMP to mediate their effects. The major endocrine glands secrete hormones like insulin, glucagon, estrogen and testosterone that target organs through feedback loops to maintain homeostasis.
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Hormones thyroid and Antithyroidal agents
All vertebrates have thyroid glands.
It is not essential for life but it is necessary for growth and mental well being
Hormones and its classification
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted directly into the blood, which carries them to organs and tissues of the body to exert their functions. There are many types of hormones that act on different aspects of bodily functions and processes.
Younis majeed ppt final (1)
This document provides an overview of hormone classification. It discusses that hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream and carried to target organs. Hormones can be classified based on their solubility, chemical nature, or function. The main classifications are lipid soluble hormones like steroids; water soluble hormones like peptides and proteins; and classifications based on whether they are peptides, proteins, amino acid derivatives, steroids, or glycoproteins. Hormones function to coordinate biological activities including metabolism, growth, reproduction, and behavior.
Hormones
Hormones are chemical substances produced in the body that control and regulate the activity of certain cells or organs. They are classified based on their chemical nature as proteins, steroids, or amino acid derivatives. Hormones also bind to either intracellular or cell surface receptors and work through various second messenger systems to stimulate physiological processes. Key functions of hormones include growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood control. Hormone levels are regulated through feedback mechanisms and various factors can influence their actions.
Hormones
Hormones are the member of a class of signaling molecules produced by glands in multicellular organism that are transported by the circulatory system to target distant organ to regulate physiology and behavior.
Hormones are used to communicate between organs and tissue for physiological regulation and behavioral activities.
such as digestion, metabolism, respiration, tissue function, sensory perception, excretion, lactation, stress, growth, and development, movement, reproduction and mood.
Hormones
This document defines hormones as organic substances produced by endocrine glands and secreted into the bloodstream to control metabolic and biological activities in target cells. Hormones act as chemical messengers. Hormones are classified based on their chemical nature as either protein/peptide hormones, steroid hormones, or amino acid derivatives, or based on their mechanism of action as either group 1 or group 2 hormones.
Thyroid Hormones Females
The thyroid gland secretes two main hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Their synthesis requires iodine and occurs through four steps: uptake of iodine, activation of iodine, iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, and coupling of iodotyrosines. The hormones are stored, secreted into blood when stimulated by TSH, and transported bound to carrier proteins. They are degraded through deiodination and excretion in the bile and urine. T3 and T4 increase metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, promote protein synthesis, and regulate glucose and lipid metabolism.
Hormones
Hormones are chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic functions of other cells. They include amino acid-based hormones and steroids like eicosanoids. Hormones bind to receptors on target cells and can trigger second messenger systems that use molecules like cyclic AMP to mediate their effects. The major endocrine glands secrete hormones like insulin, glucagon, estrogen and testosterone that target organs through feedback loops to maintain homeostasis.
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The document discusses hormones and their effects on behavior. It defines hormones as chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and affect growth, metabolism, and other processes. There are two main classes of motivated behaviors - regulatory behaviors controlled by homeostasis and non-regulatory behaviors like sexual behavior that are not. Sex hormones have both organizational effects during development that shape the brain and activation effects in adulthood that influence behaviors like sexual motivation. Pheromones are similar to hormones but work outside the body to induce responses in other individuals.
Biochemistry of hormones
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This document discusses the classification of hormones according to different criteria:
1. According to mechanism of action, hormones are divided into two groups - group I hormones bind to intracellular receptors and group II bind to cell surface receptors and stimulate second messengers.
2. According to chemical nature, hormones are classified as steroid hormones, amine hormones, peptide hormones, protein hormones, glycoprotein hormones, and eicosanoids.
3. According to nature of action, hormones are either local or general. Local hormones have specific local effects, while general hormones are transported throughout the body.
4. According to effect, hormones are kinetic (cause effects like pigment migration), metabolic (regulate metabolism), or morphogenetic (
Kenyatta university thyroid hormone synthesis cat1 task
The document summarizes thyroid hormone synthesis. It discusses how iodine is transported into thyroid cells and used to iodinate tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin in the follicular lumen, catalyzed by thyroperoxidase. The iodinated tyrosines are then coupled to form the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Factors that control hormone synthesis like iodine availability and TSH are described. Disorders of thyroid hormone synthesis including iodine deficiency, Graves' disease, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are also summarized.
Hormones
This document discusses different types of glands and hormones. It describes endocrine glands, which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are chemical messengers that control and regulate certain cells and organs. The major types of hormones are amino acid derivatives, peptides, and steroids, which are classified based on their chemical structure and include hormones like epinephrine, insulin, estrogen and testosterone. The document also explains the mechanisms of hormone action, where hormones bind to specific cell receptors and trigger intracellular processes or gene expression that produce a physiological response.
Hormone
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands and circulate through the bloodstream to target distant organs to regulate physiological functions and behaviors. There are different types of hormones classified by their method of secretion and target tissues, including endocrine hormones from ductless glands, exocrine hormones transported through ducts, and neuroendocrine hormones secreted by neurons. Hormones can have synergistic, permissive, or antagonistic effects on their targets and each other.
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The document discusses the key functions and properties of hormones in the endocrine system. It describes how hormones regulate various bodily processes through negative feedback mechanisms. Hormones are transported through the bloodstream and interact with target tissues through membrane-bound or intracellular receptors to influence metabolic activities and tissue maturation. The endocrine system helps control important body functions such as growth, development, immune response, and reproductive functions.
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Steroid hormones are a class of organic compounds that include cholesterol, sex hormones like estradiol and testosterone, and anti-inflammatory drugs like dexamethasone. They have two main biological functions: as components of cell membranes to alter fluidity, and as signaling molecules that activate steroid hormone receptors. There are two main classes of steroid hormones - corticosteroids typically made in the adrenal cortex, and sex steroids typically made in the gonads or placenta. Steroid hormones help control metabolism, inflammation, immune functions, salt and water balance, and sexual development. They are synthesized from cholesterol and can pass through cell membranes to bind receptors and bring about changes in the cell. Steroid hormones are transported
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Hormones
The document summarizes key concepts about mammalian hormones. It lists the three major chemical groups that most hormones belong to: amines, peptides, and steroids. It explains that hormones can either promote or inhibit actions in target organs or many organs. Hormonal secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus and can occur in response to the presence of specific substances, other hormones, or nervous stimulation from the autonomic nervous system.
Hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted into the blood by endocrine glands and have profound effects on metabolic processes and cellular communication. They can be classified based on their chemical composition, location of receptors, or solubility. The major classes of hormones include steroids such as sex and adrenal hormones, peptides/proteins such as insulin and growth hormone, and amines such as epinephrine. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and include estrogens, androgens, progesterone, corticosteroids, and aldosterone. Peptide hormones include insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin which are secreted by the pancreas, as well as hormones from the pituitary, parathyroid,
Hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced in endocrine glands and secreted into the bloodstream to control metabolic and biological activities in target cells. They can be classified based on their chemical nature as amino acid derivatives, proteins/peptides, or steroids, and based on their mechanism of action as group I hormones that bind intracellular receptors or group II hormones that bind cell surface receptors and trigger secondary messengers. Key hormones include reproductive hormones like estrogen and testosterone; thyroid hormones; adrenal hormones like cortisol and aldosterone; calcium regulating hormones calcitriol, PTH, and calcitonin; and others. Abnormalities in hormone levels can lead to diseases and disorders.
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The document summarizes the thyroid gland and its hormones. It discusses that the thyroid gland produces three hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. T4 makes up 90% of hormone production while T3 is 9-10%. The hormones are synthesized from iodine and tyrosine, stored in thyroglobulin vesicles, and released into blood circulation via binding proteins. The hormones act to increase basal metabolic rate and stimulate growth, accelerating protein synthesis and mitochondrial activity in most tissues.
Thyroid Hormones Females
The thyroid gland secretes two main hormones: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). Their synthesis requires iodine and occurs through four steps: uptake of iodine, activation of iodine, iodination of tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin, and coupling of iodotyrosines. The hormones are stored, secreted into blood when stimulated by TSH, and transported bound to carrier proteins. They are degraded through deiodination and excretion in the bile and urine. T3 and T4 increase metabolic rate and oxygen consumption, promote protein synthesis, and regulate glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Hormones are chemical substances produced in one part of the body that travel through the bloodstream and cause changes to structures and functions in distant target organs. There are two main types of hormone receptors - cell surface receptors for water-soluble hormones that generate intracellular messengers, and intracellular receptors for lipid-soluble hormones that alter gene expression. Hormones regulate important bodily functions like growth, metabolism, mood, immune response, reproduction, and preparing the body for events like puberty or stress. The effects of hormones are controlled by their rates of secretion, transport, receptor levels in target tissues, and degradation.
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This document discusses the classification of hormones according to different criteria:
1. According to mechanism of action, hormones are divided into two groups - group I hormones bind to intracellular receptors and group II bind to cell surface receptors and stimulate second messengers.
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The document summarizes thyroid hormone synthesis. It discusses how iodine is transported into thyroid cells and used to iodinate tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin in the follicular lumen, catalyzed by thyroperoxidase. The iodinated tyrosines are then coupled to form the thyroid hormones T3 and T4. Factors that control hormone synthesis like iodine availability and TSH are described. Disorders of thyroid hormone synthesis including iodine deficiency, Graves' disease, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are also summarized.
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This document discusses different types of glands and hormones. It describes endocrine glands, which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. Hormones are chemical messengers that control and regulate certain cells and organs. The major types of hormones are amino acid derivatives, peptides, and steroids, which are classified based on their chemical structure and include hormones like epinephrine, insulin, estrogen and testosterone. The document also explains the mechanisms of hormone action, where hormones bind to specific cell receptors and trigger intracellular processes or gene expression that produce a physiological response.
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Steroid hormone
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Hormones
The document summarizes key concepts about mammalian hormones. It lists the three major chemical groups that most hormones belong to: amines, peptides, and steroids. It explains that hormones can either promote or inhibit actions in target organs or many organs. Hormonal secretion is controlled by the hypothalamus and can occur in response to the presence of specific substances, other hormones, or nervous stimulation from the autonomic nervous system.
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Hormones are chemical messengers that are secreted into the blood by endocrine glands and have profound effects on metabolic processes and cellular communication. They can be classified based on their chemical composition, location of receptors, or solubility. The major classes of hormones include steroids such as sex and adrenal hormones, peptides/proteins such as insulin and growth hormone, and amines such as epinephrine. Steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol and include estrogens, androgens, progesterone, corticosteroids, and aldosterone. Peptide hormones include insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin which are secreted by the pancreas, as well as hormones from the pituitary, parathyroid,
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Hormones are chemical messengers that are produced in endocrine glands and secreted into the bloodstream to control metabolic and biological activities in target cells. They can be classified based on their chemical nature as amino acid derivatives, proteins/peptides, or steroids, and based on their mechanism of action as group I hormones that bind intracellular receptors or group II hormones that bind cell surface receptors and trigger secondary messengers. Key hormones include reproductive hormones like estrogen and testosterone; thyroid hormones; adrenal hormones like cortisol and aldosterone; calcium regulating hormones calcitriol, PTH, and calcitonin; and others. Abnormalities in hormone levels can lead to diseases and disorders.
Hormnoes as mediator development
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Classification of hormones -4 Types)
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The document summarizes the structure and function of the thyroid gland. It discusses that the thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck and is butterfly shaped with two lobes connected by an isthmus. It produces important hormones like thyroxine and triiodothyronine which regulate metabolism. The thyroid takes up iodine and uses it to produce the hormones through a series of steps in a negative feedback loop involving the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hormones have wide-ranging effects on growth, development, and metabolic processes in nearly all tissues of the body. Diseases like hypothyroidism and Graves' disease can disrupt the thyroid's normal functioning.
Thyroid Hormone
The thyroid gland secretes three main hormones: thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin. T4 is secreted in the largest amount but T3 has higher biological activity. The thyroid regulates metabolism, growth, and development through a negative feedback loop with the pituitary gland and hypothalamus. Hypothyroidism can cause myxedema coma, a life-threatening condition treated with thyroid hormone replacement. Hyperthyroidism treatments include anti-thyroid drugs that block hormone synthesis or radioactive iodine that destroys the thyroid gland.
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The thyroid gland produces two main hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which increase the body's metabolic rate. The thyroid traps iodine from the blood and uses it to produce thyroglobulin, which contains the bound thyroid hormones T4 and T3. When secreted from the thyroid into the bloodstream, T4 and T3 bind to plasma proteins and are transported to tissues. They increase cellular metabolism by activating nuclear receptors and increasing mitochondrial activity and transport of ions through cell membranes. Overall, thyroid hormones increase the body's basal metabolic rate and stimulate growth, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, and the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and central nervous systems.
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The thyroid gland secretes two major hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T4 makes up 93% of secreted hormones but is converted to the more potent T3 in tissues. Thyroid hormones are synthesized through a process involving iodine uptake, binding of iodine to tyrosine residues on thyroglobulin molecules within thyroid follicles, and coupling of iodinated tyrosines to form T4 and T3. Hormones remain stored bound to thyroglobulin until secreted into blood, where they bind transport proteins and are released slowly to target tissues to increase metabolic rate by activating gene transcription.
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1. The document discusses thyroid hormones and anti-thyroid drugs. It covers the production and effects of thyroid hormones, diseases related to thyroid hormones like hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and therapeutic uses of thyroid drugs including levothyroxine and anti-thyroid drugs.
2. Common anti-thyroid drugs discussed are thioamides like propylthiouracil and methimazole which inhibit hormone synthesis, iodides which block hormone release, and radioactive iodine-131 which destroys thyroid tissue.
3. Adrenergic drugs like propranolol are also used as an adjuvant therapy to relieve symptoms of hyperthyroidism like tremors and palpit
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1. The document discusses thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland, and thyroid disease. It describes how the thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones like T3 and T4 which regulate metabolism.
2. Symptoms of thyroid disease include changes in heart rate, weight, and mood. Hypothyroidism is caused by insufficient hormone production while hyperthyroidism is caused by excessive hormones.
3. Thyroid disease is diagnosed through blood tests measuring TSH, T3, and T4 levels. Treatment for hypothyroidism involves thyroid hormone replacement medication while hyperthyroidism may be treated with anti-thyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, surgery, or beta blockers.
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Hormones thyroid and antithyroidal agents
- 1. Prof. Amol S. Dighe Hormones: Thyroid and antithyroidal agents
- 2. Hormones are classified generally 1- thyroid hormones 2- parathyroid hormones 3- pituitary hormones 4- Pancreatic hormones 5- Adrenal gland hormones 6- Sex hormones Thyroid hormones – All vertebrates have thyroid glands. It is not essential for life but it is necessary for growth and mental well being. In a healthy adult, it weight about 25 g and is composed of two lobes which lie one on either side of the larynx. It is longer in women then in men. At the posterior surface of each thyroid gland, can be seen the parathyroid gland. The hormone has molecular weight of about 680000 and it contains organically bound iodine. A large quantity of iodine (0.06%) is present in thyroid gland, almost all of which is firmly bound to protein largely in the form of the thyroid
- 3. On hydrolysis , thyroglobulin is converted to several iodinated tyroine derivatives. Thyroid hormones are part of thyroglobulin molecule which is formed in the microsomes of the follicular cells. Thyroxine and tri-iodotyrosine are the principal thyroid hormones. Chemically they are amino acid containing iodinated diphenyl ethers. tri-iodotyrosine is more active then Thyroxine These hormones necessary for 1- oxygen consumption, heat production and metabolism of carbohydrate, fats and proteins 2- proper functioning of gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular, reproductive, skeletal and neuromuscular system. 3- optimal functioning of catecholamine, antidiuretic hormones. 4- normal growth and differentiation.
- 5. Biosynthesis , storage and metabolism of thyroid hormones. The biosynthesis of thyroid hormones is regulated by variations in the plasma levels of thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) from the anterior pituitary gland. The conversion of inorganic iodide to thyroid hormones involves following steps- 1- iodine uptake by the gland 2- oxidation of iodine and iodination of tyrosyl groups 3- formation of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine from iodotyrosines 4- release of thyroxine and tri-iodothyronine.
- 7. SAR 1- the two phenyl rings must be connected by an ether, thioether or methylene linkage in order to maintain the activity. 2- a carboxyl group must be present in aliphatic side chain. 3- halogen and methylene substituent's may be placed at 3 and 5 position. 4- the 3 monosubstituted analogs are more active than the 3, 5 disubstituted compounds. 5- for maximal activity, position 4 should be occupied by a hydroxyl group
- 8. Antithyroid drugs These drug act by inhibition of the synthesis of thyroid hormones. They exert immediate effects since they act at the first stage of iodine incorporation by the gland. They are categorized as under 1) Thiomides 2) Aniline derivative 3) polyhydric phenols 4) ionic inhibitors that block the uptake of iodine by the gland 5) Miscellaneous agents. 1) Thiomides- thiourea and thiouracil derivative are among the primary drugs to treat thyroid hyperactivity.
- 9. The methyl and propylthiouracil are effective drug. Skin rashes are the most common side effects of these drugs.
- 10. 2)Aniline derivative- These agents interfere with some of the processes catalyzed by thyroid peroxidase like, iodide oxidation, organification and coupling of iodotyrosines.
- 11. 3) Polyhydric Phenols- The only clinical agents from this category is resorcinol. 4) Ionic inhibitors- These anions resemble iodide ions and affects the power of thyroid gland to accumulate iodide. e.g. Potassium perchlorate, thiocyanate. 5) miscellaneous agents- Lithium carbonate- lithium appears to prevent the release of both hormonal and non-hormonal iodine from the thyroid gland.