This document provides a historical timeline of key developments in contact lenses from 1508 to 2014. Some of the earliest developments include the concept of the telescope by Descartes in 1637 and glass shells placed over the cornea by Herschel in 1845. Major milestones include the first commercially available trial lenses by Carl Zeiss in 1911, the discovery of HEMA and development of soft contact lenses by Wichterle and Lim in 1954, and the FDA approval and commercialization of soft contact lenses in the 1970s and 1980s. The timeline also covers developments of silicone hydrogel and daily disposable contact lenses in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.
It contains Examination Protocol for Contact Lenses along with information about pre-requisites for fitting a Contact Lens. A helpful guide for all Students, Eye Care Practitioners (Optometrist, Ophthalmologist).
It contains Examination Protocol for Contact Lenses along with information about pre-requisites for fitting a Contact Lens. A helpful guide for all Students, Eye Care Practitioners (Optometrist, Ophthalmologist).
Scleral lens is a large rigid contact lens with a diameter range of 15mm to 25mm. Its resting point is beyond the
corneal borders, and are believed to be among the best vision correction options for irregular corneas. Wearing scleral lens also can postpone or even prevent surgical intervention as well as decrease the risk of corneal scarring.
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF RGP CONTACT LENS: RGP lenses were introduced in the 1970s. These lens allowed better oxygen flow to cornea and offered superior optical quality, making them an attractive option for many wearers.
Scleral lens is a large rigid contact lens with a diameter range of 15mm to 25mm. Its resting point is beyond the
corneal borders, and are believed to be among the best vision correction options for irregular corneas. Wearing scleral lens also can postpone or even prevent surgical intervention as well as decrease the risk of corneal scarring.
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF RGP CONTACT LENS: RGP lenses were introduced in the 1970s. These lens allowed better oxygen flow to cornea and offered superior optical quality, making them an attractive option for many wearers.
The history of contact lenses is intriguing, spanning decades and continents. You probably don't imagine yourself with a bowl of water on your head when you think about contact lenses. Strangely, it was exactly how the contacts had started.
Are you interested to learn more about contact lens history and how it evolved with time and cutting-edge technology then These slides cover the whole evolution process of contact lenses.
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This deals with the types of Nystagmus both in pediatrics and adults, physiological and pathological types. Also the different diagnostic techniques and the management plan are presented in this.
A comprehensive summary of all the common corneal diseases starting from different types infective keratitis, non infective keratitis, corneal dystrophies, corneal ectasias to corneal degenerations.
A detailed review of all the types of tonometer and the technique with the principle is included. Will be very useful for both teachers and students of optometry & ophthalmology
It details about the sensory development, theories and the neural aspects of binocular vision development along with various tests involved to assess stereopsis.
This involves the various diseases of the conjunctiva. All the infective and non infective types of conjunctivitis are dealt here. This has the pathophysiology, signs, symptoms, diagnosis and management of these conditions. Conjunctival allergies and degenerations are also covered.
Deals with both dry eye and epiphora conditions. Dry eye includes Aqueous deficiency and evaporative varieties along with Meibomian gland dysfunction. Epiphora has both lacrimation and various anatomical and physiological blocks of the Nasolacrimal drainage system. This also includes the various tests required for diagnosing the different disorders. Chronic and Acute Dacryocystitis, Dacryoadenitis are also included.
A complete unit of the various diseases involving the orbit and the surrounding structures. It involves the unilateral and bilateral proptosis conditions. Also, the various proptosis etiologies involved in adults and children along with various tumors involving the orbit is also dealt with.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Navigating the Health Insurance Market_ Understanding Trends and Options.pdfEnterprise Wired
From navigating policy options to staying informed about industry trends, this comprehensive guide explores everything you need to know about the health insurance market.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
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According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
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Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
1. By
Lavanya Kalikivayi, M.Opt., FLVPEI., FIACLE.,
(Pursuing PhD)
Associate Professor
Ahalia School of Optometry & Research Centre
2.
3. 1508 Leonardo da vinci
Schematic
eye immersed
in water
1637 Rene Descartes
Enlarging the
retinal image
(Concept of
telescope)
1801 Thomas Young
25mm tube filled
with H2O-placed
in front of the eye
with eye in
contact.
4. 1845 Sir John Herschel
A spherical
glass on jelly
over corneal
surface
1859 William White Cooper
Glass mask filled the
fornices to prevent
symblepharon
(Therapeutic Use Concept)
1887 F A Muller & Sons Pioneers in artificial
eye making
(Father of Contact Lenses)
5.
6. 1888 Adolf E Fick Corrective CLs. Blown glass
material with 2% glucose
solution fill to avoid corneal
clouding
Eugene Kalt
• Devised CLs for Keratoconus.
• Cauterization of corneal cone with silver nitrate &
instillation of Miotics with application of pressure
dressing
• Replaced with glass shellwith curvature same as
cornea to increase VA.
1889 August Muller
• Suggested making post. Surface of CLs similar to ant.
Surface.
• Capillary action of tear film would enable CLs to
adhere to cornea.
• Tried molding corneal shape in vivo which was NOT
successful
7. 1892 D.E.Sulzer Corneal irregularity can be
masked by filling with a liquid
having RI same as cornea &
aqueous.
Henry H Dor
• Replaced glucose solution with normal saline with same tonicity
of tears to reduce corneal edema.
1896 Thomas Lohnstein
• “Water Spectacles” – CL filled with saline was worn
successfully for 1 to 1.5 hours at a time.
• Also called “Hydrodiascope”
1911 Carl Zeiss of Jena
• Made lathe cut lenses from molds.
• Better optical performance.
• First commercially available trial lenses (21)
• Fit assessment involved using fluorescein & observation of bubble formation.
8.
9. 1930 Rohm & Haas • Developed a novel plastic
material from acrylic resin
(Soft & rubber like)
• Precursor of PMMA
Crawford & Hill
• Patented PMMA & the trade name was “Perspex”
• Material of choice foe corneo scleral lenses.
• Low specific gravity
• Ease of manufacture
1937
J Teissler
• Scleral shells from CAB
• Poor optical quality
1946 Dennis C England
1934
• First corneal CL with
PMMA, but got
rejected as correcting
irregular cornea, ‘K’
alone is not sufficient.
Kevin M Tuohy
• PMMA with 1mm Dia & 0.4mm thickness
– patented corneal contact lenses
1950 George H Butterfield Patented Multicurve
Design
1936 Theodore Obrig
Discovered use of cobalt blue
light & fluorescein
In 1942, published
the first text book
on CL fitting
10.
11. 1954 Otto Wichterle & Drashoslav Lim
• Discovered pHEMA with 38.6% water content
• Since this was unstable Xerogel polymer was used to
have stable physical properties.
• Led to development of HEMA
• Centrifugal molding (spin casting) & patent in 1961.
1956 Walter & Becker Developed & patented
Silicone Elastomers
1964 NPDC & Robert Morrison
(National Patent Development Corporation)
Brought
Spin Casting
Patent
1966 B&L acquired license to manufacture
spin casting.
1968 US FDA classified SCL as a “Drug”.
1970 John de Carle
Pioneered the Continuous Wear
concept.
in H2O content, in Dia. leads to in DK
Dev. “Permalens” (copolymer of
HEMA+VP+MA) with 71% H2O content
12.
13. 1972 Norman Gaylord & Leonard Seidner
(Father of RGP CLs)
• Developed Silicone Acrylates.
• Polycon lenses
1974 Norman O Stahl, Leon A Reich, &
Edward Lvani
• Developed new RGP material
• CAB-Rx-56
• Hi-index
• Strong & resistant to high temperatures
• DK higher than PMMA
• But Dimensionally unstable.
1982 - Boston II developed
1983 - Don Ezekiel (Australia) GP Sclerals
1986 - Paraperm EW Dk 57
1997 - Paragon HDS, Space Shuttle Endeavour, 10-year program
14.
15. 1971 B&L obtained FDA approval to market SCL, “Softlens”.
1978 Orlando A Battista
• Developed collagen CLs
• Conceived Disposable lens
concept
• Was unstable & dissolved in
tears.
1980 Michael Bay
• Introduced high H2O content hydrogels
• “Danalens” first disposable SCL made commercially
1981 Cooper vision acquired “Permalens” to manufacture & market.
1984 J&J Vistakon acquired these & modified with Etafilcon A material
with 58% H2O content.
1985 B&L acquired the “Silsoft” design DW SCL for aphakia from Dow
Corning Company.
1987 Marketed them as Acuvue lens
1994
Daily disposable marketed by J&J Vistakon as “Acuvue” &
B&L as “ Occasions”.
The world of CLs changed forever with the
launch of J&J’s Acuvue disposable CLs.
US: 1987, UK & Australia: 1988
16. • A patent for a non-circular, toric SCL granted (filed,
1997) to a team (Payor, Zhang, Williams, & Lafferty)
from CIBA Vision, Atlanta.
1994
• Rotationally Stabilized Contact Lens and Method of Lens Stabilization
• Clinical trials were favourable
• Prism-free optics
• Complexity of design a disadvantage
• Cost of secondary manufacture makes cost less competitive
• Non-circular shape means shape is not self-generating
1999 Launch of the first two silicon hydrogel CLs within
months of each other, both for monthly CW
Night & Day from CIBA Vision
Purevision from B&L
J&J add a UV filter & 123 inversion marks to Acuvue 2 &
Acuvue Bifocal CLs
17.
18. 2002 • Silicone hydrogel contact lenses.
2010 • Custom manufactured Silicone hydrogels
• Ortho K lenses (Corneal reshaping lenses)
• CIBA Vision 1st DD toric CL, Focus Dailies Toric
• The Triton translating soft bifocal CL by Don Ezekiel of Gelflex Australia
gained FDA approval
2007 Ultravision launch custom SiHy CLs in Kerasoft, HydroWave,
bandage, paediatric, aphakic, & myopic CL ranges
19. 2011
Luxury CLs with gold & diamond decoration revealed –
practical? – wearable?
Myopia control using modulation of peripheral focus
comes to the fore using orthokeratology & multifocal CLs
for emerging myopes
Coopervision launch MiSight in a limited roll-out is key
Asia-Pacific countries for myopia control
2013 SynergEyes launch their hybrid CLs:
Duette
Duette Progressive
Duette MultiFocal
UltraHealth
ClearKone
20.
2014
• Google announce plans to produce a CL version
of their Google Glass product (GG is being
revised as @ 2015)
• Google are also working on CLs to monitor the
blood sugar levels for diabetics (see earlier)
• Alcon announce Air Optix Colors, a series of
tinted SiHy CLs
• J&J release their Define DD, eye highlighting CLs
