Here are the some basic introduction about hormones and some overview of Testosterone,progesterone and estrogen hormone..

1. WELCOME
H O R M O N E 1

2. GROUP- MEMBERS
H O R M O N E 2
ASH1703001M
ASH1703007M
ASH1703014M
BKH1703023F
MUH1703028F
ASH1703034M
BKH1703040F
ASH1703047M
BKH1703052F
ASH1603006M(RE-ADD)
ASH1603031M(RE-ADD)

3. Content
H O R M O N E 3
 INTRODUCTION
 General characteristics of
hormones are as follows
 PROPERTIES
 SOME STRUCTURE OF
HORMONE
 Classification of Hormones
 Function of Estrogen
 Function of PROGESTERON
 Function of TESTOSTERONE

4. about
INTRODUCTION
Hormone is a regulatory substance produced in an organism and
transported in tissue fluids such as blood to stimulate specific cells or
tissues into action.
4H O R M O N E
The first hormone was discovered by two English
physiologists, William M. Bayliss and Ernest H.
Starling in 1902.
The word hormone is derived from a Greek
word “Hormacin” which means to stimulate or
arouse

5. about
 .
INTRODUCTION
Hormones are used to communicate
between organs and tissues
for physiological regulation
and behavioral activities,such as
digestion, metabolism, respiration, tissue functio
n, Sensory,perception, sleep, excretion, lactation,
stress, growth and
development, movement, reproduction.
EX: Glucagon,Esstrogen,Insuline
5H O R M O N E
Thus, it is also called chemical
messenger
Hormones are produced by endocrine
glands such as the pancreas, pituitary
gland, adrenal gland, testes, ovary etc.

6. about
 Hormones are secreted by endocrine cells.
 Hormones are chemical messengers.
 The are chemical signals that circulate in the body fluids.
 Hormones, unlike enzymes do not catalyze any reaction.
 They are secreted only when needed, they are not stored prior to requirement.
 The secretion of hormones is regulated by the nervous system through the
feedback effect.
 Hormones usually cause long term effects like change in behavior, growth, etc.
 The hormones function is to stimulate or inhibit the target organs
General characteristics of hormones are as follows
6H O R M O N E

7. about
history
PROPERTIES
 Physical Properties
Hormones have low molecular weight so
hormones can easily pass out through the
capillaries.
Hormones are soluble in water, so hormones can
be easily transported with blood stream.
Hormones are poured into venous blood.
Whenever their function is over, hormones are
readily destroyed or inactivated or excreted.
Hormones are non antigenic.
Hormones are organic catalysts and act as
coenzymes of the other enzymes in the body.
Hormones always act in very low concentration.
7H O R M O N E

8. history
PROPERTIES
 Physical Properties
Many hormones are produced in an inactive form
called prohormone.
Secretion of the hormone is provoked in
response to a given situation and its action is
therefore, to fulfill a given task.
Hormonal activity is not related to heredity.
8H O R M O N E

9. history
PROPERTIES
 Chemical Properties
.
1.Steroid hormones : The hormones secreted by the testes,
adrenal cortex, placenta and ovaries are composed of steroids.
E.g. , testosterone, corticosterone, aldosterone, oestrogen and
progesterone
.
2.Proteinaceous hormones : Hormones secreted by anterior
lobe of the pituitary gland and hormones secreted by the
pancreas are composed of proteins.
.
9H O R M O N E

10. timeline
STRUCTURE
ORTICOSTERONE ALDOSTERONE
TRIIDOTHYRONINE SEROTONIN
10H O R M O N E

11. teams
CLASSIFICATION
 There are several categories of classification of hormones:
The categories are:-
1. According to Chemical structure;
2. On the basis of Mechanism of
Action;
3. According to Nature of Action ;
4. According to Effect;
5. On the basis of Stimulation of
Endocrine Glands;
6.According to solubility;
11H O R M O N E

12. teams
CLASSIFICATION
On the basis of Structural classifications there are four groupings:
12H O R M O N E

13. teams
CLASSIFICATION
13H O R M O N E
(a)Steroid Hormones:
These are made up of lipids, which basically derived from cholesterol.
E.g. Testosterone, Estrogen, Progesterone etc.
(b) Amine Hormones:
These hormones are made up of amines. Amine hormone is derivative of the
amino acid tyrosine.
E.g. T3, T4, epinephrine, norepinephrine.
(c) Peptide Hormones:
These hormones are made up of few amino acid residues only and present
as simple linear chain.
E.g. Oxytocin and vasopressin .
According to Chemical structure

14. teams
CLASSIFICATION
14H O R M O N E
(d) Protein Hormones:
These hormones are also made amino acid residues which are much more
in numbers.
E.g. Insulin, glucagon, STH etc.
(e) Glycoprotein Hormones:
These hormones are glycoprotein in nature.
E.g. LH, FSH, TSH etc.
(f) Eicosanoids Hormones:
The eicosanoids are small fatty acid derivatives with a variety of arachidonic
acid.
E.g. Prostaglandins.

15. teams
CLASSIFICATION
15H O R M O N E
On the basis of Mechanism of Action
(a)Group I hormones:
These hormones bind to intracellular receptors to form hormone-receptor
complexes (HRC), through which their biochemical functions are mediated.
E.g. Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone, T3, T4 etc.
b) Group II hormones:
These hormones bind to cell surface (plasma membrane) receptors and
stimulate the release of certain molecules, namely the second messengers
which in turn, perform the biochemical functions: E.g.
(i) The second messenger is cAMP. e.g. ACTH, FSH, LH etc.
(ii) The second messenger is phospholipid/inositol/Ca++.
e.g. TRH, GnRH, Gastrin etc.

16. teams
CLASSIFICATION
16H O R M O N E
According to Effect
(a)Kinetic Hormones:
These hormones may cause pigment migration, muscle contraction,
glandular secretion etc.
E.g. Epinephrine etc.
(b) Metabolic Hormones:
These hormones mainly changes the rate of metabolism and balance the
reaction.
E.g Insulin, Glucagon, PTH etc.
(c) Morphogenetic Hormones:
These hormones are involved in growth and differentiation.
E.g STH, LTH, FSH, Thyroid hormones etc.

17. teams
CLASSIFICATION
17H O R M O N E
According to Nature of Action
(a)Local Hormones:
These hormones have got specific local effects by paracrine secretion.
e.g. Testosterone.
(b) General Hormones:
These hormones are transported by circulation to the distal target
organ/tissue.
e.g. Insulin, Thyroid hormone etc.

18. teams
CLASSIFICATION
18H O R M O N E
 On the basis of Stimulation of Endocrine Glands
(a)Tropic Hormones:
These hormones stimulate other endocrine glands for secretion.
E.g. TSH of pituitary stimulates secretion of thyroid gland.
(b) Non-tropic Hormones:
These hormones exert their effect on non-endocrine target tissues.
E.g Thyroid hormone increases the O2 consumption rate and
metabolic activity of almost every cells.

19. teams
CLASSIFICATION
IPID SOLUBLE VS WATER SOLUBLE HORMONES
 Lipid soluble hormones are able to pass right through the
target cell’s membrane.
 They work by binding to receptors inside the cell. This binding
activates the hormone, which then binds to a portion
of DNA inside the cell’s nucleus.
 Binding to the DNA causes genes to turn enzyme activity on or
off, which alters the activity of the target cell.
 Steroid derived hormones are lipid soluble.
Lipid soluble hormones act directly on the cell.
Lipid Soluble Hormone:
19H O R M O N E

20. teams
CLASSIFICATION
IPID SOLUBLE VS WATER SOLUBLE HORMONES
 Unlike lipid soluble hormones, water soluble hormones have to
bind to receptors on the surface of the target cell.
 Once the hormone is bound to the receptor, enzyme activity inside
the cell is altered
 . Water soluble hormones include those that are derived from
amino acids and polypeptide hormones.
Water soluble hormone:
20H O R M O N E

21. teams
CLASSIFICATION
IPID SOLUBLE VS WATER SOLUBLE HORMONES
21H O R M O N E

22. V
Estrogens are present in significant amounts in both men and women. They
are present in significantly higher amounts in women after menarche.
Estrogen is responsible for development of the female body
and the secondary sexual characters
 Physical functions
 Estrogens and cancer
Estrogens help in the growth and maintenance of
hormone-sensitive breast cancers.
 Estrogen and development of the fetus
Estrogen helps in causing physical differentiation of the fetus
to either males or females as per their genetic code
FUNCTION OF ESTROGENS
22H O R M O N E

23. service
 Estrogen and heart disease
 Estrogen and skin
 Effects on various biochemical parameters
Estrogen deficiency increases the risk of heart disease.
Lack of estrogen is an impetus to atherosclerosis.
estrogens are important in the maintenance of human skin. They
improve collagen content and quality, increase skin thickness and
improve blood supply to the skin
Estrogens reduce bone resorption and increase bone
formation.Estrogens increase good cholesterol (HDL) and also
increase triglycerides. They decrease LDL and promote fat
deposition.
FUNCTION OF ESTROGENS
23H O R M O N E

24. service
FUNCTION OF ESTROGENS
24H O R M O N E

25.  FUNCTION OF THE PROGESTERON:
25H O R M O N E
 LIKELY EFFECTIVE FOR
 Miscarriage. .
 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
 Vaginal irritation (vulval lichen
sclerosis).

26.  FUNCTION OF THE PROGESTERON:
26H O R M O N E
 LIKELY EFFECTIVE FOR
o Abnormal thickening of the endometrium (endometrial hyperplasia).
o Breast pain (mastodynia). Some research suggests that applying
progesterone (Crinone) into the vagina seems to reduce breast pain
o Premature labor.

27.  FUNCTION OF THE PROGESTERON:
27H O R M O N E
 LIKELY EFFECTIVE FOR
o Absence of menstrual periods (amenorrhea). Taking progesterone by
mouth and applying progesterone gel into the vagina are effective for
treating absence of menstrual periods .
o Hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Micronized progesterone
(Prometrium) is FDA-approved for use with estrogen as a component
of HRT.
o Infertility.

28. FUNCTION OF THE PROGESTERON:
28H O R M O N E
 Depression after childbirth (postpartum).
 High blood pressure during pregnancy (pre-eclampsia).
 Injury due to brain trauma.
 Treating or preventing allergies affected by hormones.
 Decreased sex drive
 Preventing bone loss (osteoporosis).
 Fatigue.
 Headaches
Insufficient Evidence for

29. Testosterone is an important male hormone. Testosterone levels rise
during puberty,,and then level off. After age 30 or so, it’s normal for a
man’s testosterone levels to decrease slightly every year.
FUNCTION OF TESTOSTERONE
 Reproductive System
 About seven weeks after conception, testosterone begins helping
form male genitals
 At puberty, as testosterone production surges, the testicles and
penis grow.
 The testicles produce a steady stream of testosterone and make a
fresh supply of sperm every day.
29H O R M O N E

30. FUNCTION OF TESTOSTERONE
 Skin and Hair
 As a man transitions from childhood to adulthood,
testosterone spurs the growth of hair on the face, in the
armpits, and around the genitals.
 Hair also may grow on the arms, legs, and chest.
 Testosterone increases neurotransmitters, which
encourage tissue growth.
 It also interacts with nuclear receptors in DNA,
which causes protein synthesis
 Muscle, Fat, and Bone
 Testosterone increases levels of growth hormone.
30H O R M O N E

31. FUNCTION OF TESTOSTERONE
 During puberty, rising levels of testosterone encourage the
growth of the testicles, penis, and pubic hair
 . The voice begins to deepen, and muscles and body hair grow.
Along with these changes comes growing sexual desire.
 Sexuality
 Circulatory System
 Testosterone spurs the bone marrow to produce
red blood cells.
31H O R M O N E

32. FUNCTION OF TESTOSTERONE
32H O R M O N E

33. about
H O R M O N E
THANK YOU
KHOP KUN (THAI)
DANK JE(DUTCH)
OBRIGADO(PORTUGUESE)
TACK( SWEDISH)
CÁM ƠN(VIETNAMESE)
धन्यवाद
‫شكرا‬( šukran
ধন্যবাদ