This document provides an overview of the nursing profession from its historical definitions and roles to its modern standards and ethics. It discusses how nursing has been defined over time from Nightingale to Rogers, and the criteria that characterize it as a profession. The document also outlines the codes of ethics of the International Council of Nurses and American Nurses Association, as well as ethical principles and issues in nursing. Finally, it summarizes the research review boards at Christian Medical College Vellore.

1. Perspective of Nursing
Profession – (National and
Global), Code of Ethics,
Code of Professional
Conduct

2. Nurses Defined
• Nightingale 1859 “in the best possible condition
for nature to act upon him”
• Henderson 1950 “The unique function of the
nurse is to assist the individual, sick or well, in
the performance of those activities contributing
to health or its recovery that he would perform
unaided if he had the necessary strength, will or
knowledge. And to do this in such a way as to
help him gain independence as rapidly as
possible”

3. Nurses Defined……
• Martha Rogers 1963 defined nursing
practice as “the process by which this
body of knowledge, nursing science, is
used for the purpose of assisting human
beings to achieve maximum health within
the potential of each person”
Rogers emphasized that nursing is
concerned with all people

4. Professional Nursing
• Services provided are vital to humanity
• Special body of knowledge
• Intellectual activities and individual
responsibility.
• Educated in institutions of higher learning.
• Relatively independent.
• Motivated by altriusm.

5. Cont….
• Code of ethics.
• There is an organization which
encourages and supports high standards
of practice.

6. Professional Criteria
Boiler and Bixler Criteria of Profession
• Well organized body of knowledge
• Constantly enlarges body of knowledge
• Entrust the education to Institutions of higher learning
• Practical Services are vital to human and social welfare
• Functions autonomously in the formulation of
professional policy
• Attracts individual of intellectuals and personal qualities
• Strives to compensate by providing freedom of action,
continuous professional growth and economic security

7. Characteristics of
professionalization
• Capacity to solve problem
• Mastery and use of theoretical knowledge
• Formal training
• Continued seeking of self enhancement.
• Credentialing system to certify competence.
• Ethical practice
• Penalty against incompetent or unethical practice.
• Public acceptance
• Service to society
• Creation of subculture

8. An overall view of nursing in India
• In 1857-India mutiny turned Miss Nightingale interest to the health of the army in India.
• In1859-Royal commission was appointed.
• In1868-Sanitary Department established.
• In1888-10 qualified British nurses arrived in India.
• In 1905-Missionery nurses arrived.
• In 1911-Creation of South India Examination Board.
• In1912-Creation of North India Examination Board.
• In1934-India board of Examination started.
• In 1935-State wise Council started.
• In1947-Indian nursing council act was passed
• In2000-2001-(TNAI year book) Now India has state –wise Registration council in 19 states.
• The central government granted an approval to the Bhore committee
• In 1946-two colleges of nursing in Delhi.
• In1947- college of nursing in vellore
.
• Factors that degrade nursing in India.
• Nurses in India needs a major revamp.

9. Global Perspective of nursing
Factors affecting nurses Internationally
• Country size, Demography and Epidemiology.
• Social structure
• Political factors
• Economic resources
• Scientific knowledge and technology
• History
• International Council of Nurses
• World Health Organization
• Sigma Theta Tau International
• Christian Fellowship International
• Participating in International Nursing

10. Ethics in Nursing
Definitions
• Ethics
In Greeks :ethos= custom or convention, or the spirit of a community.
Ethics is a systemic inquiry into principles of right and wrong conduct,
of virtue and vice, and of good and evil as they relate to conduct.
Values
A value is a belief about the worth of something, about what matters,
that act as a standard to guide one’s behavior.
Professional Conduct
Demonstration of appropriate behavior when interacting with
colleagues ,clients or public at large.

11. Ethical Theories
• Teleology theory:
Teleology is ethical theory based on final
outcome.
Deontology theory:
Deontology is ethical study based on duty or
moral obligations. It proposes that
outcome is not the primary issue.

12. Code of Ethics
ICN
• Nurses have four fundamental responsibilities:
– To promote health
– To prevent illness
– To restore health
– To alleviate suffering

13. ICN code of Ethics
• Nursing care is respectful of and unrestricted
by considerations of age, color, creed, culture,
disability or illness, gender, sexual orientation,
nationality, politics, race or social status

14. NURSES AND PEOPLE
• The nurse’s primary responsibility is to those
people who require nursing care.
• The nurse provides culturally competent and
culturally sensitive care.
• The nurse holds in confidence all client
information.

15. NURSES AND THE PRACTICE
• The nurse is active in developing a core of
research-based professional knowledge
• The nurse maintains high standards of nursing
care possible within the reality of a specific
situation.

16. NURSES AND THE SOCIETY
• The nurse shares with society the
responsibility for initiating and supporting
action to meet the health and social needs of
the public, in particular those of vulnerable
populations

17. NURSES AND THE COWORKERS
• The nurse sustains a cooperative
relationship with co workers in nursing and
other fields. The nurse takes appropriate
action to safeguard the individual when
his/her care is endangered by a co worker
or any other person

18. NURSES AND THE PROFESSION
• The nurse, acting through the professional
organization, participates in creating and
maintaining safe, equitable social and
economic working conditions in nursing

19. ANA
• Works for the improvement of health
standards
• Works toward the availability of health-
care services for all people
• Fosters high nursing standards

20. ANA Code of Ethics
1.The Nurse, in all professional
relationships, practices with compassion
and respect for the inherent dignity worth,
and uniqueness for every individual
unrestricted of considerations of social or
economic status, personal attributes or the
nature of health problems

21. ANA Code of Ethics
2. The Nurse’s primary commitment is to the
patient whether and individual, family,
group or community.
3. The nurse promotes, advocates for, and
strives to protect the health, safety, and
the rights of the patient.

22. ANA Code of Ethics
4. The Nurse is responsible and accountable
for individual nursing practice and
determines the appropriate delegation of
tasks consistent with the nurse’s obligation
to provide optimum patient care.

23. ANA Code of Ethics
5. The nurse owes the same duties to self as
to others, including the responsibility to
preserve integrity and safety, to maintain
competence, and to continue personal and
professional growth.

24. ANA Code of Ethics
6. The nurse participates in establishing,
maintaining, and improving health care
environments and conditions of
employment conducive to the provision of
quality health care and consistent with the
values of the profession through individual
and collective action.

25. ANA Code of Ethics
7.The Nurse participates in the
advancement of profession through
contributions of practice, education,
administration, and knowledge
development.
8. The Nurse collaborates with other health
professionals and the public in promoting
community, national, and international
efforts to meet health needs.

26. ANA Code of Ethics
9. The profession of nursing, as represented
by associations and their members, is
responsible for articulating nursing values,
for maintaining the integrity of the
profession and it’s practice, and for
shaping social policy.

27. The code of professional conduct-
UKCC.
• Clause1: Promoting well-being
• Clause2:Responsibility
• Clause3:Professional development
• Clause4:The limits of competence
• Clause5:Patients and clients rights
• Clause6:Collaboration with other health careers
• Clause7:Respect for cultural differences
• Clause8:Conscientious objection
• Clause9:The proper use of privilege
• Clause10:Maintaning confidentiality
• Clause11:The environment of care
• Clause12:Protecting safe standards
• Clause13:Protecting colleagues
• Clause14:Teaching colleagues
• Clause15:Dealing with gifts
• Clause16:Qualifications and advertising

29. Principles of Ethics
1. Autonomy
• The freedom to make decisions about
oneself
• Nurses need to respect clients’ rights to
make choices about health care

30. Principles of Ethics
2. Beneficence
• This principle means “doing good” for others
• Nurses need to assist clients in meeting all
their needs
– Biological
– Psychological
– Social

31. Principles of Ethics
3. Non maleficence
• Requires that no harm be caused to an
individual, either unintentionally or
deliberately
• This principle requires nurses to protect
individuals who are unable to protect
themselves

32. Principles of Ethics
4. Justice
• Every individual must be treated equally
• This requires nurses to be nonjudgmental

33. Principles of Ethics
5. Veracity
• This principle implies “truthfulness”
• Nurses need to be truthful to their clients
• Veracity is an important component of building
trusting relationships
6. Fidelity
• Loyalty
• The promise to fulfill all commitments
• The basis of accountability

34. Principles of Ethics
8. Confidentiality
• Anything stated to nurses or health-care
providers by clients must remain confidential
• The only times this principle may be violated are:
– If clients may indicate harm to themselves or others
– If the client gives permission for the information to be
shared

36. Ethical Issues
• Truth Telling
• Informed Consent
• Withholding and withdrawing treatments
• HIV/AIDS
• Abortion
• Organ Transplantation
• Euthanasia and assisted suicide
• Allocation of scarce resources
• Management of Computerized information
• Whistle Blowing
• Genetics

37. The Institutional Review Board-
CMC Vellore
IRB comprises of:
Research Committee- Review the scientific
validity of all proposals.
Ethics Committee- Specifically address
ethical concerns.

38. Research Committee
• Chairperson (ex-officio the principal of
CMC ,a member Secretary (ex-officio
Head of department of Biostatistics), a
Deputy Chairperson (ex-officio the
Additional Vice Principal , Research), all
the Vice Principles, the Director
Representatives, the Medical
Superintendent or his/her representatives
(all ex-officio members) and 10 members
selected by the senators of CMC.

39. Ethics Committee
• Chairman nominated by the Director from
outside the Institution, the Medical
Superintendent, Principal, the Dean- College of
Nursing, the Nursing superintendent, the Head
Chaplaincy Department, 4 Council Staff
representing different disciplines, the Additional
Vice Principal, the Legal Advisor to CMC,
Lawyer from outside the Institution and at least 3
Director’s nominees ( Vellore citizens or person)