This document provides a case study and overview of the design of the domestic water system for two high-rise building projects in Vancouver, Canada. It discusses:
1) The challenges of providing domestic water to the upper floors of high-rise buildings and the many parameters that must be considered in the design, including building height, water pressure, flow demands, and code requirements.
2) The process of analyzing water pressure requirements, which involves determining municipal water pressures, pressure losses, and static and friction pressures to establish the required pressure from booster pumps.
3) The evaluation of different domestic water pressure booster pump arrangements and domestic hot water system options to minimize energy use and meet project needs.
4
House connection from mains, laying and joints in pipeskrishnacp
The document discusses the components of a house water connection system including the ferrule, goose neck, service pipe, stop cock, and water meter. It then provides details on pipe fittings, storage systems, and piping layouts for direct supply, overhead tanks, and pumped systems. Joint types for cast iron pipes are covered, including socket and spigot, flanged, mechanical, flexible, and expansion joints. Disinfection of pipelines is also mentioned.
The document discusses house drainage systems. It defines key terms like wastewater, sewage, sullage, and plumbing system. It describes the principles of house drainage like gravity flow and ventilation. It explains traps, their types and qualities. Pipes are classified as soil, waste, and vent pipes. Finally, it summarizes four common plumbing systems - single stack, one pipe, single stack partially ventilated, and two pipe systems - comparing their features.
Planning and design of building services in multi Story Vj NiroSh
The document discusses water supply and distribution systems. It defines a water distribution system as a network of pipes that can distribute water supply to premises in an organized manner. It notes that factors to consider when planning water supply layouts include population growth, industrial development, and sources of water supply. The main sources of water supply are listed as surface sources like rivers and lakes, and underground sources like wells and springs. The document also discusses various types of pipes used in distribution systems, as well as fittings, valves, water heating methods, and hot water supply systems.
Water supply, sanitation and rainwater harvestingAyushi Agrawal
A water supply system typically includes a drainage basin, water collection point, water purification facilities, water storage facilities such as tanks or towers, pressurizing components such as pumps, and a pipe network for distribution. There are three main types of water distribution systems: direct pumping, overhead tank, and hydro-pneumatic. A direct pumping system uses tanks elevated to provide water pressure without additional pumps. An overhead tank system stores water in elevated tanks but may require booster pumps for upper floors. A hydro-pneumatic system uses pressure tanks instead of elevated water tanks.
This document summarizes a presentation on water supply and waste management. It discusses the requirements of a good distribution system, including maintaining water quality and pressure. It describes different types of distribution networks like dead-end, radial, and gridiron systems. It also discusses water storage and pressurization methods. Finally, it covers domestic service connections, metering, and recommended daily water consumption for different building types.
House connection from mains, laying and joints in pipeskrishnacp
The document discusses the components of a house water connection system including the ferrule, goose neck, service pipe, stop cock, and water meter. It then provides details on pipe fittings, storage systems, and piping layouts for direct supply, overhead tanks, and pumped systems. Joint types for cast iron pipes are covered, including socket and spigot, flanged, mechanical, flexible, and expansion joints. Disinfection of pipelines is also mentioned.
The document discusses house drainage systems. It defines key terms like wastewater, sewage, sullage, and plumbing system. It describes the principles of house drainage like gravity flow and ventilation. It explains traps, their types and qualities. Pipes are classified as soil, waste, and vent pipes. Finally, it summarizes four common plumbing systems - single stack, one pipe, single stack partially ventilated, and two pipe systems - comparing their features.
Planning and design of building services in multi Story Vj NiroSh
The document discusses water supply and distribution systems. It defines a water distribution system as a network of pipes that can distribute water supply to premises in an organized manner. It notes that factors to consider when planning water supply layouts include population growth, industrial development, and sources of water supply. The main sources of water supply are listed as surface sources like rivers and lakes, and underground sources like wells and springs. The document also discusses various types of pipes used in distribution systems, as well as fittings, valves, water heating methods, and hot water supply systems.
Water supply, sanitation and rainwater harvestingAyushi Agrawal
A water supply system typically includes a drainage basin, water collection point, water purification facilities, water storage facilities such as tanks or towers, pressurizing components such as pumps, and a pipe network for distribution. There are three main types of water distribution systems: direct pumping, overhead tank, and hydro-pneumatic. A direct pumping system uses tanks elevated to provide water pressure without additional pumps. An overhead tank system stores water in elevated tanks but may require booster pumps for upper floors. A hydro-pneumatic system uses pressure tanks instead of elevated water tanks.
This document summarizes a presentation on water supply and waste management. It discusses the requirements of a good distribution system, including maintaining water quality and pressure. It describes different types of distribution networks like dead-end, radial, and gridiron systems. It also discusses water storage and pressurization methods. Finally, it covers domestic service connections, metering, and recommended daily water consumption for different building types.
This document discusses different methods of water distribution systems. The most common combined gravity and pumping system pumps treated water to an elevated reservoir, then distributes it using gravity. At the domestic level, there are two types of cold water systems - direct supply systems distribute water directly from mains to fixtures if pressure is sufficient for fewer than two floors, while indirect systems use a storage cistern to supply fixtures and reduce pressure. Key parts of distribution systems include service pipes, distribution pipes, risers, fixture branches and fixture supplies.
The document provides information about plumbing systems in buildings. It defines a plumbing system as a system of pipes, drains, fittings and devices installed in a building for distribution of water and removal of wastewater. It then lists the common types of pipes used - galvanized iron pipes, cast iron pipes, unplasticized PVC pipes, and rigid PVC pipes - along with their typical diameters and properties. Finally, it describes the two main types of water distribution systems - gravity distribution systems that rely on an elevated water source, and pump and storage systems that use pumps to move water to overhead tanks.
This document provides definitions and terminology for key concepts relating to sanitary drainage systems. It covers topics like drainage and sanitation plans, materials and appliances, design considerations, construction relating to conveyance of sanitary wastes, and maintenance guidelines. Definitions are provided for over 50 terms used in drainage systems, including building drain, soil pipe, vent, septic tank, manhole, and others. The document establishes standards and requirements for planning, designing, and installing waste disposal systems within and outside buildings.
Sewage treatment plant design calculationSharifah Ain
1) The document outlines the design calculations for a sewage treatment plant for a mixed development project with 40 residential units and 18 commercial units. The population equivalent is calculated to be 293.
2) A rotating biological contractor (RBC) system is selected as the sewage treatment method since it is suitable for staged development, requires low land area, produces high quality effluent, and has low operation and maintenance costs.
3) Design parameters for the sewer reticulation pipes are provided, including a peak flow factor calculation, minimum pipe sizes and slopes, maximum infiltration rates, and manhole specifications such as location, depth, and gradient requirements.
The document provides information on various types of sanitary fittings used in bathrooms, including water closets (toilets), urinals, and flushing systems. It discusses the materials used to make these fittings, such as cast iron, vitreous enamel, stainless steel, ceramic, and plastics. It also describes the components, working, classifications, and dimensions of water closets and urinals. Waterless and automatic flushing systems for urinals are introduced to save water. Common problems in public urinals like blockages and odors are also summarized along with solutions.
This document discusses different types of traps used in plumbing systems. It describes P-traps, S-traps, and Q-traps, and explains their shapes and typical uses. P-traps are used for sinks and exit into the wall. S-traps trap water and odors but can also trap objects. Q-traps are similar to S-traps and used in toilets. The document also mentions requirements for good traps, and describes vent, rainwater, and anti-siphonage pipes used in plumbing systems.
The document discusses various aspects of plumbing systems, including water supply sources and distribution, direct and indirect water supply, sanitary systems, pipes, traps, and different plumbing system types. It provides descriptions and diagrams to explain direct and indirect water supply systems, the components of sanitary systems including soil, waste, vent and rainwater pipes, types of traps according to shape and use, and one-pipe, two-pipe, single stack, and fully ventilated one-pipe plumbing systems.
The document discusses various plumbing fixtures including pipes made from materials like cast iron, galvanized iron, and plastic. It also covers different types of valves such as gate valves, check valves, and pressure relief valves. Finally, it examines water taps and describes several common types like pillar taps, mixer taps, and thermostatic taps that are used to control water flow indoors.
This presentation deals with the following appurtenances: Manholes; Flushing tanks, flushing manholes and clean outs; Interceptor tanks; (Inverted) siphons; Pumping stations; Gutters, storm water inlets and catch basins, and Other appurtenances.
The document discusses the key components and principles of a house drainage system. It defines important terms like wastewater, sewage, sullage, etc. It describes the main components of a house drainage system including traps (P, Q, S, floor, gully, intercepting), pipes (soil, waste, vent, rainwater), and sanitary fittings (wash basins, sinks, bath tubs, water closets, urinals, flushing cisterns). It also explains the principles of design and discusses the different systems of plumbing like single stack, one pipe, single stack partially ventilated, and two pipe systems.
The document discusses building drainage systems and traps. It explains that a building drainage system is the system of pipes that collects waste water from sanitary fixtures and discharges it to the public sewer via gravity. It also discusses general design principles for drainage systems, such as laying pipes along walls for maintenance and providing proper ventilation and slopes. The document then focuses on traps, explaining that traps hold water to prevent foul gases and vermin from entering rooms. It describes different types of traps used in drainage systems and their purposes.
Cold Water Supply Distribution In BuildingVan Heina
The document discusses the operating principle of air pressure water distribution systems. It begins by explaining that air is compressible while water is not, allowing air pressure in a tank to reach 15 psi and lift water up to 10.5 meters. It notes the ideal pressure range is 20-40 psi. Automatic controls regulate air compressors to maintain adequate pressure. Advantages include low cost while disadvantages include electricity dependence. The document also examines direct upfeed and triplex pump systems as well as factors affecting water pressure and sizing water pipes.
The document discusses water distribution systems and sanitary systems. It describes the main components of water distribution systems including pipes, valves, fittings and motors. It also discusses the components of sanitary systems such as traps, pipes, fittings and different plumbing systems. Plumbing systems discussed include single stack, fully ventilated stack, one pipe and dual pipe systems.
This document discusses plumbing services for a building, including water supply and distribution systems. It covers the cold water system, direct and indirect supply systems, and hot water supply methods. The direct system supplies water directly from mains to fixtures, while the indirect system uses a storage cistern. Centralized hot water systems store and circulate hot water, while localized systems heat water at the point of use. Solar water heaters also utilize energy from the sun.
The document provides information on cold water supply systems for high-rise buildings. It discusses pneumatic cylinder systems that use compressed air to pump water to upper floors. It also covers common pipe materials like copper, plastic, cast iron and their properties. Finally, it discusses sizing of cold water pipes, sanitary appliances, and accessibility features for disabled people like grab bars and lever taps.
The document discusses various materials used for sewer construction including brick, concrete, precast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete, stoneware, asbestos cement, cast iron, steel, ductile iron, UPVC, HDPE, GRP, FRP and pitch fibre pipes. For each material, the key advantages and disadvantages are described. The document also provides the relevant Indian Standard specifications for each material. Crown corrosion of concrete sewers is explained as being caused by the formation of sulfuric acid due to the action of sulfate reducing bacteria on hydrogen sulfide gas in stagnant sewage flow at the bottom of sewers.
The document provides information on house drainage systems, including its key components and design principles. It discusses the objectives of house drainage which include maintaining healthy conditions and facilitating the quick removal of waste. It describes various drainage system components such as traps (P, Q, S traps), pipes (soil, waste, vent), and sanitary fittings (wash basins, sinks, bathtubs, water closets, urinals). The document also outlines different plumbing systems including single stack, one pipe, partially ventilated single stack, and two pipe systems. Finally, it provides an example house drainage plan layout.
The document discusses various components of household water and drainage systems. It describes the ferrule, goose neck, service pipe, stop cock, and water meter that comprise the water connection to a house. It then explains common drainage system terms like soil pipe, waste pipe, vent pipe, and rainwater pipe. The document outlines sizes for different types of pipes and the objectives of drainage systems. Finally, it discusses different types of traps (P, Q, S traps), floor traps, gully traps, and intercepting traps used in plumbing systems.
WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE SERVICE FOR BUILDINGKaran Patel
The product, delivered to the point of consumption, is called potable water if it meets the water quality standards required for human consumption.
The water in the supply network is maintained at positive pressure to ensure that water reaches all parts of the network, that a sufficient flow is available at every take-off point and to ensure that untreated water in the ground cannot enter the network. The water is typically pressurised by pumps that pump water into storage tanks constructed at the highest local point in the network. One network may have several such service reservoirs.
In small domestic systems, the water may be pressurised by a pressure vessel or even by an underground cistern (the latter however does need additional pressurizing). This eliminates the need of a water-tower or any other heightened water reserve to supply the water pressure.
These systems are usually owned and maintained by local governments, such as cities, or other public entities, but are occasionally operated by a commercial enterprise (see water privatization). Water supply networks are part of the master planning of communities, counties, and municipalities. Their planning and design requires the expertise of city planners and civil engineers, who must consider many factors, such as location, current demand, future growth, leakage, pressure, pipe size, pressure loss, fire fighting flows, etc
1. The document provides guidelines for connecting a building's chilled water system to the campus's central district cooling system.
2. Key requirements include using plate and frame heat exchangers if pressure limits are exceeded, proper placement and control of temperature and flow sensors, and coordination with the Chilled Water Engineer for components like the bridge controller and return temperature control valve.
3. The designer must provide detailed tables with design parameters to ensure the bridge connection and controls will operate as intended over the full range of loads and pressure conditions.
This document discusses the fundamentals of piping design for geothermal fields. It covers key topics such as:
- Design criteria including process parameters, codes, and deliverables
- Piping design procedures including fluid characteristics, separator location, pipe types and codes
- Equations for calculating pressure drop, heat losses, and electric power output of steam pipes
The overall aim is to safely and economically transport geothermal fluids from production wells to the power plant via piping systems that consider installation and lifetime costs, pressure losses, stresses, and other factors.
This document discusses different methods of water distribution systems. The most common combined gravity and pumping system pumps treated water to an elevated reservoir, then distributes it using gravity. At the domestic level, there are two types of cold water systems - direct supply systems distribute water directly from mains to fixtures if pressure is sufficient for fewer than two floors, while indirect systems use a storage cistern to supply fixtures and reduce pressure. Key parts of distribution systems include service pipes, distribution pipes, risers, fixture branches and fixture supplies.
The document provides information about plumbing systems in buildings. It defines a plumbing system as a system of pipes, drains, fittings and devices installed in a building for distribution of water and removal of wastewater. It then lists the common types of pipes used - galvanized iron pipes, cast iron pipes, unplasticized PVC pipes, and rigid PVC pipes - along with their typical diameters and properties. Finally, it describes the two main types of water distribution systems - gravity distribution systems that rely on an elevated water source, and pump and storage systems that use pumps to move water to overhead tanks.
This document provides definitions and terminology for key concepts relating to sanitary drainage systems. It covers topics like drainage and sanitation plans, materials and appliances, design considerations, construction relating to conveyance of sanitary wastes, and maintenance guidelines. Definitions are provided for over 50 terms used in drainage systems, including building drain, soil pipe, vent, septic tank, manhole, and others. The document establishes standards and requirements for planning, designing, and installing waste disposal systems within and outside buildings.
Sewage treatment plant design calculationSharifah Ain
1) The document outlines the design calculations for a sewage treatment plant for a mixed development project with 40 residential units and 18 commercial units. The population equivalent is calculated to be 293.
2) A rotating biological contractor (RBC) system is selected as the sewage treatment method since it is suitable for staged development, requires low land area, produces high quality effluent, and has low operation and maintenance costs.
3) Design parameters for the sewer reticulation pipes are provided, including a peak flow factor calculation, minimum pipe sizes and slopes, maximum infiltration rates, and manhole specifications such as location, depth, and gradient requirements.
The document provides information on various types of sanitary fittings used in bathrooms, including water closets (toilets), urinals, and flushing systems. It discusses the materials used to make these fittings, such as cast iron, vitreous enamel, stainless steel, ceramic, and plastics. It also describes the components, working, classifications, and dimensions of water closets and urinals. Waterless and automatic flushing systems for urinals are introduced to save water. Common problems in public urinals like blockages and odors are also summarized along with solutions.
This document discusses different types of traps used in plumbing systems. It describes P-traps, S-traps, and Q-traps, and explains their shapes and typical uses. P-traps are used for sinks and exit into the wall. S-traps trap water and odors but can also trap objects. Q-traps are similar to S-traps and used in toilets. The document also mentions requirements for good traps, and describes vent, rainwater, and anti-siphonage pipes used in plumbing systems.
The document discusses various aspects of plumbing systems, including water supply sources and distribution, direct and indirect water supply, sanitary systems, pipes, traps, and different plumbing system types. It provides descriptions and diagrams to explain direct and indirect water supply systems, the components of sanitary systems including soil, waste, vent and rainwater pipes, types of traps according to shape and use, and one-pipe, two-pipe, single stack, and fully ventilated one-pipe plumbing systems.
The document discusses various plumbing fixtures including pipes made from materials like cast iron, galvanized iron, and plastic. It also covers different types of valves such as gate valves, check valves, and pressure relief valves. Finally, it examines water taps and describes several common types like pillar taps, mixer taps, and thermostatic taps that are used to control water flow indoors.
This presentation deals with the following appurtenances: Manholes; Flushing tanks, flushing manholes and clean outs; Interceptor tanks; (Inverted) siphons; Pumping stations; Gutters, storm water inlets and catch basins, and Other appurtenances.
The document discusses the key components and principles of a house drainage system. It defines important terms like wastewater, sewage, sullage, etc. It describes the main components of a house drainage system including traps (P, Q, S, floor, gully, intercepting), pipes (soil, waste, vent, rainwater), and sanitary fittings (wash basins, sinks, bath tubs, water closets, urinals, flushing cisterns). It also explains the principles of design and discusses the different systems of plumbing like single stack, one pipe, single stack partially ventilated, and two pipe systems.
The document discusses building drainage systems and traps. It explains that a building drainage system is the system of pipes that collects waste water from sanitary fixtures and discharges it to the public sewer via gravity. It also discusses general design principles for drainage systems, such as laying pipes along walls for maintenance and providing proper ventilation and slopes. The document then focuses on traps, explaining that traps hold water to prevent foul gases and vermin from entering rooms. It describes different types of traps used in drainage systems and their purposes.
Cold Water Supply Distribution In BuildingVan Heina
The document discusses the operating principle of air pressure water distribution systems. It begins by explaining that air is compressible while water is not, allowing air pressure in a tank to reach 15 psi and lift water up to 10.5 meters. It notes the ideal pressure range is 20-40 psi. Automatic controls regulate air compressors to maintain adequate pressure. Advantages include low cost while disadvantages include electricity dependence. The document also examines direct upfeed and triplex pump systems as well as factors affecting water pressure and sizing water pipes.
The document discusses water distribution systems and sanitary systems. It describes the main components of water distribution systems including pipes, valves, fittings and motors. It also discusses the components of sanitary systems such as traps, pipes, fittings and different plumbing systems. Plumbing systems discussed include single stack, fully ventilated stack, one pipe and dual pipe systems.
This document discusses plumbing services for a building, including water supply and distribution systems. It covers the cold water system, direct and indirect supply systems, and hot water supply methods. The direct system supplies water directly from mains to fixtures, while the indirect system uses a storage cistern. Centralized hot water systems store and circulate hot water, while localized systems heat water at the point of use. Solar water heaters also utilize energy from the sun.
The document provides information on cold water supply systems for high-rise buildings. It discusses pneumatic cylinder systems that use compressed air to pump water to upper floors. It also covers common pipe materials like copper, plastic, cast iron and their properties. Finally, it discusses sizing of cold water pipes, sanitary appliances, and accessibility features for disabled people like grab bars and lever taps.
The document discusses various materials used for sewer construction including brick, concrete, precast concrete, cast-in-situ concrete, stoneware, asbestos cement, cast iron, steel, ductile iron, UPVC, HDPE, GRP, FRP and pitch fibre pipes. For each material, the key advantages and disadvantages are described. The document also provides the relevant Indian Standard specifications for each material. Crown corrosion of concrete sewers is explained as being caused by the formation of sulfuric acid due to the action of sulfate reducing bacteria on hydrogen sulfide gas in stagnant sewage flow at the bottom of sewers.
The document provides information on house drainage systems, including its key components and design principles. It discusses the objectives of house drainage which include maintaining healthy conditions and facilitating the quick removal of waste. It describes various drainage system components such as traps (P, Q, S traps), pipes (soil, waste, vent), and sanitary fittings (wash basins, sinks, bathtubs, water closets, urinals). The document also outlines different plumbing systems including single stack, one pipe, partially ventilated single stack, and two pipe systems. Finally, it provides an example house drainage plan layout.
The document discusses various components of household water and drainage systems. It describes the ferrule, goose neck, service pipe, stop cock, and water meter that comprise the water connection to a house. It then explains common drainage system terms like soil pipe, waste pipe, vent pipe, and rainwater pipe. The document outlines sizes for different types of pipes and the objectives of drainage systems. Finally, it discusses different types of traps (P, Q, S traps), floor traps, gully traps, and intercepting traps used in plumbing systems.
WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE SERVICE FOR BUILDINGKaran Patel
The product, delivered to the point of consumption, is called potable water if it meets the water quality standards required for human consumption.
The water in the supply network is maintained at positive pressure to ensure that water reaches all parts of the network, that a sufficient flow is available at every take-off point and to ensure that untreated water in the ground cannot enter the network. The water is typically pressurised by pumps that pump water into storage tanks constructed at the highest local point in the network. One network may have several such service reservoirs.
In small domestic systems, the water may be pressurised by a pressure vessel or even by an underground cistern (the latter however does need additional pressurizing). This eliminates the need of a water-tower or any other heightened water reserve to supply the water pressure.
These systems are usually owned and maintained by local governments, such as cities, or other public entities, but are occasionally operated by a commercial enterprise (see water privatization). Water supply networks are part of the master planning of communities, counties, and municipalities. Their planning and design requires the expertise of city planners and civil engineers, who must consider many factors, such as location, current demand, future growth, leakage, pressure, pipe size, pressure loss, fire fighting flows, etc
1. The document provides guidelines for connecting a building's chilled water system to the campus's central district cooling system.
2. Key requirements include using plate and frame heat exchangers if pressure limits are exceeded, proper placement and control of temperature and flow sensors, and coordination with the Chilled Water Engineer for components like the bridge controller and return temperature control valve.
3. The designer must provide detailed tables with design parameters to ensure the bridge connection and controls will operate as intended over the full range of loads and pressure conditions.
This document discusses the fundamentals of piping design for geothermal fields. It covers key topics such as:
- Design criteria including process parameters, codes, and deliverables
- Piping design procedures including fluid characteristics, separator location, pipe types and codes
- Equations for calculating pressure drop, heat losses, and electric power output of steam pipes
The overall aim is to safely and economically transport geothermal fluids from production wells to the power plant via piping systems that consider installation and lifetime costs, pressure losses, stresses, and other factors.
This document discusses cold and hot water supply systems for buildings. It begins by explaining the history of indoor plumbing, noting that running water is still unavailable in most buildings outside of industrialized nations. It then discusses domestic water distribution systems, explaining options like upfeed, downfeed, and hydropneumatic systems. It also covers determining water demand loads based on fixture types and use. Finally, it provides an example of how to size water pipes based on factors like street main pressure, height differences, fixture pressure needs, and pipe friction losses.
The document provides standards and requirements for plumbing fixtures at the University of Texas. It specifies that all new construction and renovation must meet ANSI, ASSE, ADA, and other standards. It lists maximum flow rates for different fixture types. It also provides specifications for various plumbing fixtures, including water closets, urinals, and emergency equipment.
This document is the thesis work of Wilmer Antonio Ramirez Sarmiento titled "DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF SANITARY INSTALLATIONS OF A THREE-STORY BUILDING INTENDED FOR HOUSING APARTMENTS". It discusses the design and sizing of plumbing systems for a multi-story residential building according to Ecuadorian construction standards. The objectives are to determine the best water supply type, design internal water distribution networks and pipe diameters, design waste and storm water drainage networks, and size the water tank, elevated tank and pump power. Key elements of the plumbing system discussed include the water connection, shut-off valve, supply piping, and design parameters like flow rates, pressures and velocities
This document provides a 14-step guide for using a pipe sizing spreadsheet to properly size pipes for plumbing projects. It discusses factors like pipe dimensions, fixture locations, flow rates, pipe lengths, fittings and more that must be considered when sizing pipes. A case study example is provided where the sizing of pipes for an apartment building is calculated, and it is determined that a pump would be needed to meet pressure requirements since increasing pipe sizes alone would not be sufficient. Proper pipe sizing requires considering issues like pressure losses from meters, backflow devices and other factors.
This document discusses common design problems encountered in municipal wastewater pump stations and proposed solutions. It identifies issues such as concrete corrosion, use of non-corrosion resistant materials, lack of pump protection from debris, improper pump sizing, and lack of provisions for future expansion. Solutions proposed include using high-density polyethylene liners, stainless steel components, grinders, evaluating total dynamic head calculations more carefully, and oversizing some components to allow for capacity increases. The document provides examples from recently constructed pump stations in Northern Virginia that have implemented some of these solutions successfully.
Liquid Piping Systems, Minor Losses: Fittings and Valves in Liquid Piping Systems, Sizing Liquid Piping Systems; Fluid Machines (Pumps) and Pump–Pipe Matching, Design of Piping Systems complete with In-Line or Base-Mounted Pumps
The document summarizes some common design issues encountered with chilled water systems and provides solutions. It describes 4 cases of chilled water system design mistakes: 1) a new variable primary flow system that had inaccurate flow sensing, insufficient loop volume, and improperly sized bypass piping; 2) converting an existing primary-secondary system to variable primary flow without ensuring accurate flow sensing; 3) connecting a heat recovery chiller in parallel without sufficient flow control; and 4) not properly positioning pumps to allow for minimum bypass flow in a conversion. The document provides recommendations to address these issues, such as using a more accurate flow meter, increasing loop volume with a buffer tank, properly sizing bypass piping, and considering a variable primary/variable secondary system
This document provides an overview of municipal water supply systems, including sources of water, water treatment processes, storage, distribution, and calculations for pressure. It describes how water is obtained from both groundwater aquifers and surface sources like rivers and reservoirs. Water is treated depending on source quality before being pumped to storage tanks and distributed through a piping network to customers, with minimum pressures of 40 psi for residences. The document also defines key terms and shows examples of calculating static head, pressure, head loss, and actual delivery pressure.
Mr. Belloit has 25 years of experience in estimating for water and wastewater construction projects. He is skilled in developing estimates, identifying costs, performing bid evaluations, and negotiating contracts. Some of his recent project experience includes the $20 million Jacksonville Beach Wastewater Treatment Plant and the $47 million James Anderson Reverse Osmosis Water Treatment Plant in Port St. Lucie, Florida. He is proficient in WinEst and other estimating software programs.
This document discusses water supply and sanitary systems. It covers topics such as types of water distribution systems including gravity, pumping and combined systems. It also discusses cold and hot water supply systems, as well as the design considerations for water supply systems including water pressure, flow rates, pipe sizing, layout, backflow prevention and pipe materials. The key methods of water distribution in multi-storey buildings are direct pumping, hydro-pneumatic and overhead tank systems.
This document provides a summary of plumbing history and modern plumbing systems. It begins with a timeline of ancient plumbing origins from 8000 BC to present day. Key developments include standardized earthen pipes in 2700 BC in the Indus Valley and the Romans using lead pipes. Modern systems now use pipes made of materials like copper, plastic and steel. The document also outlines different plumbing system types like gravity, hydro-pneumatic, and drainage/venting systems. It provides diagrams and discusses factors like pressure requirements, flow conditions, and storm water drainage. Fixtures like sinks, tubs and toilets are also defined.
This chapter discusses water piping systems used for air conditioning applications. It describes the principles of once-through and recirculating water piping systems. Recirculating systems can be open or closed. Piping arrangements include reverse return, reverse return header with direct return risers, and direct return piping. The chapter also covers water piping design considerations like pipe sizing, friction loss, velocity, diversity, and pipe length measurement. Design examples demonstrate how to apply diversity factors to reduce pipe sizes and pump capacity.
This document discusses Fast Flow Projects, a company that specializes in siphonic drainage systems. It provides examples of projects in Asia and design principles of siphonic roof drainage. Siphonic drainage uses smaller diameter pipes than conventional gravity systems by taking advantage of the siphon effect to efficiently drain roofs. Key benefits include more flexible pipe routing, smaller underground pipes, and self-cleaning of pipe networks.
The document discusses the design of a piping system to transport a 15% sodium hydroxide solution from a storage tank to a digester. It identifies the key parts of the system as pipe, elbows, a gate valve, and a centrifugal pump. It then provides sample calculations to determine the pipe diameter, thickness, flow velocity, friction factor, and head losses based on the flow rate of 11,179.8726 kg over 10 minutes. The calculations specify a 10-inch schedule 40 stainless steel pipe based on the fluid properties and system requirements.
This document provides information on pipeheads from KraussMaffei Berstorff for PVC pipe production. It discusses their nine pipehead sizes that cover a broad range of diameters and applications. It also describes benefits like perfect pipe quality, a stable process, tight wall thickness tolerances, and a wide processing window. The document provides details on pipehead models, dimensions, throughputs, applications for pressure classes, and the benefits of multilayer PVC pipe production.
This document discusses the planning and design of lift irrigation schemes. It begins by explaining why lift irrigation schemes have become more significant given limitations of conventional gravity schemes. It then covers various components of lift irrigation schemes including civil structures, electro-mechanical and hydro-mechanical components. The document provides guidance on key aspects of planning lift irrigation schemes including hydrology, alignment, hydraulic particulars, pump selection and surge protection systems. It emphasizes the importance of carefully planning the scheme components and accounting for factors like pumping head, discharge requirements and surge analysis to ensure efficient performance of the lift irrigation system.
The CBC machine is a common diagnostic tool used by doctors to measure a patient's red blood cell count, white blood cell count and platelet count. The machine uses a small sample of the patient's blood, which is then placed into special tubes and analyzed. The results of the analysis are then displayed on a screen for the doctor to review. The CBC machine is an important tool for diagnosing various conditions, such as anemia, infection and leukemia. It can also help to monitor a patient's response to treatment.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
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It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
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Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECT
High rise plumbing design by aspe
1. Case Study
Domestic Water System
Design for High-rise Buildings
40 Plumbing Systems & Design MAY/JUNE 2007 PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
2. by Jim Beveridge, P. Eng.
Vancouver, British Columbia, is a modern
city of 2 million people sitting on the edge of the Straight of
Georgia (connected to the Pacific Ocean) to the west, set
against a backdrop of the Coast Range Mountains to the north,
and bound by the United States border to the south. These
geographicalconstraints,alongwithsteadypopulationgrowth,
have resulted in the engineering and construction of literally
hundreds of high-rise buildings, including office buildings,
hotels, apartments, condominiums, and multiuse high rises.
MAY/JUNE 2007 Plumbing Systems & Design 41
3. I have designed several high-rise building projects over
the past two decades and am the plumbing engineer of
record for two current high-rise building projects located
in Vancouver. Woodwards is a $250 million landmark mul-
tiuse redevelopment project on the edge of the city core
that includes a 42-story residential condominium high rise
plusa36-storyresidentialcondominiumtower.Theproject
also includes commercial retail spaces, government office
levels, social housing, a food store, a university perform-
ing arts center, daycare facilities, and two levels of under-
ground parking covering the entire city block. A second
project, 1133 West Georgia Street in the heart of the down-
town core, is a 58-story five-star hotel and condominium
high-rise building. These prestigious projects, each with
water and mountain views from the upper levels, will sell
for well over $1 million per condominium unit.
Providing domestic cold and hot water to the upper
floors is afundamental requirement and providesthemain
challenge for the plumbing system engineer for a high-rise
building project. Many parameters must be considered
and many possible solutions exist. The engineer must
consider building height, available municipal water pres-
sure, pressure requirements not only at the upper floor but
also throughout the building, flow demand, booster pump
capacity and control, pipe and valve materials, riser loca-
tions, pressure zones, pressure-regulating stations, water
heater storage capacity and recovery, water heater loca-
tions, domestic hot water circulation or pipe temperature
maintenance, space requirements in the building, eco-
nomics, energy efficiency, and acoustics.
The primary role of the project plumbing engineer is to
determine the overall design solution that addresses the
technical, physical, and economic aspects of the project,
complies with the requirements of local codes, and meets
or exceeds the client’s expectations.
Technical input regarding booster pumping equipment
options and costs and domestic water heater equipment
options and costs was obtained from local manufacturer’s
reps. In addition, input on the construction costs associated
withsomeofthevariouspipingoptionswasobtainedduring
value engineering meetings with local trade contractors.
DOMESTIC WATER PRESSURES
Water pressures must be established for all points in the
domestic cold and hot water systems. The first require-
ment is to obtain water pressure information from the
local water utility company. Water pressure information
is determined either by field measurement while flow
testing at two fire hydrants in the vicinity of the project
site or utilizing a dynamic computerized flow simulation
program. Water pressure information should be provided
to the project engineer as the winter, or maximum, static
pressure, and the summer, or minimum, residual pressure
at a designated flow rate. The maximum water pressure
information is necessary, as it determines whether pres-
sure-reducing valves are required for the lower levels of
the project served directly by municipal pressure. Mini-
mum water pressure information is necessary for sizing
the domestic water booster pumps to serve the upper
levels of the building.
Information generated by computer simulation can be
advantageous, as it can be designed to account for future
developments in the area, future upgrades to the munici-
pal water system such as looped systems, and long-term
deterioration of pipe capacity. The water pressures pro-
vided by the municipality for the hotel and condominium
project are 120 pounds per square inch (825 kilopascals)
winter static and 95 psi (650 kPa) at 1,000 gallons per
minute flow (3,780 liters per minute flow) summer resid-
ual pressure. The engineer should consider reducing the
minimum water supply pressure information by 10 psi (70
kPa) or 10 percent to account for other unknowns, future
variations in the system, or changes to the piping configu-
ration during installation. For this project, the minimum
available municipal design pressure is 85 psi (585 kPa).
The second requirement is to account for pressure losses
from the municipal water connection to the building’s
watersupplysystemboosterpumps,includingpremiseiso-
lation backflow prevention devices, water meters, strainers,
valves, and pipe losses. For this project, these losses are 10
psi (70 kPa), leaving 75 psi (515 kPa) available at the base of
the system at the inlet to the pressure booster pumps.
The next requirement is to establish the residual water
pressure required at the plumbing fixtures in the upper
levels of the project. Plumbing codes and the ASPE Data
Book generally state the minimum water pressure at a fix-
ture other than flush valves to be 15 psi (105 kPa) or even
less!However,theoccupantsforthisprojectandmanyother
high-rise condominiums will be people paying $1 million
or more for a condominium who may be moving from a
single-family home where the water pressure was 50 psi
(345 kPa) or more. In hotels where upper-level suites with
panoramic ocean and mountain views command several
hundreds of dollars per night, the guests similarly will be
expecting good water pressure. I recommend a minimum
of 40 psi (275 kPa) at the upper levels for these projects.
Plumbing code restrictions and ASPE Data Book recom-
mendationslimitthemaximumwaterpressureataplumb-
ing fixture to 80 psi (550 kPa). This pressure comes into
effect when we look at pressure zones within the building
as later discussed.
Next,thestaticpressureofthesystemmustbedetermined.
This is the largest pressure component in most high-rise
project designs and is the water pressure that occurs based
on the height of the piping system from the connection to
the municipal water main to the highest plumbing fixture.
There is a 0.433-psi (2.98-kPa) static pressure change for
each foot of elevation change. For this 58-story project, the
static pressure differential is 190 psi (1,310 kPa).
The last pressure that needs to be calculated is the fric-
tion loss that results from water flowing through the piping
system, which is a function of pipe length, pipe diameter,
velocity,volumetricflowingpm(Lpm),pipematerialrough-
ness coefficient, and viscosity. (However, most pipe friction
loss tables are based on potable water; therefore, viscosity
does not need to be adjusted.) For this project, the friction
head is 10 psi (70 kPa). Water velocities were restricted to 5
feet per second (1.5 meters per second) for cold water and 4
fps (1.2 m/s) for hot water and recirculation piping.
CaseStudy:DomesticWaterSystemDesignforHigh-riseBuildings
42 Plumbing Systems & Design MAY/JUNE 2007 PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
4. The pressure required to be generated by the domestic
water booster pumps at the base of the plumbing system now
can be calculated:
Residual pressure at the highest fixture (40 psi [275
kPa])+Static pressure (190 psi [1,310 kPa])+Friction losses
(10 psi [70 kPa]) = Required pressure (240 psi [1,655 kPa])
– Minimum available pressure (75 psi [515 kPa]) = Required
pressure by booster pumps (165 psi [1,140 kPa])
EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS
The domestic water system must be designed to handle
the high operating pressures at the base of the system. In
this project, the required pressure at the discharge from the
booster pumps is required to be 240 psi (1,655 kPa). There-
fore,inadditiontotheboosterpumps,theequipment,piping,
valves, fittings, and pipe joints also must be designed, speci-
fied, and rated to accommodate the high water pressures at
the base of the domestic water piping system. Components
with a minimum 250-psi (1,725-kPa) rated operating pres-
sure are required.
The rated internal operating pressure for copper tubing also
must be considered in systems with high operating pressures,
and the limitation is based on the type of alloy used for the
joints. Lead as occurs in 50-50 tin-lead solder never should
be used in making joints on potable water systems, regard-
less of the pressure. For example, tin-antimony 95-5 solder
has a maximum operating pressure of only 180 psi (1,240
kPa) at 200°F (93°C) for a 6-inch (150-millimeter) pipe diam-
eter joint. Brazing alloys and silver solder have significantly
higher operating pressure limits and should be specified for
small-diameter copper tubing, while grooved-end mechani-
cal joint systems may be considered for 2-in. (50-mm) diam-
eter and larger copper tubing.
Note that for taller buildings, water pressure requirements
at the base of the system are increasingly higher, unless
mechanical rooms are provided at intermediate levels within
the building and pumping can be staged in series. At levels
further up the building, the pressures are correspondingly
lower, and equipment and materials can be designed to lower
pressure ratings.
DOMESTIC WATER PRESSURE BOOSTER PUMPS
Several domestic water pressure booster pump arrange-
ments were evaluated. The first consideration was to reduce
the pumping energy generally associated with booster pump
systems. Two factors can contribute significantly to wasted
energy. First are systems that incorporate one pump to run
continuously, even during low-flow or no-flow periods, and
utilize a thermal bleed solenoid valve to dump water that is
overheated in the pump casing due to the impeller operat-
ing below the demand flow rate. This wastes both energy and
water. Second are systems that generate a single water pres-
sure for the entire building that is high enough to satisfy the
upper-level fixtures and then reduce that pressure through
pressure-reducing valves to satisfy lower-level pressure zones
in the building.
The initial design approach for the project was to provide
separate booster pumps for each pressure zone in the build-
ing with each pump incorporating a variable-speed drive.
This would eliminate both of the energy-wasting aspects
described above. Each of the five pressure zone booster sys-
tems would consist of a simplex pump, with just one addi-
tional backup pump that would be interconnected with nor-
mally closed valves to all of the zone headers, thus providing
backup for each of the zones when one of the simplex pumps
was being serviced. The total connected pump horsepower
for the project and the total energy consumption were lowest
in this scenario. In addition, this arrangement did not require
any pressure-reducing stations at the upper floors of the
building, thereby increasing valuable floor area and reducing
associated adjustments or maintenance work at the public
floor levels. However, this scenario required additional risers,
one cold water riser and one hot water riser, for each pres-
sure zone in the building, running from the basement-level
mechanical room up to the level of each zone. This scenario
was presented as the primary system for costing.
The second scenario that was evaluated consisted of one
triplex booster package for the cold water system and a sepa-
rate triplex booster package for the hot water system, with
pressure-reducing valve (PRV) stations for each pressure
zone, located in valve closets at intermittent floor levels in
the building. The domestic water heaters were located in the
basement mechanical room on the upstream side of the hot
water system pressure booster pumps with their cold water
supply at city water pressure.
The third scenario consisted of one triplex booster pump
package for the cold and hot water systems, with PRV stations
located in valve closets at each pressure zone in the build-
ing. To minimize the size of the PRV station closets, the valve
stations were staggered, with cold water PRVs on one level,
hot water PRVs on a second level, hot water zone circulating
pumps on a third level, and hot water zone electric reheat
tanks on a fourth level. This pumping scenario required the
primary domestic water heaters to be ASME rated for 250-psi
(1,725-kPa) operation, as they were located in the basement
mechanical room on the downstream side of the booster
pumps. However, the lower number of booster pumps and
associated interconnecting piping offset the premium cost
for the higher pressure rating of the water heaters.
ACOUSTICAL PROVISIONS
Acoustic requirements must be considered when design-
ing pressure booster pump systems. Minimizing noise at the
source is by far the best practice. Pumps that operate at 1,750
revolutions per minute are generally quieter than pumps
that operate at 3,500 rpm if the performance capacity can be
achieved.Incorporatingvariable-speeddrivesintothepump-
ing system generally reduces sound levels even further and
specifically during periods of low-flow requirements, such as
at night when sound issues may be most prevalent.
Vibration isolators should be provided on pump bases in
all cases except for pumps mounted on slab on grade. The
vibration isolators should include seismic restraint mounts
in geographical areas with seismic zones, such as on the West
Coasts of Canada and the United States. Flexible connectors
should be provided on the inlet and outlet connections to the
booster pumps or on the connections to the headers where
package pump systems are utilized. Flexible connectors
constructed of single- or double-spherical neoprene rein-
forced with Kevlar with built-in retention rings are recom-
mended over braided stainless steel flexible connectors for
two reasons. They permit axial movement as well as lateral
movement, and in addition they provide attenuation of noise
MAY/JUNE 2007 Plumbing Systems & Design 43
5. transmission in the fluid and piping due to the change in
internal shape of the connector. Spring isolators should
be considered on the domestic water pipe hangers and
supports within the pump room to further mitigate pump
noise from transmitting into the structure.
A prudent plumbing engineer should recommend that
the client retain a project acoustical consultant to provide
recommendations regarding the domestic water pressure
booster pump and piping systems. It is far more expensive
to remediate noise issues after the project is completed and
occupied than to incorporate them into the original design.
DOMESTIC HOT WATER SYSTEM AND EQUIPMENT
The development permit for the project has very spe-
cific height restrictions, and constructing an additional
level of million-dollar penthouse suites in lieu of a pent-
house mechanical room forced the mechanical equip-
ment, including the domestic water heaters, down to the
basement-level water-entry mechanical room. Utilizing
central-plant, natural gas-fired domestic water boilers at
this low level in the building would have been prohibitive
due to the high water pressure, routing, and termination
requirements of the flues.
Individual electric water heaters located within a closet
in each suite were considered and initially favorably priced
by one of the plumbing trades; however, this option did not
proceed based on the required floor space and loss of closet
space within the units, lack of equipment diversity utiliz-
ing individual water heaters compared to a central plant
system, maintenance and eventual replacement require-
ments within each suite, and the upsizing of electrical
power requirements and distribution within the building.
Downtown Vancouver has a central steam distribution
system operated by a private utility company, and steam
service was incorporated into the project for HVAC systems
as well as domestic hot water generation. Steam to high-
temperature heating system heat exchangers were speci-
fied by the HVAC engineer, and heating system double-wall
immersion heaters were specified for the domestic water
heater tanks. Two systems were designed in parallel to pro-
vide part-load performance during maintenance periods.
Two system options were considered. Initially, it was
anticipated that ASME hot water storage tanks rated for the
high-pressure system requirements would be very expen-
sive. Therefore, the first option considered using separate
booster pumps for the cold water and hot water supply
systems. A low-pressure municipal cold water line would
supply cold water to low-pressure-rated water heaters, and
downstream separate hot water booster pumps would dis-
tribute hot water throughout the building.
Pricing was obtained from a local pump supplier and
a storage tank supplier; the costs were evaluated; and
the final design solution incorporated one set of booster
pumps, double-wall primary heating water to domestic
hot water heat exchangers, and ASME high-pressure-rated
domestic hot water storage tanks.
DOMESTIC WATER PIPE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM RISERS
AND MAINS
Several configurations of pipe distribution systems may
be employed to distribute cold and hot potable water to the
suites. Three configurations were considered for this project.
The first configuration consists of a triplex domestic
water booster system located in the mechanical room at
parking level P-1 supplying water to a main 8-in. (200-mm)
diameter potable water riser. Pressure-reducing stations
are provided in valve closets to develop pressure zones of
approximately six stories per zone. The pressure-reducing
stations consist of two PRVs in parallel, each sized for 50
percent demand with no manual bypass, as the pressure
would be too high if the manual bypass valve was opened.
This keeps the pressure within the zone between approxi-
mately 40 psi (275 kPa) at the suites at the top of each pres-
sure zone and 70 psi (480 kPa) at the suites at the bottom of
each pressure zone. Downstream of the pressure-reducing
stations, subrisers then distribute water to each floor level
within the pressure zone. At each story, a floor isolation
valve is provided, and distribution mains are routed in the
corridor ceiling to suite isolation valves and then into each
suite. One advantage of this system compared to others
is that all risers and horizontal piping are routed through
common areas, and the only piping within a suite is the
piping serving fixtures within that individual suite.
A second configuration consists of the same triplex
booster pump system, main water riser, and PRV stations
approximately every six stories as described. In this con-
figuration, only one horizontal distribution main is routed
in the corridor ceiling at the lowest level of each pressure
zone, and in turn supplies subrisers located within each
set of stacked suites. Isolation valves are provided at the
base of each subriser and at the connection to each suite.
The obvious disadvantages of this configuration are that
common riser piping is routed through individually owned
suites and that if the subriser needs to be shut down, all
suites on that riser also are required to be shut down.
One negative aspect of most domestic water booster sys-
tems where more than one pressure zone is required is that
most of the pumps’ energy is wasted. This is because the full
volume of water for the building is boosted by the pumps
to the pressure required at the highest story in the building,
and then the pressure is reduced through PRV stations at
all pressure zones except the highest zone. With increased
emphasis on energy conservation and sustainable design,
this led me to a third configuration that I had not heard
of previously and do not know of being implemented in
any projects to date, which excites me. The wasted energy
consumed by PRV stations can be eliminated by designing
dedicated booster pumps with variable-speed drives for
each pressure zone. Therefore, only the pressure required
at any given zone in the building is developed, and only the
associated pump energy is consumed.
To reduce capital cost compared to providing duplex
or triplex booster pump packages for each pressure zone,
a single booster pump with a variable-speed drive is pro-
vided for each pressure zone, and one additional backup
pump is provided for the entire building, sized for the
upper pressure zone with manual interconnected piping
and valves such that it could serve any zone in the build-
ing as required during servicing or replacement of any
dedicated zone booster pump. The pump energy savings
is approximately 50 percent, as the full volume of water
for the building only is required to be boosted to the aver-
age pressure for the building. The capital cost of the pump
CaseStudy:DomesticWaterSystemDesignforHigh-riseBuildings
44 Plumbing Systems & Design MAY/JUNE 2007 PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
6. equipment is reduced as total horsepower is reduced, as is
the total connected electrical load, and pressure-reducing
stations at intermittent valve closets throughout the building
are not required.
The offsetting increase in capital cost is the increased
number of risers and total length of riser piping and insula-
tion, plus the interconnecting piping and valves to each of
the pumps and the associated installation costs. On building
projects where the client will be paying both the capital and
long-term operating costs, the payback period may be worth-
while. Unfortunately, in the developer’s world where capital
cost is king and operating costs are paid by a multitude of
unknown owners in the future, payback periods are generally
not marketable or sufficient to support these creative engi-
neering solutions.
DOMESTIC WATER PIPE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE
SUITES
Traditionally in Vancouver, water distribution piping has
been Type L copper tube manufactured to ASTM B 88 stan-
dards, with wrought copper fittings and 95-5 soldered joints.
Distributionpipinghasbeenroutedwithindropceilingspaces
and down within partition walls to the plumbing fixtures. The
recent rise in the cost of copper materials and the labor cost of
installation necessitated a trend to a different solution.
Over the past several years, cross-linked polyethylene
(PEX) tubing has been used extensively. The material has sev-
eral advantages, including lower material capital cost, lower
installation cost, less joints and therefore less potential loca-
tions for leaks in concealed spaces, faster installation, and no
potential for corrosion by aggressive local municipal water
conditions, which has contributed to pinhole damage and
expensive replacement of entire copper potable water sys-
temsinhigh-risebuildings.Thecommoninstallationwithina
suite consists of brass isolation ball valves on the cold and hot
water supplies generally located in a closet wall, short ¾-in.
(19-mm) or 1-in. (25-mm) diameter headers with several ½-
in. (12-mm) connections, and individual runs of PEX tubing
from the headers to each plumbing fixture. The PEX tubing is
routed within the structural floor slabs, and one major PEX
tubing supplier has obtained a tested third-party listing for a
two-hour fire separation rating. Quarter-turn mini ball valves
are provided at each plumbing fixture, and water hammer
arrestors are provided at dishwashers and clothes washers.
SUMMARY
Many variables must be considered during the engineering
of domestic water systems for high-rise buildings, and many
design solutions are available to the plumbing engineer. The
water pressures vary at each level throughout the building
and always must be considered in system layouts and when
selecting equipment and pipe materials. Energy efficiency,
space allocations, economics, and acoustics all play impor-
tant roles in a successful project delivery to the client.
NOVEMBER 2–4
www.ASPE.org
MAY/JUNE 2007 Plumbing Systems & Design 45
JIM BEVERIDGE, P. ENG., LEED AP, is a senior
associate and the plumbing and fire suppression discipline
leader for Stantec Consulting Ltd. in Vancouver, British
Columbia. He is a member of ASPE (past president of the
British Columbia Chapter), the Association of Professional
Engineers and Geoscientists of British Columbia, ASHRAE,
and SFPE. For more information or to comment on this
article, e-mail articles@psdmagazine.org.