This document provides an overview of nursing as a profession. It discusses what defines nursing as a profession, including having an extended education, a theoretical body of knowledge, providing a specific service, autonomy in decision making, and adherence to a code of ethics. It also outlines nursing roles and responsibilities, legal and ethical issues in nursing, professional organizations such as the Indian Nursing Council and Trained Nurses Association of India, and current trends in healthcare delivery.
History of development of Nursing ProfessionsAnamika Ramawat
History of development of Nursing Professions, Characteristics, Criteria of the Nursing Profession, Perspective of Nursing Profession- National and Global Level
CODE OF ETHICS: The guiding principle in nursing
code are the direction of conduct , understanding of what is right and wrong while providing care in the hospital and community settings.The ICN code of ethics are the milestone to establish nursing as a profession.
History of development of Nursing ProfessionsAnamika Ramawat
History of development of Nursing Professions, Characteristics, Criteria of the Nursing Profession, Perspective of Nursing Profession- National and Global Level
CODE OF ETHICS: The guiding principle in nursing
code are the direction of conduct , understanding of what is right and wrong while providing care in the hospital and community settings.The ICN code of ethics are the milestone to establish nursing as a profession.
The powerpoint presentation explains evolution of Nursing Profession from Period of Intuitive Nursing to the era of florence Nightingale. The accomplishments of Florence Nightingale in Crimean War
• Death rate decreased drastically
• Established cleanliness and sanitation rules
• Supplied special diets and plenty of food,
• Improved water supply
• Established a reputation which allowed her to improve nursing standards at home.
Nursing is both an art and a science. The science of nursing examines the relationship among person, health and environment. The art of nursing is embedded in caring relationship between nurse and client.
As an increasingly emerging profession, nursing is now deeply involved in identifying its own unique body of knowledge that is essential to nursing practice. The development of a body of knowledge is basic to any professional discipline, which can be applied to its practice. Such knowledge often expressed in terms of concepts and theories in the area of the behavioral or social sciences.
The part - 2 will help the nurses to know about the ICN & INC code of ethics which is required for a nursing professional.
The history of nursing in a brief way is also stated in this.
The powerpoint presentation explains evolution of Nursing Profession from Period of Intuitive Nursing to the era of florence Nightingale. The accomplishments of Florence Nightingale in Crimean War
• Death rate decreased drastically
• Established cleanliness and sanitation rules
• Supplied special diets and plenty of food,
• Improved water supply
• Established a reputation which allowed her to improve nursing standards at home.
Nursing is both an art and a science. The science of nursing examines the relationship among person, health and environment. The art of nursing is embedded in caring relationship between nurse and client.
As an increasingly emerging profession, nursing is now deeply involved in identifying its own unique body of knowledge that is essential to nursing practice. The development of a body of knowledge is basic to any professional discipline, which can be applied to its practice. Such knowledge often expressed in terms of concepts and theories in the area of the behavioral or social sciences.
The part - 2 will help the nurses to know about the ICN & INC code of ethics which is required for a nursing professional.
The history of nursing in a brief way is also stated in this.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
5. What makes a nurse a
professional?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z1-uMKg86Ck
6. Extended education
Theoretical body of knowledge
Provides a specific service
Autonomy in decision making and practice
Code of ethics
Nursing as a Profession
7. Scope & Standards of Practice
Standards of Practice
Standards of Professional Performance
Code of Ethics
8. ANA
Standards of Professional Performance
Quality of practice
Professional Practice Evaluation
Education
Collegiality
Ethics
Collaboration
Research
Resource Utilization
Leadership
11. Current Trends & Issues in Healthcare
Nursing Shortage
Patient Satisfaction
Managed Care
Transcultural Nursing
National Patient Safety Initiatives
Evidence-Based Practice
Information Age
Genetics
Globalization of Health
Aging Population
Legal & Ethical Issues
Terrorism/Bioterrorism/Disaster Nursing
13. Professional Roles &
Responsibilities
Autonomy & Accountability
Caregiver
Client Advocate
Educator
Manager/Clinical Decision Maker
Communicator
Collaborator
Career Development
14. Autonomy & Accountability
Autonomy is the essential element of
professional nursing
Person is reasonably independent and self-
governing in decision making & practice
Increased autonomy=Increased responsibility
Accountability- nurse is responsible
professionally & legally for type & quality of care
provided
Regulated through Standards of Practice and
Nurse Practice Act
15. Clinical Decision Maker
Utilizes critical
thinking skills and
the nursing process
Nursing Process:
Assessment,
Diagnosis, Planning,
Implementation,
Evaluation
16. Client Advocate
Nurse protects the clients human and legal
rights
Providing information to assist in decision
making
Patient Bill of Rights
17. Rehabilitator Role
Assist client to
return to optimal
level of functioning
Nurse helps client to
adapt physically and
emotionally to
changes in lifestyle,
body image
18. Comforter Role
Caring for client as a
human being
Role is traditional to
nursing
Care is directed to
whole person, not
just a body part
Demonstration of
care and concern
19. Communicator Role
Role is central to all other roles
Involves communication with client, family,
healthcare team members, resource
people, and the community
Without clear, concise communication it will
be difficult to give effective care
20. Teacher/Educator Role
Explains concepts and facts about health,
demonstrates procedures, reinforces
learning, determines understanding, and
evaluates progress of learning
Unplanned or informal education
Planned or formal education
21. Nursing Career Roles
Clinician
Nurse Educator
Advanced Practice Nurse
Nurse Administrator
Nurse Researcher
Military Nurse
Forensic Nursing
22. Healthcare Team Members
Nurses
Physicians
Physician Assistant
Therapists and Technicians
Pharmacist
Nutritionist/Dietitian
Case Manager/Social Worker
Pastoral Care
Nursing Assistant
Unit Secretary
Ancillary Staff
24. MEANING
ACCREDITATION: Official approval given by an
organization stating that organization (nursing college)
has achieved a required standard.
STANDARD: It is an established norm or requirement. It
usually establishes uniform criteria, methods , processes
and practices.
25. INDIAN NURSING COUNCIL
The Indian nursing council is an autonomous body under
the government of India, ministry of Health and Family
welfare was constituted by the central government,
under section 3(1) of the Indian nursing council Act-1947
of parliament in order to establish a uniform standard of
training for nurses, midwives and health visitors.
26. AIMS,OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF INC
To establish and monitor a uniform standard of Nursing
education for nurses, midwives, auxiliary nurse-
midwives and health visitors by doing inspection of
institution.
To recognize the qualification under section 10(2) (4) of
the Indian nursing council act 1947 for the purpose of
registration and employment in India and abroad.
To give approval for registration of Indian foreign nurses
possessing foreign qualification under section 11(2)(a) of
the Indian nursing council act 1947.
27. AIMS,OBJECTIVES AND FUNCTIONS OF INC
(conti…)
To prescribe the syllabus and registration
for nursing programmes.
Power to withdraw the recognition of
qualification under section 14 of the act in
case the institution fails to maintain its
standards under section 14(1)(b) that an
institution recognized by state council for
the training of nurse, midwives or health
visitors does not satisfy the requirement of
the council.
32. FUNCTIONS
1.Regulation of training programme of the
diploma, Graduate and Post Graduate
Courses.
2. Supervision of the practice of the profession
by its Member.
3. Granting recognition to the training institutions
and periodical Inspection there on, as the
Council is governing authority of physical and
clinical facilities in almost all the nursing
courses conducted in the institution.
33. FUNCTIONS
4. Proscribing syllabus and curriculum for
various nursing courses and conducting
qualifying examination there for.
5. Registration and granting certificate to
qualified persons to practice their
profession and to watch and take action
against practice of profession by quacks
and check mal-practice as well and to take
action.
36. Establishment and Formation
(TNAI)
The Association had its beginning in the
Association of Nursing Superintendents
which was founded in 1905, at Lucknow.
The organisation was composed of nine
European Nurses holding administrative
posts in hospitals.
37. There was a need to develop Nursing as a
profession and also to provide a forum where
professional Nurses could meet and plan to
achieve these ends.
The movement gathered momentum and soon
Nurses, other than Nursing Superintendents,
were seeking to share in:
upholding in every way the dignity and honour
of the Nursing profession;
promoting a sense of esprit de corps among all
Nurses; and
enabling members to take counsel together on
matters relating to their profession.
38. THE STUDENT NURSES
ASSOCIATION
PURPOSES AND FUNCTIONS
To help students nurses learn how the
professional organizations serve
To promote a close rapport
To furnish student nurses advice in their
coures of study leading up to professional
qualifications
To encourage leadership ability
39. Cont,,,
To increase the student nurses social
contacts and general knowledge
To encourage both professional and
recreational meeting games and sports
To provide a special section in the nursing
journal of india for the benefit of students
To encourage students to compete for prizes
in the student nurses exihibition and to
attend national and conferences
40. Cont,,,
To help student nurses develop a co
operative spirit with other student nurses
which will help them in future professional
relationships
To provide a means of having a voice in
what the association stands for the does
41. INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL
FOR NURSES (I C N)
OBJECTIVES:
1. Promote-development strong national
nurses associations.
2. Assist national
nurses association- improve the standards
of nursing, competence of nurses.
3. Assist
national nurses associations improve the
42. INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL
FOR NURSES (I C N)
ACTIVITIES:
1. Makes policy statements - health and
social issues.
2. Offers -
variety of seminars
3.
Maintaining and improving the status of
Nursing around the world
43. THE COMMONWEALTH
NURSES FEDERATION
AIMS:
1. Promote sharing, better communications
closer relationships- member associations.
2. Expert professional
advice.
3. Scholarships-advanced
study.
46. REASON FOR LAW SUITS
Need to blame
Expectation of perfection
Lack of personalism
Well educated public
Nurses are more responsible and
accountable
Increased independence
Autonomy
49. Introduction:-Introduction:-
Ethics is the science relating to moral actions
and one’s value systems.
In a professional practice like nursing, Ethical
decisions is the part of the daily nursing care.
Nursing code of ethics provides the guidelines
for safe and compassionate care.
50. Definition:-
“Ethics is the study of the good
conduct, character and good
motives. It will also determine what is
good and valuable for nursing”.
51. Code of ethics: -
An international code of ethics for nurses was
first adopted by the International Council of
Nurses (I C N) in 1953.
Reaffirmed at various times since, most
recently with this review and revision
completed in 2005
In India, nurses are following the International
Council of Nurses Codes for Nurses 1993.
53. I C N CODE: -
The I C N Code of Ethics for Nurses has
four principal elements
1) Nurses and people,
2) Nurses and practice,
3) Nurses and the profession,
4) Nurses and co-workers.
54. VERACITY
Veracity refers to telling the truth
It requires the health care provider to tell
the truth & not intentionally deceive or
mislead clients
55. FIDELITY
Fidelity is the duty to keep promises .
It is the individual’s obligation to keep the
commitments he/she has made.
It is the strict observance of promises or duties.
It is the faithfulness to agreements and
responsibilities one has undertaken
56. CONFIDENTIALITY
It means that information entrusted to professionals
in the line of duty should not be revealed to others.
Share private information on a ‘need to know basis’
In the course of caring for a patient, nurses get to
know many things about that person.
The patient must feel that he or she and the nurse
are in a relationship of trust and confidence for such
information to be shared
“Elevator talk” is the most common spoken breach of
confidentiality.
57. JUSTICE
It is the professional obligation to provide
fair, equitable and appropriate treatment to
all individuals regardless of their sex, race,
social class or religion.
It includes
Not favouring some individuals/groups over
others
Acting in a non–discriminatory / non-
prejudicial way
Respect for peoples rights
Respect for the law
58. PURPOSE OF ETHICAL
PRINCIPLES
To establish common ground between
nurse, patient, family, other health care
professionals, and society
To discuss ethical questions and make
ethical decisions
To permit people to take a consistent
position on specific or related Issues
To provide an analytical framework by
which moral problems can be evaluated
70. ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
Ethical principles are rules ,standards or
guidelines for action that are derived from
theoretical propositions about what is good for
humans
PURPOSES
Establishes standards for the behavior of nurses
Provides a general guidelines for nursing actions
in ethical dilemmas.
Helps to distinguish between right and wrong at a
given time.
Enables to take correct and uniform decision
within groups.
Helps to protect the rights of individuals
,families ,community and the nurses
71. 1. Ann.J.Zwemier,
Professional Adjustments and Ethics for Nurses in India,
Page no: 232-254.
2. Zerwekh C Laborn,
Nursing Today,Transition and Trends,
Lippincott Publishers,
Page no: 262-267,401-424.
3. Patricia,
Leadership and Management,
Elsevier Publishers,
Page no: 475-476,80,183,376.
4. Lancastar,
Nursing issues in leading and managing change,
Page no: 305-312.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
72. 5. Professional Nursing,Concepts and Challenges,
Fifth edition,
Page no: 393-419.
6. Advanced Nursing Practice,an integrative approach,
Fourth edition,
Page no: 267-268.
JOURNAL:
7. Article “Nursing and their professional organisations”
AJN American Journal of Nursing,
April 1946 - Volume 46 - Issue 4 - pages 229-232.
73. WEBSITES:
7. Topic Professional Organisations and
Regulatory Bodies at
www.contemporarynurse.com
8. Topic The Current State of Nursing
Empowerment Related to Nursing Care
www.medscape.com