Connecting tissue

1. CONNECTIVE TISSUE

2. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Connective tissue is one of the basic tissues
which gives structural and metabolic support to
the organ and other tissue of the body.
It connects other tissues.

3. Functions
• Support Structural & Mechanical
• Packing Fills spaces, Shape to the
organ
• Storage Adipose tissue: energy
Loose areolar CT: water & Electrolytes
• Transport Medium for Nutrients &
Metabolic wastes
• Repair Fibroblasts:matrix and fibres
• Defense Cells: Phagocytosis or
Antibodies

4. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• GENERAL FEATURES
• 1. Cells
2. Matrix
-Fibers
-Ground substance

5. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Major constituent- Extracellular Matrix
Strength

7. Cells of Connective Tissue
• A. Fixed cells (intrinsic cells)
1.Fibroblast &
Fibrocytes
2. Mesenchymal cells
3. Adipocyte
4. Fixed macrophages
• B. Free cells (extrinsic
cells/Wandering Cells)
4.Free Macrophage
5. Mast cell
6. Plasma cells
7. Leucocytes

8. Function
• Fixed Cells: Production &
Maintenance of Extracellular
Matrix.
• Free Cells:Tissue reaction to injury
or invasion of Microorganisms.

9. Fibroblast
• Most commonly seen
• Fusiform with slender cytoplasmic process
• Large oval nucleus,
• Responsible for fiber production
• Old cells are fibrocyte,
• Contractile Cells are myofibroblast

10. Fibroblast

11. Adipocytes
• Store lipid
• Appears as empty
space
• Incapable to division
• Aggregate in adipose
tissue with reticular
fibre

12. Mesenchymal cells
• Undifferentiated cells
• Stellate in shape,
• Cytoplasmic process,
• Pluripotenant cell
• Near blood vessels as
Advential cell

13. Macrophages (Histiocytes)
• Free and Fixed type,
• Fixed Cells-
• Irregular Shape
• filopodia process,
• Dark indented eccentric
nucleus,
• Derived from monocyte
• Involved in phagocytosis
• Fused to form giant cell.
• Free Cells- rounded, no
filopodia

14. Plasma cells
• Oval basophilic cells,
• Eccentric nucleus
• Heterochromatin as cartwheel
nucleus
• Derived from B lymphocyte
• Produces immunoglobulin
• Antibody collected as Russell
body.
• Present in respiratory tract and
gastrointestinal tract

16. Mast cell
• Round or Fusiform Shaped
• Mostly along blood vessels,
• Metachromatic granules in
cytoplasm,
• Granules have Histamine or
Heparin,
• Look like basophil, so called as
connective tissue basophil .
• Connective tissue mast cell –
heparin granule, present in skin.
• Mucosal mast cell –small,
present in lamina propria of git
and respiratory tract

18. Leucocytes-
. Granulocytes-
Neutrophils,
Esinophils,
Basophiles
. Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes,
Monocytes

19. Leucocytes

20. Collagen Fibre
• White colour when fresh
• Do not branch,wavy
• present in bundle
• Collagen protein forms
Fibres
• Fibres composed of fibril
made of microfibrils
• Micro fibrils made up
tropocollagen-striations
• Synthesized by fibroblast

21. Collagen
• Tropocollagen is
synthesized by
fibroblasts and released
into extracellular space
where they get
polymerized to form
collagen fibrils
• Collagen on boiling gives
gelatin
• More than 25 types are
present
Collagen is also
synthesized by
• Chondroblasts: in
collagen
• Osteoblasts : in bone
• Smooth Muscle: in
blood vessels
• Odontoblasts: in the
tooth

22. Types
• Type1-bones ,tendons, dermis etc
• Type2-cartilage
• Type3-reticular fibres
• Type4-basement membrane
• Type5-blood vessels

23. Synthesis
• Amino acids
• Procollagen
• Three chains
• Tropocollagen
• Collagen

24. Elastic fibre
• Yellow in color when fresh
• Composed of elastin
protein
• Singly present
• Branched and anastomose
forming a network
• Can be stretched (one and
a half times)
• Synthesized by fibroblast
and smooth muscle cells in
blood vessels
• Found in ligamentum flava,
ligamentum nuchae, large
arteries

25. Reticular fibre
• Structurally similar to
collagen fibres
• Are very thin Immature
collagen fibre
• Actively branch to form
delicate network therefore
named Reticular
• Form supportive framework
of lymphoid tissue
• Stained black by silver salts
(argyrophillic)
• Composed of Collagen Type III

26. Ground Substance
• Transparent & Homogeneous
• Fills spaces between cells and fibres
• Acts as amoleculer sieve facilitating diffusion
between blood and tissues.
• Composition:
• Mucopolysaccharides
• Structural Glycoproteins
• Water & Electrolytes

27. • Mucopolysaccharides(Glycosaminoglycans):
Consistency & viscocity of GS, serves as a
physical barrier in spreading infection.
Examples: Hyaluronic Acid & Heparan
Sulphate.
• Structural Glycoproteins: Adhesion of cells to
the neighbouring cells. Examples:
Fibronectin(Dermis), Chondronectin(in
Cartilage) & Laminin(in basement membrane)
• Water & Electrolytes: Maintenance of Fluid
balance.

28. Ground substance
• Polysacchrides - hexurate or galectose
• Carbohydrate protein complex (proteoglycanes)-
• 1- mucopolysacchride (glucosaminoglycanes)
• NonSulphates-chondroitin and hyluronic
acid
• Sulphates - chondotinesulphate, heparitine
sulphate, keratohyline
• 2- glycoprotienes- fibronectine(dermis),
chondronectine (cartilage), laminin (b.m)
• water & minerals

29. Classification
Connective tissue
1.Ordinary connective tissue- Loose connective tissue
-Dense connective tissue
Regular
Irregular
2.connective tissue with special properties
Adipose tissue
Mucoid tissue
Reticular tissue
Pigmented tissue
3.Scleral connective tissue -Bone
-Cartilage
4.Lymphoid and heamopoietc connective tissue

30. Examples
• Loose areolar connective tissue-
subperitoneal tissue, endomysium, lamina
propria
• Dense collagenous C T
Regular- tendon, ligament, aponeurosis
Irregular-dermis of skin
• Connective T with special properties
Elastic-Ligamentum nuchae
Mucoid/ Embryonic tissue- Wharton’s jelly
Reticular Tissue- Stroma of lymphoid organ

33. Loose Connective Tissue

34. Dense Regular Connective Tissue

35. Dense Regular Connective Tissue

36. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

37. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

38. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

39. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

40. Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue

41. Irregular Elastic Connective Tissue

42. Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

43. Regular Elastic Connective Tissue

44. Reticular Connective Tissue

45. Adipose Connective Tissue

46. Irregular Adipose Connective Tissue

48. Mucoid Tissue

50. MCQ
• Plasma Cells are derived from
• 1. Monocytes
• 2. Basophils
• 3.T lymphocytes
• 4. B Lymphocytes

51. MCQ
• Large number of elastic fibres are present in
• 1. Tendon
• 2. Ligamentum Nuchae
• 3. Basement Membrane
• 4. Aponeurosis

52. MCQ
The fat cells of Multilocular adipose tissue
(Brown fat) is characterized by the presence of
1.Spherical central nucleus and many lipid
droplets.
2.Flat peripheral nucleus and single lipid
drop
3.Flat central nucleus and single lipid droplet
4.Thin rim of cytoplasm

53. MCQ
• Which of the following is NOT TRUE about
Collagen
• 1.Constitutes 30% of the dry body weight
• 2.Is synthesized by fibroblasts
• 3.Is composed of Mucopolysaccharides
• 4.Gives gelatin on denaturation