Favorskii rearrangement is one the important reactions in organic chemistry. Let us have some prior understanding of its mechanism and its applications.
The Favorskii rearrangement is a rearrangement of cyclopropanones and α-halo ketones that leads to carboxylic acids or their derivatives. It involves the formation of an enolate away from the halogen that cyclizes to a cyclopropanone intermediate, which is then attacked by a nucleophile like hydroxide or an alkoxide base to yield an acid, ester, or amide through ring contraction. The reaction is useful for preparing carboxylic acids, esters, and amides.
This document summarizes various types of rearrangement reactions in organic chemistry. It describes 15 categories of rearrangements including rearrangements to electron deficient carbons, nitrogens, and oxygens. For each category, 1-2 specific rearrangements are explained in more detail, including their mechanisms. Rearrangements discussed include the Wagner-Meerwein, Pinacol, Benzilic acid, Hofmann, Curtius, Lossen, Beckmann, Baeyer-Villiger, Stevens, Sommelet-Hauser, Wittig, Favorskii, Benzidine, Fries, and Claisen rearrangements. The document was prepared by a student as part of their coursework to provide an overview of
Synthetic Reagents & Applications in Organic ChemistryAjay Kumar
This document discusses 12 synthetic reagents and their applications in organic chemistry. It describes the preparation, structure, and common uses of each reagent which include aluminium isopropoxide, N-bromosuccinimide, diazomethane, dicyclohexyl-carbodimide, Wilkinson reagent, Wittig reagent, osmium tetroxide, titanium chloride, diazopropane, diethyl azodicarboxylate, triphenylphosphine, and benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethyl-amino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. These reagents are used for transformations like oxidation, reduction, bromination,
SMILES REARRANGEMENT [REACTION AND MECHANISM]Shikha Popali
The Smiles rearrangement is an intramolecular aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction. It involves the migration of a substituent X from one carbon of an aromatic ring to another, with an aromatic substituent Y acting as the nucleophile. A specific example provided is the migration of an SO2Ar group to the ortho position of an ArO- nucleophile, activated by an adjacent nitro group. The X group is usually S, SO, or SO2, while the Y nucleophile is typically the conjugate base of OH, NH2, NHR or SH, though even CH2 has been used.
The Birch reduction is a reaction where aromatic compounds undergo partial reduction to unconjugated cyclohexadiene compounds in the presence of alkali metals like sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The solvated electrons from the reaction of the metal with liquid ammonia give the solution an intense blue color. The mechanism begins with single electron transfer from the metal to the aromatic ring, forming a radical anion. Regioselectivity in the reduction depends on whether substituents on the aromatic ring are electron donating groups or electron withdrawing groups. The Birch reduction can selectively reduce the less electron-rich ring in bicyclic aromatic compounds.
This document provides an overview of reduction reactions in organic chemistry. It discusses various types of reduction reactions including catalytic hydrogenation, hydride transfer reactions using reagents like LiAlH4 and NaBH4, dissolving metal reductions, and others. Specific metal hydride reductions using boron and aluminum reagents like sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, and diisobutylaluminum hydride are explained in detail including their mechanisms and selectivity. Diimide reduction is also briefly covered. The document concludes with a bibliography of reference books on organic reaction mechanisms.
Favorskii rearrangement is one the important reactions in organic chemistry. Let us have some prior understanding of its mechanism and its applications.
The Favorskii rearrangement is a rearrangement of cyclopropanones and α-halo ketones that leads to carboxylic acids or their derivatives. It involves the formation of an enolate away from the halogen that cyclizes to a cyclopropanone intermediate, which is then attacked by a nucleophile like hydroxide or an alkoxide base to yield an acid, ester, or amide through ring contraction. The reaction is useful for preparing carboxylic acids, esters, and amides.
This document summarizes various types of rearrangement reactions in organic chemistry. It describes 15 categories of rearrangements including rearrangements to electron deficient carbons, nitrogens, and oxygens. For each category, 1-2 specific rearrangements are explained in more detail, including their mechanisms. Rearrangements discussed include the Wagner-Meerwein, Pinacol, Benzilic acid, Hofmann, Curtius, Lossen, Beckmann, Baeyer-Villiger, Stevens, Sommelet-Hauser, Wittig, Favorskii, Benzidine, Fries, and Claisen rearrangements. The document was prepared by a student as part of their coursework to provide an overview of
Synthetic Reagents & Applications in Organic ChemistryAjay Kumar
This document discusses 12 synthetic reagents and their applications in organic chemistry. It describes the preparation, structure, and common uses of each reagent which include aluminium isopropoxide, N-bromosuccinimide, diazomethane, dicyclohexyl-carbodimide, Wilkinson reagent, Wittig reagent, osmium tetroxide, titanium chloride, diazopropane, diethyl azodicarboxylate, triphenylphosphine, and benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethyl-amino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate. These reagents are used for transformations like oxidation, reduction, bromination,
SMILES REARRANGEMENT [REACTION AND MECHANISM]Shikha Popali
The Smiles rearrangement is an intramolecular aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction. It involves the migration of a substituent X from one carbon of an aromatic ring to another, with an aromatic substituent Y acting as the nucleophile. A specific example provided is the migration of an SO2Ar group to the ortho position of an ArO- nucleophile, activated by an adjacent nitro group. The X group is usually S, SO, or SO2, while the Y nucleophile is typically the conjugate base of OH, NH2, NHR or SH, though even CH2 has been used.
The Birch reduction is a reaction where aromatic compounds undergo partial reduction to unconjugated cyclohexadiene compounds in the presence of alkali metals like sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The solvated electrons from the reaction of the metal with liquid ammonia give the solution an intense blue color. The mechanism begins with single electron transfer from the metal to the aromatic ring, forming a radical anion. Regioselectivity in the reduction depends on whether substituents on the aromatic ring are electron donating groups or electron withdrawing groups. The Birch reduction can selectively reduce the less electron-rich ring in bicyclic aromatic compounds.
This document provides an overview of reduction reactions in organic chemistry. It discusses various types of reduction reactions including catalytic hydrogenation, hydride transfer reactions using reagents like LiAlH4 and NaBH4, dissolving metal reductions, and others. Specific metal hydride reductions using boron and aluminum reagents like sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, and diisobutylaluminum hydride are explained in detail including their mechanisms and selectivity. Diimide reduction is also briefly covered. The document concludes with a bibliography of reference books on organic reaction mechanisms.
The Beckmann rearrangement is an acid-catalyzed reaction that converts ketoximes to amides. It was discovered by German chemist Ernst Otto Beckmann in the late 19th century. This rearrangement can occur in both cyclic and acyclic compounds, converting ketoximes to lactams or amides, respectively. Common reagents used to catalyze the Beckmann rearrangement include concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and phosphorus pentachloride. The reaction proceeds through the formation of a nitrilium ion intermediate followed by hydrolysis to form the final amide product. The Beckmann rearrangement has applications in synthesizing drugs like paracetamol and polymers like nylon.
The document summarizes the pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement, which involves the conversion of a vicinal diol to a ketone or aldehyde in the presence of an acid. It was first described by German chemist William Rudolph Fittig in 1860. A key example is the conversion of pinacol to pinacolone using sulfuric acid. The reaction proceeds through protonation, dehydration, rearrangement, and dehydrogenation steps. The migratory aptitude is influenced by electronic effects and stability of the carbocation intermediate. The rearrangement has applications in synthesizing carbonyl compounds, cyclic ketones, spiro-compounds, and supports ring expansions and contractions.
The Ullmann reaction involves the condensation of aryl halides in the presence of finely divided copper or copper bronze at an elevated temperature to form diaryl derivatives. Two proposed mechanisms are the free radical mechanism, where copper generates an aryl radical, and the ionic mechanism, where an organocuprate intermediate is formed. The Ullmann reaction is useful for synthesizing biaryls, polyaryls, diaryl amines, diaryl ethers, and gossypol.
IMPORTANT NAMED REACTIONS in Organic synthesis with Introduction, General Mechanism, and their synthetic application covering more than 20 named reactions in it.
The Perkin reaction is an organic reaction that produces α,β-unsaturated aromatic acids by condensing an aromatic aldehyde with an aliphatic acid anhydride in the presence of a weak base. The reaction was first discovered by William Henry Perkin in 1868. It involves the removal of water through condensation and produces the desired unsaturated carboxylic acid. Some examples of the Perkin reaction include converting furfural to furylacrylic acid, forming coumaric acid from salicylaldehyde which can then be dehydrated to coumarin, and synthesizing the phytoestrogenic compound resveratrol.
Synthetic reagent and applications OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDEShikha Popali
SYNTHETIC REAGENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDE ITS ALTERNATIVE NAMES AND ITS PHYSICAL PROPERTIRS , HANDLING, STORAGE, PRECAUTIONS, PREPARATIONS, SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS
The Mannich reaction involves the condensation of an enolizable carbonyl compound, an amine or ammonia, and formaldehyde to form an aminomethyl derivative known as a Mannich base. Ketones are most commonly used as the carbonyl compound. The reaction proceeds via the generation of an imine intermediate from the carbonyl compound and amine, which then reacts with formaldehyde to form the Mannich base. Mannich bases have applications in synthesizing natural products like alkaloids and building ring systems.
This document discusses the Shapiro reaction, which was discovered by Robert H. Shapiro in 1967. The reaction involves converting aryl sulfonyl hydrazones of aldehydes and ketones into olefins using alkyl lithium reagents, grignard reagents, or alkali metal amides at -78°C. The reaction mechanism proceeds through deprotonation, elimination, and loss of nitrogen to form alkenyl intermediates. The Shapiro reaction has been used in the total synthesis of natural products like phytocassane D and in the formation of ring B in the Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis.
The Schmidt reaction involves reacting an azide with a carbonyl compound like an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid under acidic conditions. This results in the formation of an amine or amide with the expulsion of nitrogen. The reaction was first reported in 1924 by Karl Friedrich Schmidt and involves the migration of a carbonyl substituent to the nitrogen atom of the azide. The Schmidt reaction is useful for synthesizing natural products and can be made enantioselective. Problems include site selectivity and potential tetrazole side product formation, though reaction conditions can be adjusted to control these issues.
The Mannich reaction involves the condensation of an enolizable carbonyl compound, an aldehyde such as formaldehyde, and an amine to form a β-amino carbonyl compound known as a Mannich base. The reaction proceeds via the initial addition of the amine to the aldehyde to form an iminium ion intermediate, which then reacts with the enol form of the carbonyl compound to eliminate a proton and form the Mannich base product. While versatile building blocks in organic synthesis, the Mannich reaction has limitations in terms of substrate scope and control of regio- and stereoselectivity. Examples of applications include the synthesis of tropinone, a precursor of atropine, as well
Aluminium isopropoxide is a white solid that is widely used as a catalyst and reducing agent. It has the molecular formula Al(O-i-Pr)3 and is more soluble in benzene than alcohol. Aluminium isopropoxide is prepared through a reaction of isopropyl alcohol and an aluminium salt. It is used in various reactions like the Meerwein-Pondorf-Verley reduction and Oppenauer oxidation.
The document summarizes the Wolff rearrangement reaction, which was discovered by German chemist Ludwig Wolff in 1902. The Wolff rearrangement involves the conversion of an α-diazocarbonyl compound into a ketene through loss of dinitrogen with an accompanying 1,2-rearrangement. This yields a ketene intermediate that can undergo nucleophilic attack or [2+2] cycloaddition reactions. The reaction proceeds through either a concerted or stepwise carbene-mediated mechanism. The Wolff rearrangement has synthetic utility but also limitations due to the reactivity of α-diazocarbonyl compounds.
The Curtius rearrangement is a reaction where a carboxylic acid is converted to an isocyanate through an acyl azide intermediate. The isocyanate then undergoes further reactions to form other products. Theodor Curtius discovered this reaction in the late 19th century. It has since been used in the synthesis of important compounds like the antiviral drug oseltamivir and the natural product dievodiamine. The reaction can proceed through thermal or photochemical decomposition of the acyl azide.
molecular rearrangement introduction which includes nucleophilic, electrophilic, and free radical rearrangement. and mechanism, applications of favorskki and benzil benzilic acid rearrangement.
The Wittig reaction converts aldehydes and ketones to alkenes using phosphorous ylides. A ylide is a molecule with adjacent opposite charges that is prepared from alkyl halides and triphenylphosphene. The ylide attacks the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde or ketone to form a betaine intermediate. Betaine then eliminates triphenylphosphine oxide to generate the alkene product. For example, acetone reacts with a ylide to form 2-methylpropene.
This document presents information about the Perkin reaction, which was discovered in the 19th century by English chemist William Henry Perkin. The Perkin reaction is an aldol condensation that converts an aromatic aldehyde and an acid anhydride to an alpha beta unsaturated cinnamic acid. It involves a four step mechanism - abstraction of alpha hydrogen from the acid anhydride, attack of the carbanion on the carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde, an intramolecular acetyl shift, and loss of the acetate ion to form the unsaturated carboxylic acid product. The Perkin reaction is used to synthesize cinnamic acids, phytoestrogens, stilbenes, and resver
This document summarizes four organic reactions:
1. The Mitsunoba reaction converts alcohols to esters, acids, or ethers using triphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate. It proceeds through an oxyphosphonium ion intermediate and inversion of stereochemistry.
2. The Mannich reaction aminomethylates carbonyl compounds with formaldehyde and a primary or secondary amine to form beta-amino carbonyl compounds. It involves initial formation of an iminium ion.
3. The Vilsmeier-Haack reaction uses phosphorus oxychloride to convert substituted amides to chloroiminium ions which react with arenes to form aromatic al
Nitrenes are nitrogen analogues of carbenes that contain no charge and are highly reactive and electrophilic. They exist in both singlet and triplet states, with the triplet state being more stable due to the presence of unpaired electrons. Nitrenes can be generated from acyl and alkyl azides, from sulphinylamine, or through insertion reactions. Important reactions involving nitrenes include the Beckmann rearrangement, Hofmann bromamide reaction, Curtius rearrangement, Lossen rearrangement, and Schmidt rearrangement.
The document defines the equilibrium constant and how it is calculated from the concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium. Specifically:
- The equilibrium constant (Kc) is calculated by multiplying the equilibrium concentrations of products, each raised to their coefficient, and dividing by the equilibrium concentrations of reactants each raised to their coefficient.
- This is demonstrated using the example reaction N2 + 3H2 ⇋ 2NH3, where Kc = [NH3]2 / [N2][H2]3.
- The value of the equilibrium constant is temperature dependent and has the same value for a given reaction at a set temperature.
Agarose gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments by size. DNA has a negative charge and will migrate toward the positive electrode in an agarose gel, allowing DNA fragments of different sizes to be separated. Key aspects of agarose gel electrophoresis include using an agarose gel made from seaweed extract, loading DNA samples into the gel wells, running a current through the gel to separate the DNA by size, and staining the gel with a dye like ethidium bromide to visualize the DNA fragments under UV light.
The Beckmann rearrangement is an acid-catalyzed reaction that converts ketoximes to amides. It was discovered by German chemist Ernst Otto Beckmann in the late 19th century. This rearrangement can occur in both cyclic and acyclic compounds, converting ketoximes to lactams or amides, respectively. Common reagents used to catalyze the Beckmann rearrangement include concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and phosphorus pentachloride. The reaction proceeds through the formation of a nitrilium ion intermediate followed by hydrolysis to form the final amide product. The Beckmann rearrangement has applications in synthesizing drugs like paracetamol and polymers like nylon.
The document summarizes the pinacol-pinacolone rearrangement, which involves the conversion of a vicinal diol to a ketone or aldehyde in the presence of an acid. It was first described by German chemist William Rudolph Fittig in 1860. A key example is the conversion of pinacol to pinacolone using sulfuric acid. The reaction proceeds through protonation, dehydration, rearrangement, and dehydrogenation steps. The migratory aptitude is influenced by electronic effects and stability of the carbocation intermediate. The rearrangement has applications in synthesizing carbonyl compounds, cyclic ketones, spiro-compounds, and supports ring expansions and contractions.
The Ullmann reaction involves the condensation of aryl halides in the presence of finely divided copper or copper bronze at an elevated temperature to form diaryl derivatives. Two proposed mechanisms are the free radical mechanism, where copper generates an aryl radical, and the ionic mechanism, where an organocuprate intermediate is formed. The Ullmann reaction is useful for synthesizing biaryls, polyaryls, diaryl amines, diaryl ethers, and gossypol.
IMPORTANT NAMED REACTIONS in Organic synthesis with Introduction, General Mechanism, and their synthetic application covering more than 20 named reactions in it.
The Perkin reaction is an organic reaction that produces α,β-unsaturated aromatic acids by condensing an aromatic aldehyde with an aliphatic acid anhydride in the presence of a weak base. The reaction was first discovered by William Henry Perkin in 1868. It involves the removal of water through condensation and produces the desired unsaturated carboxylic acid. Some examples of the Perkin reaction include converting furfural to furylacrylic acid, forming coumaric acid from salicylaldehyde which can then be dehydrated to coumarin, and synthesizing the phytoestrogenic compound resveratrol.
Synthetic reagent and applications OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDEShikha Popali
SYNTHETIC REAGENTS AND APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINIUM ISOPROPOXIDE ITS ALTERNATIVE NAMES AND ITS PHYSICAL PROPERTIRS , HANDLING, STORAGE, PRECAUTIONS, PREPARATIONS, SYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS
The Mannich reaction involves the condensation of an enolizable carbonyl compound, an amine or ammonia, and formaldehyde to form an aminomethyl derivative known as a Mannich base. Ketones are most commonly used as the carbonyl compound. The reaction proceeds via the generation of an imine intermediate from the carbonyl compound and amine, which then reacts with formaldehyde to form the Mannich base. Mannich bases have applications in synthesizing natural products like alkaloids and building ring systems.
This document discusses the Shapiro reaction, which was discovered by Robert H. Shapiro in 1967. The reaction involves converting aryl sulfonyl hydrazones of aldehydes and ketones into olefins using alkyl lithium reagents, grignard reagents, or alkali metal amides at -78°C. The reaction mechanism proceeds through deprotonation, elimination, and loss of nitrogen to form alkenyl intermediates. The Shapiro reaction has been used in the total synthesis of natural products like phytocassane D and in the formation of ring B in the Nicolaou Taxol total synthesis.
The Schmidt reaction involves reacting an azide with a carbonyl compound like an aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid under acidic conditions. This results in the formation of an amine or amide with the expulsion of nitrogen. The reaction was first reported in 1924 by Karl Friedrich Schmidt and involves the migration of a carbonyl substituent to the nitrogen atom of the azide. The Schmidt reaction is useful for synthesizing natural products and can be made enantioselective. Problems include site selectivity and potential tetrazole side product formation, though reaction conditions can be adjusted to control these issues.
The Mannich reaction involves the condensation of an enolizable carbonyl compound, an aldehyde such as formaldehyde, and an amine to form a β-amino carbonyl compound known as a Mannich base. The reaction proceeds via the initial addition of the amine to the aldehyde to form an iminium ion intermediate, which then reacts with the enol form of the carbonyl compound to eliminate a proton and form the Mannich base product. While versatile building blocks in organic synthesis, the Mannich reaction has limitations in terms of substrate scope and control of regio- and stereoselectivity. Examples of applications include the synthesis of tropinone, a precursor of atropine, as well
Aluminium isopropoxide is a white solid that is widely used as a catalyst and reducing agent. It has the molecular formula Al(O-i-Pr)3 and is more soluble in benzene than alcohol. Aluminium isopropoxide is prepared through a reaction of isopropyl alcohol and an aluminium salt. It is used in various reactions like the Meerwein-Pondorf-Verley reduction and Oppenauer oxidation.
The document summarizes the Wolff rearrangement reaction, which was discovered by German chemist Ludwig Wolff in 1902. The Wolff rearrangement involves the conversion of an α-diazocarbonyl compound into a ketene through loss of dinitrogen with an accompanying 1,2-rearrangement. This yields a ketene intermediate that can undergo nucleophilic attack or [2+2] cycloaddition reactions. The reaction proceeds through either a concerted or stepwise carbene-mediated mechanism. The Wolff rearrangement has synthetic utility but also limitations due to the reactivity of α-diazocarbonyl compounds.
The Curtius rearrangement is a reaction where a carboxylic acid is converted to an isocyanate through an acyl azide intermediate. The isocyanate then undergoes further reactions to form other products. Theodor Curtius discovered this reaction in the late 19th century. It has since been used in the synthesis of important compounds like the antiviral drug oseltamivir and the natural product dievodiamine. The reaction can proceed through thermal or photochemical decomposition of the acyl azide.
molecular rearrangement introduction which includes nucleophilic, electrophilic, and free radical rearrangement. and mechanism, applications of favorskki and benzil benzilic acid rearrangement.
The Wittig reaction converts aldehydes and ketones to alkenes using phosphorous ylides. A ylide is a molecule with adjacent opposite charges that is prepared from alkyl halides and triphenylphosphene. The ylide attacks the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde or ketone to form a betaine intermediate. Betaine then eliminates triphenylphosphine oxide to generate the alkene product. For example, acetone reacts with a ylide to form 2-methylpropene.
This document presents information about the Perkin reaction, which was discovered in the 19th century by English chemist William Henry Perkin. The Perkin reaction is an aldol condensation that converts an aromatic aldehyde and an acid anhydride to an alpha beta unsaturated cinnamic acid. It involves a four step mechanism - abstraction of alpha hydrogen from the acid anhydride, attack of the carbanion on the carbonyl carbon of benzaldehyde, an intramolecular acetyl shift, and loss of the acetate ion to form the unsaturated carboxylic acid product. The Perkin reaction is used to synthesize cinnamic acids, phytoestrogens, stilbenes, and resver
This document summarizes four organic reactions:
1. The Mitsunoba reaction converts alcohols to esters, acids, or ethers using triphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate. It proceeds through an oxyphosphonium ion intermediate and inversion of stereochemistry.
2. The Mannich reaction aminomethylates carbonyl compounds with formaldehyde and a primary or secondary amine to form beta-amino carbonyl compounds. It involves initial formation of an iminium ion.
3. The Vilsmeier-Haack reaction uses phosphorus oxychloride to convert substituted amides to chloroiminium ions which react with arenes to form aromatic al
Nitrenes are nitrogen analogues of carbenes that contain no charge and are highly reactive and electrophilic. They exist in both singlet and triplet states, with the triplet state being more stable due to the presence of unpaired electrons. Nitrenes can be generated from acyl and alkyl azides, from sulphinylamine, or through insertion reactions. Important reactions involving nitrenes include the Beckmann rearrangement, Hofmann bromamide reaction, Curtius rearrangement, Lossen rearrangement, and Schmidt rearrangement.
The document defines the equilibrium constant and how it is calculated from the concentrations of reactants and products at equilibrium. Specifically:
- The equilibrium constant (Kc) is calculated by multiplying the equilibrium concentrations of products, each raised to their coefficient, and dividing by the equilibrium concentrations of reactants each raised to their coefficient.
- This is demonstrated using the example reaction N2 + 3H2 ⇋ 2NH3, where Kc = [NH3]2 / [N2][H2]3.
- The value of the equilibrium constant is temperature dependent and has the same value for a given reaction at a set temperature.
Agarose gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments by size. DNA has a negative charge and will migrate toward the positive electrode in an agarose gel, allowing DNA fragments of different sizes to be separated. Key aspects of agarose gel electrophoresis include using an agarose gel made from seaweed extract, loading DNA samples into the gel wells, running a current through the gel to separate the DNA by size, and staining the gel with a dye like ethidium bromide to visualize the DNA fragments under UV light.
The document summarizes the trees and plants studied on a campus tour of the FC College Botanical Garden. It lists the trees and plants observed, including Syzigium cumini, Murraya paniculata, Mango, Neem, Olive, Ficus religiosa, Ficus elastica, Bombax ceiba, Dalbergia sissoo, Prosopis (Jand), Bottle Brush, Bismarckia, Manilkara zapota, azedarach, and Eucalyptus. It also notes the diversity of leaves observed and categories of plants like hydrophytes, xerophytes, and mentions Hydrilla, Lotus, Euphorbia and
This document discusses hydrazones, which are compounds formed from the condensation of a carbonyl group with a hydrazine. Hydrazones can undergo isomerization when reacted with electrophiles due to acidic hydrogens. They have a variety of biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, antimalarial, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumoral properties. The document thanks the reader.
This document defines and explains various measures of central tendency and dispersion. It discusses the mean, median, mode, range, variance, and standard deviation as measures of central tendency and dispersion. It also provides the formulas to calculate the arithmetic mean, harmonic mean, geometric mean, variance, and standard deviation. Additionally, it demonstrates how to identify outliers in a data set using the lower and upper fences.
Nucleophiles are negatively charged ions or molecules that donate an electron pair to form a new bond. Nucleophilicity refers to how readily a nucleophile can attack an electron deficient atom in a reaction like SN2. The strength of a nucleophile depends on factors like its charge, polarity, and steric hindrance. In polar protic solvents, nucleophilicity is determined more by polarity, while in polar aprotic solvents basicity is more important. Steric effects also influence nucleophilicity, as bulkier nucleophiles have more difficulty approaching the reaction site.
These slides include Hell-Volhard-Zelinski reaction introduction and mechanism. The mechanism is full of animation but SlideShare does not allow it. If you need this presentation, contact me.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. August Wilhelm von
Hofmann
• Born in Germany (1818-1892)
• Law Chemistry
• German chemical society
• German dyes industry
• Royal college of chemistry in London
• University of Berlin
• Married four times
• He had 11 children.
3. Introduction
• Amides with no substituent on the nitrogen react with solutions of
bromine or chlorine in sodium hydroxide to yield amines through a
reaction known as the Hofmann rearrangement or Hofmann
degradation.
8. Support for the mechanism
• Intermediates have been isolated.
(N-haloamide ,Isocyanate etc.)
These intermediates Yield the product of Hofmann
degradation.