This document summarizes the history of gardening in India from ancient times to the modern period. It discusses the origins of gardening in the ancient cultures of Egypt and China, and traces the development of formal and natural styles. In India, the earliest evidence of gardening dates back to the Indus Valley Civilization between 2500-1750 BC. Gardening flourished under various rulers and dynasties over the centuries, including the Aryans, Buddhists, Mughals, British, and post-independence periods. Different styles and influences from various cultures were incorporated into Indian gardening over time.
1) The origin of gardens can be traced back to ancient Egypt and China, where the first formal and naturalistic garden styles developed.
2) Formalism, exemplified by the gardens of ancient Egypt and Rome and reaching its peak under French King Louis XIV, prioritized symmetry and architecture over nature.
3) Naturalism, which originated in China and developed further in Japan, aimed to live harmoniously with nature rather than dominate it.
4) Indian gardening has a long history dating back to Indus Valley civilizations, with influences from Aryans, Buddhists, Mughals, British, and post-independence developments in research and commercial floriculture.
hindu garden, landscape architecture, botanical garden, ppt based on aktu architecture syllabus, ppt made by ar. manisha khandelwal and ar. kashif zafar
Rocks, water, and minimalism are hallmarks of traditional Japanese gardens, which seek to capture nature in miniature form. Inspired by Daoism and Buddhism, early Japanese gardens featured ponds and islands meant to evoke paradise. Over time, Japanese gardens developed unique styles like zen rock gardens and tea gardens that focused on meditation. Whether large promenade gardens or tiny courtyard designs, Japanese landscapes emphasize asymmetry, hidden views, and borrowing scenery to feel larger. Miniaturization, concealment, and careful plant placement capture the essence of nature for contemplation.
This document discusses formal and informal garden styles. Formal gardens have symmetrical designs with components arranged in a mirrored layout. Informal gardens have no symmetry and allow for more variety in elements. Some key features of formal gardens are geometric flower beds, fountains, and symmetrical paths. Informal gardens have irregular shapes, scattered elements, and curved paths. Careful planning is important when designing gardens, considering climate, soil, surroundings, and maintenance needs.
water garden is highly manipulated in the Horticulture techniques.
the history took more kings and mahals make with a large or small lakes , streams, rivers, fountains in the capable places they are kept it.
how ever they are highly important to maintain the water gardens.
later on they may be well exposure to all over the world, because everybody interesting in the water gardens. it seems highly attractive and keep some good vibes freshly.
how ever the cost capable gardening is creating with our won interests or some special horticulturalist suggestions they want to keep it.
Today, in many parts of Japan and the western parts of the world the traditions of Japanese garden art are still maintained. The intensity of expression, continue to inspire many artists that aspire to create a personal Japanese garden of their own. They are popularly known as zen gardens.
Indian gardens have a long history dating back to ancient civilizations like Harappa. During the Buddhist period, gardens were developed near temples and monasteries to promote contemplation. Ancient Indian gardens were informal landscape gardens that emphasized shade, water features, and fragrant trees and flowers. The Mughals introduced the formal char bagh style of gardens divided into quarters by water channels, which influenced later Islamic gardens in India.
1) The origin of gardens can be traced back to ancient Egypt and China, where the first formal and naturalistic garden styles developed.
2) Formalism, exemplified by the gardens of ancient Egypt and Rome and reaching its peak under French King Louis XIV, prioritized symmetry and architecture over nature.
3) Naturalism, which originated in China and developed further in Japan, aimed to live harmoniously with nature rather than dominate it.
4) Indian gardening has a long history dating back to Indus Valley civilizations, with influences from Aryans, Buddhists, Mughals, British, and post-independence developments in research and commercial floriculture.
hindu garden, landscape architecture, botanical garden, ppt based on aktu architecture syllabus, ppt made by ar. manisha khandelwal and ar. kashif zafar
Rocks, water, and minimalism are hallmarks of traditional Japanese gardens, which seek to capture nature in miniature form. Inspired by Daoism and Buddhism, early Japanese gardens featured ponds and islands meant to evoke paradise. Over time, Japanese gardens developed unique styles like zen rock gardens and tea gardens that focused on meditation. Whether large promenade gardens or tiny courtyard designs, Japanese landscapes emphasize asymmetry, hidden views, and borrowing scenery to feel larger. Miniaturization, concealment, and careful plant placement capture the essence of nature for contemplation.
This document discusses formal and informal garden styles. Formal gardens have symmetrical designs with components arranged in a mirrored layout. Informal gardens have no symmetry and allow for more variety in elements. Some key features of formal gardens are geometric flower beds, fountains, and symmetrical paths. Informal gardens have irregular shapes, scattered elements, and curved paths. Careful planning is important when designing gardens, considering climate, soil, surroundings, and maintenance needs.
water garden is highly manipulated in the Horticulture techniques.
the history took more kings and mahals make with a large or small lakes , streams, rivers, fountains in the capable places they are kept it.
how ever they are highly important to maintain the water gardens.
later on they may be well exposure to all over the world, because everybody interesting in the water gardens. it seems highly attractive and keep some good vibes freshly.
how ever the cost capable gardening is creating with our won interests or some special horticulturalist suggestions they want to keep it.
Today, in many parts of Japan and the western parts of the world the traditions of Japanese garden art are still maintained. The intensity of expression, continue to inspire many artists that aspire to create a personal Japanese garden of their own. They are popularly known as zen gardens.
Indian gardens have a long history dating back to ancient civilizations like Harappa. During the Buddhist period, gardens were developed near temples and monasteries to promote contemplation. Ancient Indian gardens were informal landscape gardens that emphasized shade, water features, and fragrant trees and flowers. The Mughals introduced the formal char bagh style of gardens divided into quarters by water channels, which influenced later Islamic gardens in India.
The document discusses Mughal gardens, which were built in the Islamic style influenced by Persian and Central Asian designs. They used rectilinear layouts organized around char baghs, which divided the walled garden into quarters with water channels and paths. Famous examples included Ram Bagh, the oldest in India; Humayun's Tomb with its 36 squares layout; and the Taj Mahal complex centered around a large char bagh. Other notable Mughal gardens mentioned are located in Agra, Kashmir, Lahore, and Delhi.
The document summarizes the key elements and history of French formal gardens. It discusses how these gardens were inspired by Italian Renaissance gardens and featured geometric designs, symmetry, and order. Key components included parterres, allees, bosquets, and topiary. The gardens of Versailles, created by Andre Le Notre, were the greatest example of this style and featured expansive perspectives and fountains laid out along the path of the sun. Vaux-le-Vicomte was another influential early French formal garden noted for its perfection of symmetry and unity of design.
The Persian garden tradition originated in 4000 BCE and was influenced by Egyptian styles. The key features of Persian gardens are their use of water features like streams and fountains, shade trees, and high walls which create a paradise-like atmosphere. The most common styles are Hayat, Meidan, Chahar Bagh, Park, and Bagh. The garden style spread with Islam and influenced gardens from Spain to India.
The document discusses different types of historic gardens from around the world including Egyptian, Greek/Roman, Mughal, and Persian gardens. Egyptian gardens featured trees like sycamores and date palms grown in rows, as well as ponds and flowers. Greek gardens were mainly utilitarian while Roman gardens were more decorative, featuring statues and a variety of flowers. Persian gardens originated as oases with cross-shaped water channels and were influential on Mughal gardens, which combined Islamic and Indian influences and featured rectilinear layouts, fountains, and pools within walled enclosures.
The document provides information about English garden styles and their history. It discusses how English gardens shifted from formal, symmetrical designs inspired by French and Dutch styles to more natural, irregular designs influenced by painting and incorporating nature. Key features of English gardens included rolling lawns, tree groves, lakes, and an appreciation of the natural world. Important designers like William Kent, Charles Bridgeman, and Lancelot "Capability" Brown pioneered this new English landscape style that focused on naturalistic designs and sweeping views.
The document provides details about Italian Renaissance gardens, including their history and key features. It focuses on the Villa d'Este gardens in Tivoli, Rome as a prime example. Specifically, the Villa d'Este gardens were constructed in the 16th century and are famous for their profusion of fountains, with over 50 fountains fed by an intricate system of canals and pipes without pumps. The gardens also feature elaborate parterres, statuary, and other architectural elements laid out along a central axis.
The document discusses different styles and types of gardens including formal, informal, free, and wild styles. It provides details on the key features of formal gardens including symmetrical design and geometrical patterns. It also describes features of informal, English, Japanese, Chinese, Persian/Islamic, Mughal, French, and Italian garden styles. Specific examples highlighted include Mughal gardens in India and Pakistan which use rectilinear layouts and water features within walled enclosures.
This document provides information on establishing and maintaining a lawn. It discusses different types of grasses used for lawns including their botanical names, common names, textures, and suitable situations. It also describes four main methods for starting a lawn: seeding, sodding, plugging, and sprigging/stolonizing. Fertilizing thrice a year and removing weeds, pests, and diseases are important for lawn care. Mowing height and frequency is also discussed.
The document provides details about Mughal gardens, including their key features and examples. It discusses:
1. Mughal gardens were built following the Persian style of architecture, with rectilinear layouts divided by pathways and water canals. Features include terraces, fountains, and baradaris.
2. Important examples described are the Ram Bagh (first Mughal garden), Humayun's Tomb Garden, Shalimar Bagh, and gardens at the Taj Mahal.
3. Key elements of Mughal garden design are the char bagh layout with four quarters divided by walkways and water channels, and the incorporation of water features like pools, canals and
The document discusses Mughal gardens in India. It describes some of the most famous Mughal gardens, including the Taj Mahal garden, Humayun's Tomb garden, and Shalimar Gardens. The Mughal gardens were built in the Islamic char bagh style, with elevated walkways dividing the garden into quarters planted with flowers, trees, and surrounded by water channels. Garden construction was an imperial pastime for many Mughal emperors who built gardens across their empire, helping to establish the Mughal garden style.
The document discusses the concept and design of Persian gardens. Some key points:
1. Persian gardens were designed to resemble paradise, with order, tranquility, and rich vegetation to contrast the dry climate outside. They featured shade, the sounds of water and birds, and fragrant flowers.
2. In Islam, the Quran depicts paradise as a garden with shade, water, milk, wine and honey, influencing the design of Persian gardens.
3. A key Persian garden design is the "Chahar Bagh" or four gardens divided by water channels, intended to provide different settings for relaxation.
4. Elements like centralized water features, shade structures, and dividing paths and gre
This document discusses key elements and principles of garden design including color, texture, form, line, balance, rhythm, emphasis, and harmony. Color can influence the perception of advance or recession in a landscape. Texture refers to visual tactile qualities that can create contrast. Form and habit describe a plant's shape and direction of growth. Line guides the eye and defines structure. Balance creates equilibrium through symmetrical arrangement. Rhythm uses repetition of elements at regular intervals. Emphasis highlights special objects. Harmony results from unity among all design elements.
The English landscape garden emerged in 18th century England as a more natural style of garden, featuring gently rolling lawns, groves of trees, lakes, and recreations of classical architecture. This style replaced the formal, symmetrical French gardens and presented an idealized view of nature. Key features included winding paths, clusters of trees rather than straight lines, lakes instead of rectangular ponds, and the integration of the garden with the surrounding landscape. The landscape garden had a significant influence on European garden design and moved perceptions of nature from something dangerous to something valuable.
The document provides information about Japanese gardens, including:
- Their history dating back to the 7th century, with influences from Shintoism, Buddhism, and Taoism.
- Key design principles like asymmetry, use of odd numbers, simplicity, and openness to create a natural appearance.
- The main elements of rocks, plants, and water, with other features like paths, lanterns, and fences.
- Specific plant varieties, rock placement guidelines, and uses of water features like ponds, streams, and water basins.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of gardens and landscaping in India from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses the origins of formal and natural garden styles in ancient Egypt and China. It then outlines the development and spread of formal Mughal-style gardens in India between the 15th-18th centuries under various emperors. It also discusses the influence of the British in the 19th century who introduced new horticultural techniques and established botanical gardens. Finally, it notes developments in commercial floriculture and horticultural research and education in independent India.
This document provides an overview of the history and scope of landscaping in India. It discusses how landscaping evolved from ancient times through periods like the Harappan civilization, Vedic era, Mughal era, and British rule. Key contributions include the introduction of avenue planting, systematic gardening, and exotic ornamental plants. The document also outlines the modern development of landscaping in independent India through public gardens, commercial floriculture, and horticultural research institutions.
The document discusses Mughal gardens, which were built in the Islamic style influenced by Persian and Central Asian designs. They used rectilinear layouts organized around char baghs, which divided the walled garden into quarters with water channels and paths. Famous examples included Ram Bagh, the oldest in India; Humayun's Tomb with its 36 squares layout; and the Taj Mahal complex centered around a large char bagh. Other notable Mughal gardens mentioned are located in Agra, Kashmir, Lahore, and Delhi.
The document summarizes the key elements and history of French formal gardens. It discusses how these gardens were inspired by Italian Renaissance gardens and featured geometric designs, symmetry, and order. Key components included parterres, allees, bosquets, and topiary. The gardens of Versailles, created by Andre Le Notre, were the greatest example of this style and featured expansive perspectives and fountains laid out along the path of the sun. Vaux-le-Vicomte was another influential early French formal garden noted for its perfection of symmetry and unity of design.
The Persian garden tradition originated in 4000 BCE and was influenced by Egyptian styles. The key features of Persian gardens are their use of water features like streams and fountains, shade trees, and high walls which create a paradise-like atmosphere. The most common styles are Hayat, Meidan, Chahar Bagh, Park, and Bagh. The garden style spread with Islam and influenced gardens from Spain to India.
The document discusses different types of historic gardens from around the world including Egyptian, Greek/Roman, Mughal, and Persian gardens. Egyptian gardens featured trees like sycamores and date palms grown in rows, as well as ponds and flowers. Greek gardens were mainly utilitarian while Roman gardens were more decorative, featuring statues and a variety of flowers. Persian gardens originated as oases with cross-shaped water channels and were influential on Mughal gardens, which combined Islamic and Indian influences and featured rectilinear layouts, fountains, and pools within walled enclosures.
The document provides information about English garden styles and their history. It discusses how English gardens shifted from formal, symmetrical designs inspired by French and Dutch styles to more natural, irregular designs influenced by painting and incorporating nature. Key features of English gardens included rolling lawns, tree groves, lakes, and an appreciation of the natural world. Important designers like William Kent, Charles Bridgeman, and Lancelot "Capability" Brown pioneered this new English landscape style that focused on naturalistic designs and sweeping views.
The document provides details about Italian Renaissance gardens, including their history and key features. It focuses on the Villa d'Este gardens in Tivoli, Rome as a prime example. Specifically, the Villa d'Este gardens were constructed in the 16th century and are famous for their profusion of fountains, with over 50 fountains fed by an intricate system of canals and pipes without pumps. The gardens also feature elaborate parterres, statuary, and other architectural elements laid out along a central axis.
The document discusses different styles and types of gardens including formal, informal, free, and wild styles. It provides details on the key features of formal gardens including symmetrical design and geometrical patterns. It also describes features of informal, English, Japanese, Chinese, Persian/Islamic, Mughal, French, and Italian garden styles. Specific examples highlighted include Mughal gardens in India and Pakistan which use rectilinear layouts and water features within walled enclosures.
This document provides information on establishing and maintaining a lawn. It discusses different types of grasses used for lawns including their botanical names, common names, textures, and suitable situations. It also describes four main methods for starting a lawn: seeding, sodding, plugging, and sprigging/stolonizing. Fertilizing thrice a year and removing weeds, pests, and diseases are important for lawn care. Mowing height and frequency is also discussed.
The document provides details about Mughal gardens, including their key features and examples. It discusses:
1. Mughal gardens were built following the Persian style of architecture, with rectilinear layouts divided by pathways and water canals. Features include terraces, fountains, and baradaris.
2. Important examples described are the Ram Bagh (first Mughal garden), Humayun's Tomb Garden, Shalimar Bagh, and gardens at the Taj Mahal.
3. Key elements of Mughal garden design are the char bagh layout with four quarters divided by walkways and water channels, and the incorporation of water features like pools, canals and
The document discusses Mughal gardens in India. It describes some of the most famous Mughal gardens, including the Taj Mahal garden, Humayun's Tomb garden, and Shalimar Gardens. The Mughal gardens were built in the Islamic char bagh style, with elevated walkways dividing the garden into quarters planted with flowers, trees, and surrounded by water channels. Garden construction was an imperial pastime for many Mughal emperors who built gardens across their empire, helping to establish the Mughal garden style.
The document discusses the concept and design of Persian gardens. Some key points:
1. Persian gardens were designed to resemble paradise, with order, tranquility, and rich vegetation to contrast the dry climate outside. They featured shade, the sounds of water and birds, and fragrant flowers.
2. In Islam, the Quran depicts paradise as a garden with shade, water, milk, wine and honey, influencing the design of Persian gardens.
3. A key Persian garden design is the "Chahar Bagh" or four gardens divided by water channels, intended to provide different settings for relaxation.
4. Elements like centralized water features, shade structures, and dividing paths and gre
This document discusses key elements and principles of garden design including color, texture, form, line, balance, rhythm, emphasis, and harmony. Color can influence the perception of advance or recession in a landscape. Texture refers to visual tactile qualities that can create contrast. Form and habit describe a plant's shape and direction of growth. Line guides the eye and defines structure. Balance creates equilibrium through symmetrical arrangement. Rhythm uses repetition of elements at regular intervals. Emphasis highlights special objects. Harmony results from unity among all design elements.
The English landscape garden emerged in 18th century England as a more natural style of garden, featuring gently rolling lawns, groves of trees, lakes, and recreations of classical architecture. This style replaced the formal, symmetrical French gardens and presented an idealized view of nature. Key features included winding paths, clusters of trees rather than straight lines, lakes instead of rectangular ponds, and the integration of the garden with the surrounding landscape. The landscape garden had a significant influence on European garden design and moved perceptions of nature from something dangerous to something valuable.
The document provides information about Japanese gardens, including:
- Their history dating back to the 7th century, with influences from Shintoism, Buddhism, and Taoism.
- Key design principles like asymmetry, use of odd numbers, simplicity, and openness to create a natural appearance.
- The main elements of rocks, plants, and water, with other features like paths, lanterns, and fences.
- Specific plant varieties, rock placement guidelines, and uses of water features like ponds, streams, and water basins.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of gardens and landscaping in India from ancient times to the modern era. It discusses the origins of formal and natural garden styles in ancient Egypt and China. It then outlines the development and spread of formal Mughal-style gardens in India between the 15th-18th centuries under various emperors. It also discusses the influence of the British in the 19th century who introduced new horticultural techniques and established botanical gardens. Finally, it notes developments in commercial floriculture and horticultural research and education in independent India.
This document provides an overview of the history and scope of landscaping in India. It discusses how landscaping evolved from ancient times through periods like the Harappan civilization, Vedic era, Mughal era, and British rule. Key contributions include the introduction of avenue planting, systematic gardening, and exotic ornamental plants. The document also outlines the modern development of landscaping in independent India through public gardens, commercial floriculture, and horticultural research institutions.
The document provides an overview of the history of gardening and landscape architecture from ancient times to the 19th century. Some key points:
- Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians created walled gardens with trees for shade. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
- Romans introduced Eastern gardening ideas and created gardens with statues, sculptures, hedges and topiary.
- 18th century English gardens featured shrubberies, grottoes, and follies. William Kent and Capability Brown popularized more informal, natural styles.
- Frederick Law Olmsted is considered the father of modern landscape architecture.
The document provides an overview of garden styles from around the world, including Asian, English, North American and South American gardens. It discusses key elements and principles of Asian gardens including harmonizing with nature, emphasis on empty space, and styles like hill and pond, dry landscape, tea garden and stroll gardens. English gardens emerged in the 18th century featuring lawns, trees and picturesque architecture. Mughal gardens built by Muslim rulers in India incorporated water, shade, and places for rest in their geometric layouts.
This document provides an overview of floriculture and the history and development of gardening in India. It discusses key aspects of floriculture including cut flowers, ornamental plants, and essential oils/medicines. It then describes the long history of gardening in India from ancient times through Mughal and British periods. Specific styles and features of different historical periods are highlighted. The document also discusses components of modern gardens like lawns, trees, hedges, and paths. Various plant species used in different garden components are listed.
The Mughal gardens were a type of garden developed during the Mughal Empire, influenced by Persian garden design. They featured elements like elevated terraces, water channels, and carefully planned geometric layouts. The gardens were an important part of Mughal culture, serving as places of leisure for emperors and representing their power and wealth. They also incorporated Islamic concepts of paradise gardens and were inspired by poetry and art. Some of the most famous Mughal gardens include the Taj Mahal garden and Shalimar Bagh.
The document provides information on several tourist places in Punjab, India. It discusses Wagah border located between India and Pakistan, the Virasat-e-Khalsa museum celebrating 500 years of Sikh history in Anandpur Sahib, the memorial of Bhagat Singh in Khatkar Kalan, the Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, Sukhna Lake in Chandigarh, and the Rock Garden of Chandigarh built from recycled materials. It also mentions Qila Mubarak historical fort in Bathinda, Zakir Hussain Rose Garden in Chandigarh, Jallianwala Bagh memorial in Amritsar, and the dilapid
This document discusses botanical gardens, including their definition, functions, history, and some examples. It defines botanical gardens as educational institutions that display and study plant life. Their functions include acting as outdoor laboratories for research, conservation, education, and recreation. Historically, gardens date back to ancient civilizations but modern botanical gardens developed with universities to facilitate botanical study. Three gardens are highlighted for their collections and roles in horticulture - Lalbagh Garden in Bangalore, Lloyd Botanic Garden in Darjeeling, and the National Botanic Garden in Lucknow.
Mughal gardens were built in the Persian style of architecture and featured elements like pools, fountains, and canals. Some key Mughal gardens discussed are:
1) Ram Bagh, the oldest in India built by Babur, divided by pathways and canals to represent paradise with flowing rivers.
2) Dholpur Lotus Garden founded by Babur, with central terraces, water channels, and pools cut into bedrock.
3) Shalimar Bagh built by Jahangir for his wife, with three terraces and the Shah Nahar main water channel running through.
4) Humayun's Tomb garden was the first in India
This PowerPoint presentation is a captivating exploration of India's most renowned gardens. With vivid imagery and rich historical context, it unveils the timeless beauty and cultural significance of these horticultural wonders. From the Mughal-inspired paradise gardens to the meticulously landscaped botanical gems, each slide is a visual and informational treat, offering a virtual tour of India's diverse and celebrated garden heritage.
Gardening has a long history dating back to ancient civilizations like Egypt and Persia. Egyptian gardens were enclosed spaces with trees and flowers that also served religious purposes. Persian gardens had elaborate irrigation systems and contained pools, fountains, and fragrant plants. During ancient Rome, wealthy citizens built gardens near their homes featuring topiary, statues, and a variety of flowers and trees. In medieval Europe, monasteries grew herb and vegetable gardens while the aristocracy added ornamental lawns, hedges, and roses to their estates. Formal designs with symmetry and order became popular during the Renaissance. Later 18th century English landscapes embraced more naturalistic styles before formal designs regained prominence in the 19th century.
The document provides an overview of Mughal gardens in India. It discusses the origins and influences of Mughal garden design from Persian and Islamic styles. Key features of Mughal gardens included symmetrical layouts divided into four sections by water channels based on the char bagh design, with an emphasis on water features, terraced levels, and floral arrangements. Famous examples given are the Shalimar Bagh and Nishat Bagh in Kashmir. The document also describes different types of Mughal gardens such as tomb gardens, palace gardens, plain gardens, and terraced gardens.
Chinese gardens have a long history dating back thousands of years. They evolved over dynasties from simple natural spaces to sophisticated miniature landscapes that blend buildings and nature. Some of China's most famous historic gardens include the Summer Palace, Yuyuan Garden, Jichang Garden, and Humble Administrator Garden. Penzai refers to the Chinese art of depicting miniature tree and landscape scenes in containers and come in different styles based on region. Bangladesh also has several notable gardens like the National Botanic Garden.
The document provides a history of garden styles from ancient times to the present. It begins with the earliest gardens in Egypt around 3000 BC, which were utilitarian enclosures for growing food and keeping animals. The Persian and Mughal gardens that followed incorporated flowing water and formal, geometric designs divided into four sections. Notable Mughal gardens included the Shalimar Bagh known for its terraces and fountains, and Humayun's and Akbar's tomb gardens which featured water channels and plants. The document examines the elements, styles and examples of different historical garden types on multiple continents over thousands of years.
The Mughal gardens were built by the Mughal emperors from the 16th to 18th century. Babur built the first Mughal garden called the Arambagh in Agra, which introduced the Persian char bagh style to India. Key features of Mughal gardens included water channels, fountains, and carefully arranged flowers and trees within high walled enclosures. The gardens incorporated both naturalistic elements and highly geometric patterns, and were designed to evoke symbols of paradise. The Taj Mahal and Shalimar Gardens are examples that demonstrate the peak of Mughal garden design during the reign of Shah Jahan.
This presentation is the first work of my son.
This powerpoint have a small glimpse of rich Indian culture and tradition, Indian dresses, religions, dietary habits.
The document discusses the history and characteristics of Chinese gardens. It notes that Chinese gardens have over 5,000 years of history and evolved from serving as homes for emperors to places of rest and contemplation. Key elements include artificial mountains and rockeries, ponds and streams, plants and flowers, and architectural structures like pavilions and bridges. The document contrasts imperial gardens in northern China with private southern gardens, and describes design principles like replicating natural landscapes and emphasizing the importance of water.
This document discusses the origins and history of garden design across various cultures and time periods. It describes how early gardens in places like Babylon, Egypt, and Persia served functional purposes like agriculture but also incorporated aesthetic elements like trees, flowers, and irrigation systems. Chinese gardens particularly focused on harmonizing nature, architecture, and Taoist principles of yin and yang. The document provides examples of elaborate imperial and private gardens from China that carefully arranged natural scenery, structures, and water features to create contemplative spaces according to traditional design philosophies.
case studies of various types of indian gardensDevenJesani1
The document discusses the history and elements of different types of Indian gardens throughout history. It provides details on Mauryan, Hindu, Mughal, and Rajput gardens. It then focuses on describing the key elements of Mughal gardens including their axial geometry, focal points, water features, ornamentation, and flower beds. The last section provides specific details on the design and layout of the iconic Taj Mahal gardens in Agra, including its charbagh layout divided into quarters, water features, and symbolic design.
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Starting a business is like embarking on an unpredictable adventure. It’s a journey filled with highs and lows, victories and defeats. But what if I told you that those setbacks and failures could be the very stepping stones that lead you to fortune? Let’s explore how resilience, adaptability, and strategic thinking can transform adversity into opportunity.
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History of gardening in India
1.
2. UNIVERSITY OF ALLAHABAD
2019-20
ASSIGNMENT ON
HISTORY GARDENING IN INDIA
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED TO
Dr. N.B.Singh Premprakash
(PROFESSOR) M.Sc. (Ag.) Botany 1st Sem.
Department of Botany Enroll No.- MS20/4012
3. The origin of the garden is rooted in the human desire to be surrounded by plants.
The first few gardens in recorded history were those of the ancient cultures of Egypt and
China
It was in these cultures that the two-opposing tradition in gardens originated,namely
formalism and naturalism.
4. The Egyptian gardens developed at the edge of the deserts where the natural vegetation
was sparse, represented the development of an artificial oasis.
The Egyptian garden, copied their basic design everywhere though changed according to
the local variation in land, plants and climate, spread to Syria, Persia, India and
ultimately to Rome.
The grounds design became the important concept, whereas the plant was treated
as merely an architectural material. The plant was pruned, clipped and trained to
conform to the plan. The resultant noble symmetry included courtyards, terraces,
staircases and fountains.
5. Formalism reached its peak in the age of Louis XIV.
The master architectural gardens and Andre Le Notre still remain unsurpassed examples
of formalism design predominant over nature.
6. Naturalism
Naturalism as a concept in garden can be interpreted as an attempt to live with nature
rather than to dominate it
Th concept of naturalism has been traced to China, but it has reached its highest
development in Japan.
7. The fusion of Eastern naturalism and Western formalism took place in eighteenth
century England.
8. Cottage Garden were primarily utilitarian gardens, with fruit, vegetables, herbs,
flowers and shrubs, crowded in a very small area.
Woodland Garden is a peaceful sheltered place based on natural grouping of trees and
with appropriate underplanting of the shrubs, herbaceous plants and bulbs.
The first botanical garden was started at Padua, near Venice (Italy) in 1543.
9.
10. Historical Development of Gardens and Gardening in India
Ancient India (Vedic Period)
The history of systematic gardening
in India is as old as civilization of
Indus of Harappan which existed
between 2500 B.C and 1750 B.C.
Harappan pots were generally decorated with the design of trees. In every
village, trees including Ficus religiosa (pipal) and F. bengalensis (banyan)
were planted for worship as well as for shade.
11. Aryan’s contribution in Indian gardening
The history of civilization which prospered in Punjab, Sind, Rajasthan and Gujarat dates
back to 2500 B.C. before the Aryans civilizations of about 1600 B.C.
The Aryans of the Vedic period were great lovers of trees and flowers. They were
literary people and brought with them the four Vedas viz., Rig Veda, ArtharvaVeda,
Yuzur Veda and Sam Veda and the Puranas.
The first evidence of Asvatha tree, the Pipal (Ficus religiosa), comes from a seal from
Mohen-jo-daro, of the third millennium B.C.
Another seal from Harappa of the same period depicts a weeping willow (Salix
babylonica).
12.
13. The epics of the Aryans, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, also mentionedabout
gardens, trees and flowers.
The Asokavana where Sita was held captivity by Ravana, was composed mostly of
Asoka (Saraca indica) trees.
In both the Ramayana and the Mahabharata trees and creepers namely Ficus religiosa,
Saraca indica, Terminalia arjuna, Mesua ferrea, Cassia fistula, Shorea robusta, Butea
menosperma are mentioned.
14.
15. The tree Kadamba (Anthocephalus cadamba) as it was closely associated with the life of
Lord Krishna.
The Lotus was a popular flower and regarded by both the Hindus and Buddhists as a
symbol of purity.
During the later Aryan period the Aryans developed some wishful thinking in the form of
Kalpavriksha, the wish granting tree, the Kalpalata, a similar creeper.
16. Gardening in Buddhist India
The association of different trees with the life of Lord Buddha is well known. Buddha
was born in 563 B.C. His birth is believed to have taken place under the Asoka tree
(Saraca indica). Further, Buddha attained his enlightenment under a Pipal tree, spread his
new teachings under shady banyan and mango trees and breathed his last in a Sal (Shorea
robusta) grove.
17. The great Emperor Asoka (264-227 B.C.) adopted arboriculture as one
of his state policies. He encouraged the planting of avenue trees. His son
Prince Mahendra took a sapling of the Bodhi tree (Ficus religiosa)
from India and planted it at Anuradhapur in Sri Lanka (250B.C.).
Kanishka and Gupta era
The golden age of Hindu culture is considered to be period between
100 and 600 A.D. during the rulers of Kanishka and the Guptakings
18. Mughal Period of Indian Gardening
Before the Mughals came to India, Firoz Tughlaq had developed about
twelve hundred gardens around Delhi and more elsewhere.
Among the Mughal emperors, Babur had high aesthetic sense and was fond
of gardens and he made gardens at Panipat andAgra.
Aram Bagh at Agra is still being well maintained by the Archeological Department.
Mughal gardens are synonymous with formal style of gardening. The square or
rectangular flower beds are special features of Mughal gardens. Another important
contribution was the introduction of exotic plants like cypress, rose, carnation,
narcissus, daffodils, lilies, tulips, etc.,
19.
20. Babur introduce the Persian rose in India.
Akbar built a new capital at Fatehpur Sikri, complete with gardens, trees and flowers.
He was the first Mughal to enter Kashmir and establish a garden, Nasim Bagh, close to
the Dal lake.
The tomb garden of Akbar at Sikandra is an example of gardening art during that
period.
21.
22. Jahangir and his wife Nur-Jahan were great admirer of
garden and flower. The gardens at Shalimar, Achhabal and
Verinag in Kashmir were created by him. The tomb garden
at Itimad-ud-Daulah in Agra, in memory of his father-in-
law, was also his creation.
Shah Jahan built the Red fort in Delhi which has a
beautiful garden. The gardens around Taj Mahal in Agra, in
memory of his beloved queen Mumtaz Mahal, was also his
creation. The small but pretty garden at Chashma Shahi in
Kashmir was laid by one of his governors.
23.
24. The best garden created by Shah Jahan was Shalimar garden in Lahore
Sher Shah Suri who ruled for a short period after defeating Babur, constructed the
famous Grand Trunk Road and planted avenue trees on both sides.
Among the Nawabs of Oudh, the last Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, established
Sikandar bagh now the National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow.
25.
26. Gardening in the Era of Rajputs Kings
The garden at Amber Fort near Jaipur was started by Man Singh and completed by Jai
Singh II. This beautiful garden has three terraces and a lake.
The Mandor garden near Jodhpur was built by Raja Abhai Singh. The city of Jaipurwas
founded by Jai Singh II, who built a palace in the heart of the city with beautiful
gardens
The garden palace at Deeg, Rajasthan was founded by Suraj Mal. With fountains,
water courses and other features, it is one of the most beautiful gardens ever created
by any Rajput king.
27.
28. Gardening during Britishers Period
The arrival of the British in India changed the whole pattern of gardening.
The Mughal gardens in India were laid out in formal (symmetrical) patterns, but the
English changed the style into informal patterns by laying out parks and gardens.
Indians gardens had only scented trees and shrubs, climbers and bulbs, but had no
flowering annuals
The Britishers brought with them beautiful annuals and biennials such as Phlox,
Carnation, Verbena, Dahlia, Lakhspur etc and idea of flower arrangements for interior
decoration, which was taught by them
29.
30. Botanical gardens developed by Britishers in India:
1. Horticulture Research Institute, Saharanpur in 1750.
2. Indian Botanical Garden, Sibpur, Kolkata in 1787.
3. Govt. Botanical Garden, Ootacamund in 1848.
4. Agri-horticultural Society Garden, Kolkata in 1872.
5. Sim’s Park Conoor, Tamil Nadu in 1874 by J.D. Sim.
6. Llyod Botanical, Garden Darjeeling in 1878.
7. Botanical Garden Coimbatore, 1908.
8. Bryant Park, Kodaikonal, Tamil nadu in 1909
9. Rashtrapati Bhavan Garden, New Delhi was designed by Sir
Edwin Lutyen in 1929 on advicse of Lady hardinge.
10.Forest Research Institute, Dehradun in 1934
The greatest contribution by the
Britishers was the establishment
of Botanical gardens starting
from the one established near
Calcutta.
31. Post-Independence Period-
Several radical changes Remarkable achievements like
a) Conscious planning for improvement of total environment
b) Commercial floriculture
c) Teaching and research of Ornamental Horticulture at graduate and post graduate level.
Several important gardens in different cities and passive recreational facilities. Important gardens are Buddha
Jayanti Garden, Delhi; Rose Graden, Chandigarh and Ludhiana.
32. For successful flower growing scientific research is must. For this Indian Council of Agricultural Research is playing
this-important role. Nine Research centers in different agro-climatic zones are set up. Other than
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Banglore
National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow
Bhaba Atomic Research Centre, Bombay
Agricultural Universities like-
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana;
University of Agricultural Sciences, Banglore;
Dr.Y.S.Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan;
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwavidalaya, Kalyani
are the places where scientific research of floriculture is being conducted. Availability of technical trained persons is
must.