This document summarizes the five generations of computers from the 1940s to present. The first generation used vacuum tubes, magnetic drums for memory, and punched cards for input/output. The second generation replaced vacuum tubes with transistors. The third generation saw the development of integrated circuits, allowing for interaction through keyboards and monitors. The fourth generation was defined by advances like the microchip and home computers. Current computers are considered fifth generation, pursuing artificial intelligence through technologies like parallel processing and voice recognition. Each generation brought improvements in size, cost, speed, and capabilities.

1. Hi everyone!!!!!!

2. Historyof computers
PRESENTED BY..,
VEEN RAJ

3. Abstract:
₮The Computer-Intro
₮Generations of Computer
₮First generation
₮Second generation
₮Third generation
₮Fourth generation
₮Fifth generation
₮Features of computer
₮Conclusion

4. The Computer-Intro
"Computer" was originally a job title: it was used
to describe those human beings.
A computer is a device that can be instructed to
carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic or logical
operations automatically.
Now we are going to see about the history of
computers.

5. The Generations Of Computer
The computers were categorized by the age of
inventions.
As they are invented and also the UI and specification.
There are till now “FIVE” generations of computers
avail.

6. First generation:
1940 – 1956
These early computers used vacuum tubes as
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory.
 Input was based on punched cards and paper
tape. Output came out on print-outs.
Eg. UNIVAC and ENIAC.

8. Characteristics:
they were enormous, literally taking up entire rooms and costing a
fortune to run.
These were inefficient materials which generated a lot of heat.
 sucked huge electricity and subsequently generated a lot of heat
which caused ongoing breakdowns.

9. Second generation:
1956 – 1963
The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors saw the advent of the
second generation of computer.
The language evolved from cryptic binary language to symbolic
(‘assembly’) languages.
They still relied on punched card for input/printouts.
Eg. IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 650

11. Characteristics:
They were a big improvement over the vacuum tube, despite still subjecting
computers to damaging levels of heat.
However they were hugely superior to the vacuum tubes.
making computers smaller, faster, cheaper and less heavy on electricity use.

12. Third generation:
1964 – 1971=>> IC
 transistors were now being miniaturized and put on silicon
chips (called semiconductors).
 This led to a massive increase in speed and efficiency of these
machines.
 These were the first computers where users interacted using
keyboards and monitors.
Eg.PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900, IBM 360

14. Characteristics:
This enabled these machines to run several applications at once using a
central program which functioned to monitor memory.
cheaper and smaller, a new mass market of users emerged during the
‘60s.
 They were fast and more reliable.

15. Fourth generation:
1972 – 2010: Fourth Generation
This revolution can be summed in one word: Intel.
What filled a room in the 1940s now fit in the palm of the
hand.
The year 1981 saw the first ever computer (IBM) specifically
designed for home use and 1984 saw the Macintosh
introduced by Apple
Eg. STAR 1000, PUP 11 and APPLE II

17. Characteristics:
They are the cheapest among all the computer generation.
The speed, accuracy and reliability of the computers were improved in fourth
generation computers.
A Further refinement of input/output devices was developed.
 Networking between the systems was developed.

18. Fifth generation:
2010- till now and future too– Artificial Intelligence.
Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still in development.
But some of these technologies are beginning to emerge and be used such as voice
recognition.
AI is a reality made possible by using parallel processing and superconductors.
Eg.Robots

20. Characteristics:
The fifth generation computers will use super large scale integrated chips.
They will have artificial intelligence.
They will be able to recognize image and graphs.
Fifth generation computer aims to be able to solve highly complex problem including
decision making, logical reasoning.
They will be able to use more than one CPU for faster processing speed.
Fifth generation computers are intended to work with natural language.

21. Features of computer:
speed
Computers work at an incredible speed. A powerful computer is capable of performing
about 3-4 million simple instructions per second.
Accuracy
In addition to being fast, computers are also accurate. Errors that may occur can
almost always be attributed to human error (inaccurate data, poorly designed system or
faulty instructions/programs written by the program.
Storage Capacity
Today’s computers can store large volumes of data. A piece of information once
recorded (or stored) in the computer, can never be forgotten and can be retrieved
almost instantaneously.

22. Conclusion:
As the above generation of computers explained about the evolution and
improvisation. From this we could get a clear idea about the computer.
 Nowdays computers are coming out in a greater improvised manner in the
aspects of performance,size,compatability,clock speed etc. artificial intelligence
plays a great vital role not only in the computers and also in the robotics.
Thus I could this presentation by conveying you that computer technology is
leading our day to day life and soon it get improvised to the next (i.e) sixth
generation that going to exists.

23. R A N U T H