Lecture # 02 history of pharmacy

pakistanpharmacareerdoor@gmail.com +92 333 2243031
Pakistan Pharma Career Door
Online Course on
Introduction to Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Lecture # 02
History of Pharmacy

Welcome you all in the second lecture of the series, course on Introduction
to Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. Great response on the first lecture on
Introduction to Pharmacy, we are blessed and thankful to Madam Kashifa
Khanam for her efforts.

Dr. Javeriya Ansari is Founder and CEO of Pakistan Pharma Career Door, she
had completed her degree of Pharm-D from University of Karachi. She is
currently affiliated as Business Developing Executive in Morgan Chemicals
Pakistan. She has honored as Chief Guest in various scientific sessions. Team
Pakistan Pharma Career Door is very much thankful to her for giving her
precious time.
Facilitators
Mehak Tahir is founder Iman Welfare Organization (NGO), she is currently
affiliated with Ziauddin University as final year student of Pharm-D, she is
engaged in many social activities. Mehak Tahir had experience to present
her research in National and International Conferences. Pakistan Pharma
Career Door is blessed to have such a courageous lady in their team.
Dr. Muhammad Saquib Qureshi is coordinator for e-learning program of
Pakistan Pharma Career Door, he has completed his degree of Pharm-D
from University of Karachi and currently enrolled in postgraduate program
of Ziauddin Univeristy in department of Pharmaceutics. He had experience
to chair scientific sessions. We are thankful to Dr. Qureshi for his efforts in
organizing the event.

The pharmacy profession can be traced back at least as far as the
Sumerian population, living in modern day Iraq. From around
4000 BC, they used medicinal plants such as liquorice, mustard,
myrrh, and opium. There were separate people who worked to
prepare medicines, as a separate role from diagnosis and
treatment which was carried out by medics. These precursors to
pharmacists also combined their role with that of a priest. The
Sumerians wrote the earliest surviving prescriptions from at
least 2700 B.C. – so nearly 5000 years ago.
Roots of Pharmacy

Who are Pastophor?
The Ancient Egyptians had specific preparers of medicine, known
as Pastophor.

In China in 2000 BC, a man called Shen Nung wrote the
first Pen T’sao or native herbal, which contained
descriptions of 365 plant-based drugs.
Stalls and shops selling medicinal goods existed around 1900
B.C. in the town of Sippara on the Euphrates river. However,
the earliest recorded shop dealing with sales of medicines in
London was opened in 1345.
Who is Shen Nung?

The word 'pharmacist' was first used in a publication in England
in 1834 according to the Oxford English Dictionary in a novel by
Lytton called The Last Days of Pompeii. However, it was certainly
in use from the 18th century with the meaning of someone who
prepared and dispensed medicines. Nevertheless, at the
beginning of the 19th century most people working in this area
would have called themselves chemists and/or druggists. The
terms pharmacist and pharmaceutical chemist (now usually
shortened to chemist) came later in the 1800s.
The word “pharmacy” has a much longer history in England.
Chaucer in The Knight’s Tale (written around 1386) uses the word
to describe a medical preparation of plants “farmacies of herbs.”
The history of pharmacy in Britain

Apothecaries became widely known in the United States as
pharmacists nearly 150 years ago, thanks to Edward Parrish of the
American Pharmaceutical Association, as it was called at the time. In
an effort to standardize the field, Parrish successfully proposed that
members of the national professional organization consider all the
varied pharmaceutical practitioners “pharmacists.” Their field
formally identified, pharmacists made, as well as prescribed,
medicines and remained community medical counselors until the
1950s.
Federal legislation substantially changed pharmacy’s role in 1951.
With the passage of the Durham-Humphrey Amendment to the
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938, pharmacists, who
until then had been able to dispense all drugs except narcotics,
needed a physician’s prescription to dispense many medications.
Restricted to recommending over-the-counter medications,
pharmacists began focusing on dispensing and product safety.
Apothecaries to Pharmacist
Durham-Humphrey

Pharmaceutical prescriptions have been dated back to 3700
BC ancient Egypt. Jars dating to 3150 BC were found in Egypt
with plant derived ingredients and wine residue. This would
indicate that wine and alcohol were part of medicine in
addition to being used as a beverage. Professor McGovern of
the University of Pennsylvania who conducted the research
has also found evidence of alcoholic beverages in China
dating back to 7000 BC.
History of Pharmacy in Egypt

A recipe book called the Ebers Papyrus was discovered in
Egypt by a German archeologist and is dated back to
1552 BC. It contains invocations for driving away disease
as well as recipes that contain over 700 ingredients some
of which are well known to us; vinegar, turpentine, figs,
castor oil, mastic, wormwood, aloes, opium, peppermint,
cassia, caraway, coriander, anise, fennel, saffron, linseed,
henbane, poppy, gentian, colchicum, squill, grapes,
onions, etc.
What is Ebers Papyrus?
Ebers Papyrus treatment
of Asthma

Much of the terminology in pharmacy comes from the Greeks,
beginning with the term pharmacy is derived from the term
Pharmakon which had the meaning of "to mix". The life of
Hippocrates is of particular interest as he was a dominant force
in ancient science and in the pharmacy field developed
fomentations (warm lotions applied topically often with
medication), gargles, poultices (topical semisolid medication
applied locally in a fabric container), lozenges (a hard
compressed dosage form that releases medication slowly in the
mouth, it is to be sucked rather than swallowed), suppositories
(an anal dosage form that releases medication), pills (a round
solid dosage form that contains medication) ointments, cerates
(a wax for topical use), collyria (solution for the eye) and
inhalations of vaporized liquids
Contribution of Greece in Pharmacy
development
Hippocrates

In Baghdad the first pharmacies, or drug
stores, were established in 754, under
the Abbasid Caliphate0during the Islamic
Golden Age. By the 9th century, these
pharmacies were state-regulated.
History of Pharmacy in Baghdad

The development of the pharmaceutical industry
since World War II led to the discovery and use of
new and effective drug substances. It also
changed the role of the pharmacist. The scope
for extemporaneous compounding of medicines
was much diminished and with it the need for
the manipulative skills that were previously
applied by the pharmacist to the preparation of
bougies, cachets, pills, plasters, and potions. The
pharmacist continues, however, to fulfill the
prescriber’s intentions by providing advice and
information; by formulating, storing, and
providing correct dosage forms; and by assuring
the efficacy and quality of the dispensed or
supplied medicinal product.
Pharmacy profession after world war II

The history of pharmaceutical education has
closely followed that of medical education. As
the training of the physician underwent
changes from the apprenticeship system to
formal educational courses, so did the training
of the pharmacist. The first college of pharmacy
was founded in the United States in 1821 and is
now known as the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy and Science. Other institutes and
colleges were established soon after in the
United States, Great Britain, and continental
Europe. Colleges of pharmacy as independent
organizations or as schools of universities now
operate in most developed countries of the
world.
History of Pharmacy Education
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
and Science

Meet your professional colleagues
and be proud to be
PHARMACIST

John Pemberton
Dr. John Pemberton was an American
Pharmacist and Inventor of Coca Cola. Dr.
Pemberton never realized the potential of the
beverage he created. He gradually sold portions
of his business to various partners and, just
prior to his death in 1888, sold his remaining
interest in Coca-Cola to Asa G. Candler. An
Atlantan with great business acumen, Mr.
Candler proceeded to buy additional rights and
acquire complete control.

Caleb Bradham wa an American Pharmacist and
inventor of Pepsi Cola. Middle Street and Pollock
Street in downtown New Bern, is where Bradham,
in 1893, invented the recipe—a blend of kola nut
extract, vanilla, and "rare oils"—for what was
initially known as "Brad's Drink," but on August 28,
1898 was renamed Pepsi-Cola. Bradham named
his drink after a combination of the terms
“pepsin” and “cola,” as he believed that his drink
aided digestion much like the pepsin enzyme
does, even though it was not used as an
ingredient. His assistant James Henry King was the
first to taste the new drink.
Caleb Bradham

References
http://www.rpharms.com/about-pharmacy/history-of-pharmacy.asp
https://www.stlcop.edu/practice/about/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_pharmacy
http://www.britannica.com/topic/pharmacy

Lecture # 02 history of pharmacy

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