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Ukraine was historically known as the "Breadbasket of Europe" and was an important agricultural producer for the Soviet Union in the early 20th century. However, in the 1930s, Joseph Stalin instituted policies of agricultural collectivization and quotas that led the Soviet Union to confiscate land from Ukrainian farmers and blockade cities, starving millions to death in what is known as the Holodomor famine. An estimated 4 million Ukrainian lives were lost during this period as Stalin sought to eliminate resistance from independent farmers.
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Collectivisation in the Soviet Union involved the forced consolidation of small farms into large collective farms with the goals of increasing agricultural output, tax collection, and freeing up farmers to work in cities. However, it faced resistance from wealthy farmers who refused to give up their land and crops. In response, Stalin had thousands killed or sent to labor camps, resulting in widespread riots, famine that killed over 10 million Ukrainians, and the replacement of horses with tractors too few in number. Ultimately, Stalin achieved his aims of centralized agricultural control and supply for his rapid industrialization plans.
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The document summarizes Stalin's rise to power in the Soviet Union following Lenin's death in 1924. It describes Stalin consolidating control of the Communist Party through a series of appointments starting in the 1910s. In the late 1920s, Stalin defeated the Left and Right Oppositions led by Trotsky and Bukharin to emerge as the undisputed leader. This allowed Stalin to launch collectivization of agriculture and rapid industrialization, which involved forced grain requisitions, violence against kulaks, famine, and mass mobilization of workers despite human costs. Stalin's consolidation of control marked a revolutionary period in the USSR.
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1) The First World War, which caused over 9 million deaths and weakened empires
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Collectivisation of Soviet agriculture in the late 1920s had several motivations according to the document. It would transform the Russian peasantry from a potentially anti-communist block to progress into supporters of communism. It also aimed to gain direct control over agricultural production to ensure stable food supplies for cities and surplus crops for export to earn foreign currency to modernize industry. Collectivisation further consolidated Stalin's power over his rivals in the Politburo and aimed to demonstrate the superiority of communism over capitalism to the world.
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This document discusses how the Soviet Union motivated workers during industrialization under communism. Positive motivation included inspiring workers with ideas of building a better socialist society through sacrifice. Workers who exceeded quotas, like Alexei Stakhanov, became celebrated role models who received benefits. However, workers also faced negative motivation through punishment for absences like fines or imprisonment. Movement was also restricted and some workers toiled under forced labor or risked being labeled saboteurs if production targets were not met. Propaganda promoted the communist system's benefits over capitalism.
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The document summarizes the decline of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. It describes Mikhail Gorbachev's reforms of perestroika and glasnost in the Soviet Union in the 1980s. It also discusses the rise of the Solidarity movement in Poland led by Lech Wałęsa and the non-violent revolutions that swept across Eastern Europe in 1989, ultimately leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
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Holodomor pp
- 3. Ukraine’s Importance • The “Breadbasket of Europe” Produced 25% of the food for the old Soviet Union 1 out of every 4 workers today is involved in farming • Natural resources – oil, natural gas, pipeline through the country • Access to the Black Sea
- 7. Facts 1924 - Joseph Stalin comes to power 1928 – Stalin introduces agricultural collectivization 1928 – Ukrainian farmers refuse The Soviet Union calls these farmers “kurkuls”
- 8. Facts 1930 – The Soviet Union claims the lands of the kurkuls by military force Farmers are shipped “out” 1932 – 1933 – The Soviet Union: 1. Instills agricultural quotas 2. Blockades cities 3. Begins to “starve out” farmers
- 9. Death Rate 30,000 people a day 1/3 of those killed were children under age ten. A total of 4 million lives
- 10. Readings Question #1 In your opinion, which instance represents the despair of the Ukrainian people the most? Question #2 In your opinion, how could events like this happen without other countries intervening to stop them?
- 11. Discussion