Design of Artificial Respiratory Model.. Know about the respiratory system. The respiratory system consists of the upper respiratory tract (nasal passages), the airway conduction system (larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles), and the lower respiratory tract (alveolar ducts and alveoli). Not all segments of the respiratory system mature at the same pace. The olfactory epithelium matures earliest by PND 7. The lung, however, is not considered mature until PND 21, when alveolarization and microvascular maturation are complete. This chapter will discuss the embryological development (briefly), adult histomorphology, and postnatal histologic development of each major component of the respiratory system.

1. Design of Artificial Respiratory Model..
Submitted by:-
Shivam Kumar
1704357
B.Tech (EEE)
7th Semester

2. Content. .
• Introduction of Respiratory System
• Artificial Respiratory System
• Working of Respiratory System
• Parts of the respiratory system
• What does the respiratory system do?
• Comparison between Spontaneous Respiration
and Artificial Ventilation
• Conclusion
• References

3. Introduction of Respiratory System
The respiratory system consists of the upper respiratory tract (nasal
passages), the airway conduction system
(larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles),
and the lower respiratory tract (alveolar ducts and alveoli). Not all
segments of the respiratory system mature at the same pace.
The olfactory epithelium matures earliest by PND 7. The lung,
however, is not considered mature until PND 21, when
alveolarization and microvascular maturation are complete. This
chapter will discuss the embryological development (briefly), adult
histomorphology, and postnatal histologic development of each
major component of the respiratory system.

4. Artificial Respiratory System
Artificial respiration, breathing induced by some manipulative
technique when natural respiration has ceased or is faltering. Such
techniques, if applied quickly and properly, can prevent some
deaths from drowning, choking, strangulation, suffocation, carbon
monoxide poisoning, and electric shock. Resuscitation by inducing
artificial respiration consists chiefly of two actions:
• Establishing and maintaining an open air passage from the
upper respiratory tract (mouth, throat, and pharynx) to
the lungs
• Exchanging air and carbon dioxide in the terminal air sacs of the
lungs while the heart is still functioning.

5. Working of Respiratory System
• The primary organs of the respiratory system are the lungs, which
function to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide as we
breathe.
• The gas exchange process is performed by the lungs and
respiratory system. Air, a mix of oxygen and other gases, is
inhaled.
• In the throat, the trachea, or windpipe, filters the air. The trachea
branches into two bronchi, tubes that lead to the lungs.
• Once in the lungs, oxygen is moved into the bloodstream. Blood
carries the oxygen through the body to where it is needed.
• Red blood cells collect carbon dioxide from the body’s cells and
transports it back to the lungs.
• An exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place in the
alveoli, small structures within the lungs. The carbon dioxide, a
waste gas, is exhaled and the cycle begins again with the next
breath.

6. parts of the respiratory system
The respiratory system has many different parts that work together to
help you breathe. Each group of parts has many separate
components.
Your airways deliver air to your lungs. Your airways are a complicated
system that includes your:
• Mouth and nose: Openings that pull air from outside your body
into your respiratory system.
• Sinuses: Hollow areas between the bones in your head that help
regulate the temperature and humidity of the air you inhale.
• Pharynx (throat): Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose
to the trachea (windpipe).
• Trachea: Passage connecting your throat and lungs.
• Bronchial tubes: Tubes at the bottom of your windpipe that
connect into each lung.
• Lungs: Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into
your blood.

7. From your lungs, your bloodstream delivers oxygen to all your
organs and other tissues.
Muscles and bones help move the air you inhale into and out of
your lungs. Some of the bones and muscles in the respiratory
system include your:
• Diaphragm: Muscle that helps your lungs pull in air and push it
out
• Ribs: Bones that surround and protect your lungs and heart
When you breathe out, your blood carries carbon dioxide and other
waste out of the body. Other components that work with the
lungs and blood vessels include:
• Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen
and carbon dioxide takes place.
• Bronchioles: Small branches of the bronchial tubes that lead to
the alveoli.
• Capillaries: Blood vessels in the alveoli walls that move oxygen
and carbon dioxide.

8. • Lung lobes: Sections of the lungs – three lobes in the right lung
and two in the left lung.
• Pleura: Thin sacs that surround each lung lobe and separate your
lungs from the chest wall.
Some of the other components of your respiratory system include:
• Cilia: Tiny hairs that move in a wave-like motion to filter dust and
other irritants out of your airways.
• Epiglottis: Tissue flap at the entrance to the trachea that closes
when you swallow to keep food and liquids out of your airway.
• Larynx (voice box): Hollow organ that allows you to talk and
make sounds when air moves in and out.

9. What does the respiratory systemdo?
The respiratory system has many functions. Besides helping you
inhale (breathe in) and exhale (breathe out), it:
• Allows you to talk and to smell.
• Brings air to body temperature and moisturizes it to the humidity
level your body needs.
• Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body.
• Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body
when you exhale.
• Protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants.

10. Comparison between Spontaneous Respiration and Artificial
Ventilation
Spontaneous respiration and artificial ventilation have been compared in five supine
healthy subjects.
• Ventilation volumes, gaseous exchange volumes and arterial blood gas tensions were
first measured with the subject breathing spontaneously. The measurements were
then repeated with the subject anaesthetized, paralyzed and ventilated artificially via
an endotracheal tube at a rate and depth determined by the findings during
spontaneous breathing.
• Ventilation-blood flow relationships were assessed by measuring the dead space and
the alveolar-arterial (A-a) O3 tension gradient.
• When ventilated artificially the group as a whole showed a highly significant increase
in dead space but little increase in A-a PO, gradient, implying over ventilation of parts
of the lungs which have a small pulmonary blood flow. There were, however,
considerable individual differences suggesting that, even in normal supine subjects
with intact thoracic and abdominal walls, various abnormal patterns of ventilation-
blood flow distribution may occur during artificial ventilation.
• Measurements of compliance and metabolic rate were in agreement with those
previously reported.
• The clinical implications of the findings are discussed, and the simple mathematical
relationships between ventilation, dead space and arterial Pco2 are emphasized.

11. Conclusion. .
There is increasing demand for technologies that can assist an injured or
recently transplanted lung or completely replace the native lung. Such a
device should allow for ambulation in chronic or acute respiratory
failure, either as a bridge to lung transplantation or as a true destination
therapy. Extracorporeal lung support devices have undergone significant
advancement in the last several years. These changes have led to more
miniaturized circuits that are increasingly efficient at gas exchange while
decreasing the complication rates. Hollow fiber membrane gas exchange
enables longer term wearable systems to be used in ambulatory and
awake patients. Biomimetic devices based on micro channel technologies
may even enable intracorporeal implantation.
The continuous progress in the development of bioartificial lungs includes
advances in both tissue engineering and cell‐based technologies. The
future trials may start testing transplantation of one single bioengineered
lung lobe using it as a transient therapy. The final goal is to achieve a
truly implantable artificial lung, it might be also a regenerated lung, or
both, that is applicable for destination therapy.

12. References. .
 Web Articles/Journals:-
• A comparison of artificial ventilation and spontaneous respiration with
particular reference to ventilation blood flow relationship by E. M. J. Campbell
– 1958
• Artificial lungs––Where are we going with the lung replacement therapy by
Norihisa Shigemur- 23 oct 220
 Web-sites:-
• https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-
system
Links:-
▫ https://www.google.com/search?q=respiratory%20system%20model&tbm=isch&rlz=
1C1CHBD_enIN917IN917&hl=en-
GB&sa=X&ved=0CCMQtI8BKAFqFwoTCKD2pJauxu0CFQAAAAAdAAAAABAP&biw
=1349&bih=695#imgrc=APesI_XMhdzdxM
▫ https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-
system#:~:text=The%20respiratory%20system%20is%20the,waste%20gases%20like
%20carbon%20dioxide.