histology of respiratory system upper lower

1. about Author
Mohamed Taha AL ashram
Veterinarian
Author
instructor
Histology of respiratory system for medical
students
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2. Copy write
Histology of respiratory system for medical
students
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All rights reserved.
No part of this publication
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or by any means, electronic,
mechanical,

3. Table of content
1- Respiratory system
- respiratory system function
-respiratory epithelium
2 – ciliated columnar cells
3- Nasal cavity
4- olfactory mucosa
5- histology of bronchial tree
- Bronchus
- bronchioles
6 Alveolus and capillaries
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4. Histology of respiratory system for medical
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5. Histology
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Histology is a vast and complex
field, but it provides valuable
insights into the structure and
function of tissues in various
organisms. It has played a
major role in advancing our
understanding of health,
disease, and biology.

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•Tissue fixation: This process
preserves the tissue and
prevents it from decomposing.
•Embedding: The tissue is
embedded in a medium, such
as paraffin wax, to make it
easier to cut into thin sections.
•Sectioning: The tissue is cut
into very thin
sections, typically 5-10
micrometers thick.
•Staining: The sections are
stained with dyes to highlight
specific structures.
techniques used in histology:

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The respiratory system is
essential for life. It provides
your body with the oxygen it
needs to function and removes
the carbon dioxide that would
otherwise build up and be
toxic.

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The respiratory system is a
complex network of organs
and tissues that work together
to allow you to breathe. Its
primary function is to take in
oxygen from the air and
release carbon dioxide, a waste
product of cellular respiration.
The system is made up of the
following:

9. The system is made up
of the following:
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•Upper respiratory tract:
• This includes the nose
1. nasal cavity,
2. sinuses,
3. pharynx (throat)
4. And
5. larynx (voice box).
Upper respiratory tract

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Lower respiratory
tract: This includes the
trachea (windpipe)
bronchi, bronchioles, and
alveoli air sacs
in the lungs.

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Muscles of respiration: The
diaphragm and intercostal
muscles help to expand and
contract the chest cavity
creating the pressure
changes needed for
breathing.

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how the respiratory system works:
• Inhalation: You breathe in air
through your nose or
mouth. The air passes through
the nasal cavity, where it is
warmed, humidified, and
filtered. It then travels down the
pharynx and into the larynx.

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• Gas exchange: The air
travels down the trachea
and into the bronchi, which
branch off into smaller and
smaller airways called
bronchioles. These
eventually lead to the
alveoli, tiny sacs in the lungs
where gas exchange takes
place. Oxygen diffuses from
the alveoli into the
bloodstream, while carbon
dioxide diffuses from the
bloodstream into the
alveoli.

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• Exhalation: You breathe out
air through your nose or
mouth. The air travels back
up the airways and out of
the body.

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26. BRONCHIAL TREE
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Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

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28. BRONCHIAL TREE
• 1, 2, 3 Bronchi
• Cartilage plates, glands
present, smallest is 5mm,
many lymphocytes present
• Bronchioles
• No cartilage, no glands
• Alveolar Duct
• Alveolar Sac
• Gas exchange
• Alveolus
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29. HISTOLOGY OF
BRONCHIAL TREE
• Cartilage
• Rings, plates, disappears
Smooth Muscle Layer
Begins in bronchi,
more prominent
in bronchioles
then disappears
1. Epithelium
1. Pseudostratified,
2. Simple columnar,
3. cuboidal,
4. squamous
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30. Bronchus
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Cartilage

31. Bronchus
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Lamina propria

32. Bronchus
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33. Bronchioles
• > 5mm diameter
• No cartilage or glands in
mucosa
• Epithelium changes from
• pseudostratified to cuboidal
epithelium.
• shortening along the way.
• Only scattered goblet cells
initially.
• Clara cells secrete protective
proteins.
• Lamina propria contains only
• smooth muscle and elastic
fibers.
• Vagas nerve, sympathetic
neurons
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34. Bronchiole x10
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35. Bronchiole x40
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36. Alveolus
Bronchiole
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37. Location of Gas Exchange
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38. ALVEOLUS AND CAPILLARY
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39. GAS EXCHANGE
• Respiratory membrane
• Layers
• Cells present in alveolus
• Simple squamous epithelium
• Other cells in alveolus
• Macrophages
• Surfactant cells
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Section of a terminal bronchiole with
a small portion of a
respiratory bronchiole
continuous with an
alveolar duct and many
alveoli. Low magnification.

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Diagram of a
portion of the
bronchial tree.
Note that the
smooth muscle in
the alveolar duct
disappears in the
alveoli.

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Transition of a terminal
bronchiole into
an alveolar duct (arrow). Note
the Clara cells arrowheads.

44. Respiratory Duct
With Alveoli
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45. Alveolus
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46. Alveolar Sac
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47. Blood Vessel in Lung
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48. Alveolus with Capillary
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49. Interface
between
capillary
and alveolus
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50. Interface Between Capillary, Alveolus
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51. Alveoli and interalveolar septum
showing capillaries and epithelial
. Cells type I and II
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52. Cells Located in Alveolus
• Type I alveolar cells
• Simple squamous cells
• Type II cells
• Surfactant
• Macrophages (dust cells)
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