Hip Joint Anatomy for Physiotherapists.ppt

1. ANATOMY
OF HIP JOINT

2.  It is the largest joint of the human
body.
 2nd
largest weight bearing joint of
human body.
 Hip joint is a synovial articulation
between head of femur and
acetabulum .
 Type: Multiaxial ball and socket type
of synovial joint
 Hip joint is designed for stability over
a wide range of movements
 Descriptive planes:
• Flexion/extension : sagittal plane
• abduction/adduction : frontal plane
• medial /lateral rotation : transverse
plane (circumduction)
2
HIP JOINT

3. 1. lunate surface of the acetabulum
2.spherical head of femur
3
ARTICULAR SURFACES OF HIP

4. Acetabulum
4
Horse-shoe shaped
articular surface
Deepened by
fibro-cartilaginous
rim called
acetabular
labrum
Nonarticular
part, acetabular
fossa, lodges
pad of fat
Deficient
inferiorly as the
acetabular
notch that is
bridged up by
transverse
acetabular
ligament

5. • Acetabulum is the depression or fossa where the femoral head articulates .
It is positioned in downward and outward direction
• The rim of acetabulum is raised slightly by a fibro cartilaginous collar
known as acetabular labrum. Inferiorly the labrum bridges across the
acetabular notch as the transverse acetabular ligament and converts the
notch into foramen
• The lunate surface of the acetabulum is covered by hyaline cartilage except
for fovea
• Acetabular fossa is non articular . Formed mainly by ischium and contains
loose connective tissue.
ACETABULUM

6. 6
FEMUR
• Head of femur is globular
and forms 2/3 of a sphere.
• Covered by hyaline
cartilage (except fovea)
• The femur connects to the
head via femoral neck
• The angle of inclination is
approximately 135 deg
• The angle of anteversion or
torsion is forward
relationship of head and
neck.
• The angle of torsion is
normally in the 12-15 deg

7. • Strong, thick
• MEDIALLY : attached to margin of acetabulum,
transverse acetabular ligament, and
adjacent margin of obturator foramen
• LATERALLY : attached to intertrochantric line
of femur . Just proximal to intertrochantric crest
on posterior surface.
• Femoral neck : intracapsular
• Greater and lesser trochanter: extracapsular
7
CAPSULE

8. 8
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
• Extensive synovial membrane within the
capsule.
• Lines the intracapsular portion of neck of
femur and both surfaces of acetabular
labrum, transverse ligament and fat in
acetabular fossa.
• Forms a tubular covering around the
ligament of head of femur and lines the
fibrous membrane of joint

9. LIGAMENTS
• 3 ligaments reinforce the external surface of fibrous membrane and
stabilize the joint they are
• 1) iliofemoral ligament
• 2) pubofemoral ligament
• 3) ischiofemoral ligament
• Fibers of all three ligaments are oriented in a spiral fashion around the hip
joint so that the become taught when joint is extended.
• This stabilizes the joint and reduces the amount of muscle energy required
to maintain a standing position.

10. • Ligament of Bigelow
• One of the strongest ligament in
the body
• Triangular , Y-shaped
• Apex attached to Anterior
inferior iliac spine
• Base to intertrochanteric line
• Reinforces joint anteriorly
• Prevents over extension while
standing
• Prevents trunk from falling
backwards while standing
9
ILIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT

11. PUBOFEMORAL LIGAMENT
• Support the joint inferomedially
• Triangular in shape
• Attachment:-
– Superiorly, attached to the
iliopubic eminence,the
obturator crest
– Inferiorly, merges with the
capsule and lower band of
iliofemoral ligament
• It limits extension & abduction

12. • Reinforces posterior aspect of
fibrous membrane.
• MEDIALLY: attached to ischium,
just posteroinferior
to acetabulum
• LATERALLY: to greater
trochanter deep to the iliofemoral
ligament.
• Limits extension
11
ISCHIOFEMORAL LIGAMENT

13. • Round Ligament/ Ligament of
Head of Femur
• Triangular and Flat
• Flattened band : Apex – fovea,
Base to acetabular notch &
transverse ligament.
• Ensheathed by synovial
membrane.
• Transmits arteries to head of
femur from acetabular branches of
medial circumflex and femoral
arteries.
12
LIGAMENT TERES

14. Relations
• Anteriorly: Iliopsoas, pectineus, and rectus
femoris
• Posteriorly: The obturator internus, the
gamelli, and the quadratus femoris muscle
separate the joint from sciatic nerve
• Superiorly: Piriformis and gluteus minimus
• Inferiorly: Obturator externus tendon

15. HIP JOINT: NERVE SUPPLY
• Femoral nerve
• Anterior division of Obturator nerve
• Nerve to Rectus femoris
• Nerve to Quadratus femoris
• Sciatic nerve
• Superior gluteal nerve
Hilton’s law: “the nerve supplying the joint also
supply the muscles moving the joint & the skin
covering the insertion of these muscles”
• Femoral nerve not only supplies hip joint via intermediate and
cutaneous nerve of thigh, also supplies skin of front and
medial side of thigh
• Posterior division of obturator nerve supplies both hip and knee joint.
Therefore sometimes there is referred pain to knee joint.

16. ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF HIP
1. Obturator A. 2. two circumflex femoral A. 3. two gluteal A.

17. MOVEMENTS
Flex-Extension:120-140 deg
Abd-Adduction:60-80 deg
Int-External rotation:
60-90 deg

18. MOVEMENTS
Obturator internus & externus, gemullus superior
inferior, quadratus femoris, & piriformis,
posterior fibres of gluteus medius & minimus,&
superior fibres of gluteus maximus
Lateral rotation
Medial rotation
pectineus, adductor longus, brevis, magnus,
gracilis
Adduction
gluteus medius, minimus, tensor fascia lata with
hip flexion
Abduction
gluteus maximus , semimembranosis,
semitendinosis, biceps femoris
Extension
iliopsoas, sartorius , rectus femoris, tensor fascia
lata
Flexion
Muscles
Action
gluteus medius, minimus, tensor fascia lata

19. BURSAE AROUND HIP JOINT
Bursae: small fluid filled
pockets located in
connective tissue. They
develop where tendons or
ligaments rub against other
tissue.

20. 1) Trochanteric Bursae:
2) is inflammation to the hip
located on the tip of greater
trochanter.
3) Is common cause of hip
pain. Most often caused by
overuse or direct trauma to
joint.
4) More likely to involve in
women.
5) Ischial Bursae:
6) inflammation that separates
the gluteal maximus muscle
from the Ischial tuberosity.
7) Usually formed from
prolonged sitting on hard
surfaces that press against
the bones.

21. Glutealfemoral Bursae:
1) contains 2 or3 small
bursae located between
the tendon of the gluteus
maximus and the rough
line of the femur shaft.
Iliopsoas bursae :
located between iliacus
and psoas major

22. OSSIFICATION OF HIP BONE
• the hip bone ossifies in cartilage from 3 primary centres and 5 secondary
centres
Primary centres :
• One for ilium appears at 2nd
month of IUL
• One for ischium appears during 4 th month of IUL
• One for pubis appears during 5th
month of IUL
at birth hip bone is ossified except for 3 cartilaginous parts .these are
1) the iliac crest
2) A y shaped cartilage separating the ilium, ischium and pubis
3) a strip along the inferior margin of bone including Ischial tuberosity.
Secondary centres are
• 2 for iliac crest
• 2 for y- shaped cartilage of acetabulum
• One for Ischial tuberosity
• All fuses at 20-25 years
• The ischiopubic rami fuse with each other at 7-8 yrs of age