The document discusses Russia's transition from War Communism to the New Economic Policy in the early 1920s. It describes how War Communism led to food shortages, famine, and the 1921 Kronstadt Rebellion. In response, Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy, which allowed private farming and free trade. The NEP helped increase food and industrial production by 1925.

1. The Kremlin “ Fortress”

2. Red Square

3. Lenin’s Tomb

4. New Economic Policy (1921-1928) “ One step backwards…”

5. War Communism Russian Civil War (1918-1921) All factories nationalized (with more than 10 workers) Collectivization of agriculture No private trading Strict rationing of food Successes Kept the Red Army supplied with food and weapons The Red Army won the war and the Bolsheviks survived Failures By 1921, industrial output was 1/5 of 1913 In 1919, the peasants started to sow less grain and breed fewer animals 1920 Food Shortage 1921 Famine 7 million deaths 1918-1921 Disease, starvation, and war = 20 million deaths

6. The Kronstadt Rebellion March 1921 Revolt of 10,000 sailors at Kronstadt, a naval base near Petrograd Prepared to attack Petrograd Trotsky and 60,000 Red Army troops put down the rebellion The sailors that survived were later shot by the Cheka Nikolai Bukharin: “Now the Republic hangs by a hair.” (March 1921)

7. New Economic Policy (NEP) March 1921 Lenin introduces his NEP Peasants can sell surplus food for profit Peasants who increased food production would pay less tax De-nationalization of factories with less than 20 workers State, for example, retains nationalization of… Heavy industry Banking Trasportation 75% of retail trade to private hands

8. Results of the NEP By 1925, the NEP had begun to work Food and industrial production had increased dramatically Kulaks 1913 1922 1925 Grain harvest (millions of tonnes) 80.1 50.3 72.5 Cattle (millions) 58.9 45.8 62.1 Pigs (millions) 20.3 12 21.8 Coal (millions of tonnes) 29 9.5 18.1 Iron (millions of tonnes) 4.2 0.1 1.5

9. The 1923 Constitution Russia was a “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics” Russia Byelorussia The Ukraine The Caucusus Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan National government in Moscow Armed forces Industry Communications Secret Police (Cheka) The Republics Public health Welfare Education 1923: This flag lasted 4 months 1923-1980 1980-1991