This document provides an overview of linear and non-linear wave shaping. It discusses topics such as analog and digital signals, pulse definitions, periodic waveforms, linear wave shaping circuits including high pass RC circuits and low pass RC circuits. It also covers non-linear wave shaping including different types of clippers such as unbiased clippers, series positive clippers, and their working mechanisms. The document is intended to introduce fundamental concepts of signal processing.
This document contains schematics and component information for a stereo audio amplifier circuit called the TIP 3000 2H. The circuit uses operational amplifiers, transistors, and other analog components to construct the input, volume control, protection, power supply, and output stages of the amplifier. Notes provide guidance on component numbering and specifications. The power supply incorporates a transformer to step down mains voltage to lower voltages that are then regulated for the various circuit sections.
This document provides an overview of phase locked loops (PLL). It describes the basic blocks of a PLL including a phase detector, low pass filter, error amplifier, and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The phase detector compares the input and feedback signals and produces sum and difference frequencies. The low pass filter removes the sum frequency, and the error amplifier amplifies the difference frequency to control the VCO. The VCO then adjusts its frequency to reduce the difference between the input and feedback signals until they are locked. The document also discusses digital and analog phase detectors, VCO design using the LM566 IC, and formulas for output frequency.
This document provides a circuit diagram for an audio power amplifier. It includes two channels (A and B) with protection and display circuits. The diagram labels the components, their values and placement on the circuit board. It specifies that all resistors are 1/4W and electrolytic capacitors are 25V, unless otherwise indicated. The numbering of integrated circuits is from left to right and top to bottom.
This document provides an overview of linear and non-linear wave shaping. It discusses topics such as analog and digital signals, pulse definitions, periodic waveforms, linear wave shaping circuits including high pass RC circuits and low pass RC circuits. It also covers non-linear wave shaping including different types of clippers such as unbiased clippers, series positive clippers, and their working mechanisms. The document is intended to introduce fundamental concepts of signal processing.
This document contains schematics and component information for a stereo audio amplifier circuit called the TIP 3000 2H. The circuit uses operational amplifiers, transistors, and other analog components to construct the input, volume control, protection, power supply, and output stages of the amplifier. Notes provide guidance on component numbering and specifications. The power supply incorporates a transformer to step down mains voltage to lower voltages that are then regulated for the various circuit sections.
This document provides an overview of phase locked loops (PLL). It describes the basic blocks of a PLL including a phase detector, low pass filter, error amplifier, and voltage controlled oscillator (VCO). The phase detector compares the input and feedback signals and produces sum and difference frequencies. The low pass filter removes the sum frequency, and the error amplifier amplifies the difference frequency to control the VCO. The VCO then adjusts its frequency to reduce the difference between the input and feedback signals until they are locked. The document also discusses digital and analog phase detectors, VCO design using the LM566 IC, and formulas for output frequency.
This document provides a circuit diagram for an audio power amplifier. It includes two channels (A and B) with protection and display circuits. The diagram labels the components, their values and placement on the circuit board. It specifies that all resistors are 1/4W and electrolytic capacitors are 25V, unless otherwise indicated. The numbering of integrated circuits is from left to right and top to bottom.
The document reports on curve fitting results from weak inversion and square root of drain current measurements of two chips across different temperatures. It finds that threshold voltage increases with temperature for both chips. Mobility degradation with increasing temperature is observed to be more severe for Chip 1 compared to Chip 2. However, when considering velocity saturation effects, mobility degradation is reduced, calling into question the assumptions made in interpreting the mobility ratio fitting results. Understanding the underlying physics is needed to determine which phenomenon, mobility degradation or velocity saturation, is observed in the measurements.
This document presents a mobile detector circuit that can detect incoming calls, texts, and video transmissions even when a mobile phone is set to silent mode. It consists of an antenna capacitor to capture RF signals, a voltage converter to convert the signals to voltages, a transistor amplifier, a timer circuit using an IC 555 chip to generate pulses, and a piezo buzzer to sound when a signal is detected. The circuit allows for detection of unauthorized mobile phone use in places like exam halls or confidential rooms, and can pick up signals from phones in silent mode. It has advantages of being low cost, easy to construct, and simple.
This document contains circuit diagrams and component information for an audio amplifier system called the TITANIUM 700. The diagrams show the circuit layouts and component values for different sections of the amplifier, including the power, limiting, and signal processing stages. Notes provide guidance on numbering integrated circuits and specify the voltage ratings for resistors and electrolytic capacitors used.
The document describes a non-contact current sensor circuit that detects current flowing through high-wattage appliances and provides an audible alert every 15 minutes. It uses a step-down transformer as a current sensor, whose primary winding ends are connected to a full-wave bridge rectifier. The rectified output is fed to an op-amp comparator IC. When current is detected, the op-amp output triggers a 14-stage ripple counter IC to generate periodic signals that activate a buzzer through a transistor oscillator circuit, reminding the user that the appliance is still on.
The document describes a receiver and transmission circuit for an infrared signal.
The receiver circuit uses a TSOP1738 infrared sensor that outputs a high signal when it detects an interruption in the infrared signal. This triggers a 555 timer configured as a monostable multivibrator to output a pulse around 1 second. The microcontroller uses this input to control a 7-segment display and relay for a visitor counter.
The transmission circuit generates a 38 kHz infrared signal using a 555 timer configured as a monostable multivibrator. It produces a pulse width determined by the resistor and capacitor values, transmitting the 38 kHz signal that the receiver sensor detects.
DETECTION OF PHASE REVERSAL AND SINGLE PHASING OF AC POWER SUPPLY WITH D FLIP...saanavi
The document describes a circuit using D flip-flops to detect phase reversal and single phasing faults in a three-phase AC power supply. The circuit converts the three-phase AC signals to square waves and feeds them into the D inputs of three D flip-flops. In normal operation, the flip-flop outputs will be high. But if phase reversal or single phasing occurs, the outputs will all go low, triggering an alarm.
This document contains a circuit diagram for a TIP2000 4 AB power supply. The diagram shows the components, their connections, and includes notes about component specifications. It includes the power supply circuitry on the front panel as well as protection and display circuitry. Numbering of integrated circuits is from left to right and top to bottom. If certain transistors are used, larger capacitors may be needed.
This document describes a clap switch circuit that uses two integrated circuits and a microphone to turn an appliance on or off based on detecting two claps within 3 seconds. The microphone detects claps and sends signals to timer IC1 and IC2. On the first clap, IC1 provides power to IC2 and lights an LED for the preset time. On the second clap within that time, IC2 triggers a decade counter that changes the output state to turn the appliance on or off. The circuit costs around 80 rupees to build.
The document describes a positive trigger circuit using a 555 timer in monostable mode. In monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a one-shot pulse generator that outputs a high pulse when the trigger pin is pulsed low. The width of the output pulse is determined by the RC time constant of the circuit. An LED is connected to the output to provide a visual indication of the pulse. The circuit was simulated and the timing waveforms matched the theoretical operation of the 555 timer in monostable mode.
This document provides an overview of basic electrical components and concepts for building circuits, including voltage, current, Ohm's law, resistors, capacitors, inductors, batteries, diodes, LEDs, and more. It explains how components like resistors can be connected in series or parallel and the equations to calculate voltage and current in such circuits. The document also discusses topics like digital logic levels, switches, relays, transistors, and power concerns when designing circuits.
An oscilloscope displays varying signal voltages over time. It plots voltage on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. Trigger controls allow stable displays of periodic or non-periodic signals. Accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value and can drift over time. Bandwidth is the range of frequencies over which accurate measurements can be made. Resolution is the smallest change that can alter the reading.
This document discusses diodes and their I-V characteristics. It covers regular p-n junction diodes, including their forward and reverse biasing modes. In the forward mode, the diode resistance decreases as voltage increases from 0 to 0.7V, becoming nearly zero above 0.7V. In reverse mode, the diode acts as an open circuit until reverse breakdown voltage is exceeded. Example problems demonstrate using the ideal and constant voltage drop diode models to calculate current in circuits. The document concludes with a brief section on AC analysis of regular diode circuits.
The SEPIC converter is a type of DC-DC converter that allows the output voltage to be greater than, less than, or equal to the input voltage. It uses two inductors and two capacitors in a unique configuration to achieve this. While more complex than a basic boost or buck converter, the SEPIC converter has advantages like having no average current pass through one of the capacitors and allowing impedance matching across the full operating range of a solar panel. Key components are rated for higher voltages and currents than a basic buck-boost converter.
The document reports on curve fitting results from weak inversion and square root of drain current measurements of two chips across different temperatures. It finds that threshold voltage increases with temperature for both chips. Mobility degradation with increasing temperature is observed to be more severe for Chip 1 compared to Chip 2. However, when considering velocity saturation effects, mobility degradation is reduced, calling into question the assumptions made in interpreting the mobility ratio fitting results. Understanding the underlying physics is needed to determine which phenomenon, mobility degradation or velocity saturation, is observed in the measurements.
This document presents a mobile detector circuit that can detect incoming calls, texts, and video transmissions even when a mobile phone is set to silent mode. It consists of an antenna capacitor to capture RF signals, a voltage converter to convert the signals to voltages, a transistor amplifier, a timer circuit using an IC 555 chip to generate pulses, and a piezo buzzer to sound when a signal is detected. The circuit allows for detection of unauthorized mobile phone use in places like exam halls or confidential rooms, and can pick up signals from phones in silent mode. It has advantages of being low cost, easy to construct, and simple.
This document contains circuit diagrams and component information for an audio amplifier system called the TITANIUM 700. The diagrams show the circuit layouts and component values for different sections of the amplifier, including the power, limiting, and signal processing stages. Notes provide guidance on numbering integrated circuits and specify the voltage ratings for resistors and electrolytic capacitors used.
The document describes a non-contact current sensor circuit that detects current flowing through high-wattage appliances and provides an audible alert every 15 minutes. It uses a step-down transformer as a current sensor, whose primary winding ends are connected to a full-wave bridge rectifier. The rectified output is fed to an op-amp comparator IC. When current is detected, the op-amp output triggers a 14-stage ripple counter IC to generate periodic signals that activate a buzzer through a transistor oscillator circuit, reminding the user that the appliance is still on.
The document describes a receiver and transmission circuit for an infrared signal.
The receiver circuit uses a TSOP1738 infrared sensor that outputs a high signal when it detects an interruption in the infrared signal. This triggers a 555 timer configured as a monostable multivibrator to output a pulse around 1 second. The microcontroller uses this input to control a 7-segment display and relay for a visitor counter.
The transmission circuit generates a 38 kHz infrared signal using a 555 timer configured as a monostable multivibrator. It produces a pulse width determined by the resistor and capacitor values, transmitting the 38 kHz signal that the receiver sensor detects.
DETECTION OF PHASE REVERSAL AND SINGLE PHASING OF AC POWER SUPPLY WITH D FLIP...saanavi
The document describes a circuit using D flip-flops to detect phase reversal and single phasing faults in a three-phase AC power supply. The circuit converts the three-phase AC signals to square waves and feeds them into the D inputs of three D flip-flops. In normal operation, the flip-flop outputs will be high. But if phase reversal or single phasing occurs, the outputs will all go low, triggering an alarm.
This document contains a circuit diagram for a TIP2000 4 AB power supply. The diagram shows the components, their connections, and includes notes about component specifications. It includes the power supply circuitry on the front panel as well as protection and display circuitry. Numbering of integrated circuits is from left to right and top to bottom. If certain transistors are used, larger capacitors may be needed.
This document describes a clap switch circuit that uses two integrated circuits and a microphone to turn an appliance on or off based on detecting two claps within 3 seconds. The microphone detects claps and sends signals to timer IC1 and IC2. On the first clap, IC1 provides power to IC2 and lights an LED for the preset time. On the second clap within that time, IC2 triggers a decade counter that changes the output state to turn the appliance on or off. The circuit costs around 80 rupees to build.
The document describes a positive trigger circuit using a 555 timer in monostable mode. In monostable mode, the 555 timer acts as a one-shot pulse generator that outputs a high pulse when the trigger pin is pulsed low. The width of the output pulse is determined by the RC time constant of the circuit. An LED is connected to the output to provide a visual indication of the pulse. The circuit was simulated and the timing waveforms matched the theoretical operation of the 555 timer in monostable mode.
This document provides an overview of basic electrical components and concepts for building circuits, including voltage, current, Ohm's law, resistors, capacitors, inductors, batteries, diodes, LEDs, and more. It explains how components like resistors can be connected in series or parallel and the equations to calculate voltage and current in such circuits. The document also discusses topics like digital logic levels, switches, relays, transistors, and power concerns when designing circuits.
An oscilloscope displays varying signal voltages over time. It plots voltage on the y-axis and time on the x-axis. Trigger controls allow stable displays of periodic or non-periodic signals. Accuracy refers to how close measurements are to the true value and can drift over time. Bandwidth is the range of frequencies over which accurate measurements can be made. Resolution is the smallest change that can alter the reading.
This document discusses diodes and their I-V characteristics. It covers regular p-n junction diodes, including their forward and reverse biasing modes. In the forward mode, the diode resistance decreases as voltage increases from 0 to 0.7V, becoming nearly zero above 0.7V. In reverse mode, the diode acts as an open circuit until reverse breakdown voltage is exceeded. Example problems demonstrate using the ideal and constant voltage drop diode models to calculate current in circuits. The document concludes with a brief section on AC analysis of regular diode circuits.
The SEPIC converter is a type of DC-DC converter that allows the output voltage to be greater than, less than, or equal to the input voltage. It uses two inductors and two capacitors in a unique configuration to achieve this. While more complex than a basic boost or buck converter, the SEPIC converter has advantages like having no average current pass through one of the capacitors and allowing impedance matching across the full operating range of a solar panel. Key components are rated for higher voltages and currents than a basic buck-boost converter.
The document describes the operation and design considerations of a buck/boost DC-DC converter circuit. It provides equations to calculate component ratings for the input inductor, output capacitor, MOSFET, diode, and other parts. Design examples are given to illustrate how to select appropriate component values and ratings to ensure continuous inductor currents and minimize output voltage ripple.
The document describes the operation and design considerations of a buck/boost DC-DC converter circuit. It provides equations to calculate component ratings for the input inductor, output capacitor, MOSFET, diode, and other parts. Design examples are given to illustrate how to select appropriate component values and ratings to ensure continuous inductor currents and minimize output voltage ripple.
The document describes the operation and design considerations of a buck/boost DC-DC converter circuit. It provides equations to calculate component ratings for the input inductor, output capacitor, MOSFET, diode, and other parts. Design examples are given to illustrate how to select appropriate component values and ratings to ensure continuous inductor currents and minimize output voltage ripple.
This document discusses ideal p-n junction diodes and their applications in electronic circuits. It covers topics such as forward and reverse biased diodes, ideal diode characteristics and behavior, analyzing diode circuits by assuming diode states, and designing circuits using diodes to achieve desired input-output voltage transfer functions. Example circuits are provided and analyzed using the ideal diode model to determine current, voltage values, and transfer functions.
This document discusses design considerations for high step-down ratio buck converters. It begins with an overview of buck converter operation in continuous and discontinuous modes. It then lists typical specifications and design considerations such as input/output voltage ranges, efficiency targets, and size constraints. Improving efficiency is highlighted as critical for thermal management and reliability. Small signal modeling of the buck converter is presented, incorporating the PWM switch. Key MOSFET parameters like gate resistance and non-linear junction capacitance are also discussed.
This document summarizes the key specifications and characteristics of the BTS5016-1EKB smart high-side power switch from Bee Technologies. It includes a block diagram, descriptions of the input, enable, and output pins, graphs of the switching performance, and tables comparing the simulated and measured values for critical parameters like on-resistance, switching times, and input/output voltage curves.
This document discusses the PN junction diode. It begins by explaining why PN junction diodes are important nonlinear circuit elements used for signal rectification. It then describes how a PN junction forms when a P-type and N-type semiconductor are joined, creating a depletion region. Under forward bias, there is a small voltage drop and large current flow; under reverse bias, there is a large voltage but small reverse saturation current. The document also covers I-V characteristics, temperature and diode approximations, and key diode specifications like breakdown voltage and knee voltage.
This document discusses the PN junction diode. It begins by explaining why PN junction diodes are important nonlinear circuit elements used for signal rectification. It then describes how a PN junction forms when a P-type and N-type semiconductor are joined, creating a depletion region. Under forward bias, there is a small voltage drop and large current flow; under reverse bias, there is a large voltage but small reverse saturation current. The document outlines the current components under different bias conditions and shows the diode's I-V characteristics curve. It also discusses factors like temperature effects, diode approximations, load line analysis, and important diode terms.
Original P Channel Mosfet IRF9Z34 IRF9Z34N IRF9Z34NPBF 9Z34 60V 18A TO 220 NewAUTHELECTRONIC
Original P Channel Mosfet IRF9Z34 IRF9Z34N IRF9Z34NPBF 9Z34 60V 18A TO 220 New
https://authelectronic.com/original-p-channel-mosfet-irf9z34-irf9z34n-irf9z34npbf-9z34-60v-18a-to-220-new
This document describes a binary temperature monitor project using an 8-bit analog-to-digital converter. The project utilizes an ADC0808 8-bit A/D converter IC to convert the analog output of an AD594 thermocouple amplifier to an 8-bit binary number displayed from 0-255. A 555 timer configured as an astable multivibrator provides the clock for the A/D conversion. The circuit was designed, simulated, constructed, and tested, showing accurate conversion of temperature readings to the equivalent 8-bit binary number.
This document summarizes key concepts about diodes from Chapter 3 of a textbook on electronics. It discusses the ideal diode model and the I-V characteristics of real junction diodes. The forward and reverse biased regions are described, as well as the breakdown region for Zener diodes. Circuit applications of diodes in rectifiers, voltage regulators, and limiting/clamping circuits are summarized. Rectifier types like half-wave, full-wave, and bridge rectifiers are compared.
Original Mosfet IRF4905PBF IRF4905 IRF4905 4905 55V 74A TO-220 New Internatio...AUTHELECTRONIC
Original Mosfet IRF4905PBF IRF4905 IRF4905 4905 55V 74A TO-220 New International Rectifier
https://authelectronic.com/original-mosfet-irf4905pbf-irf4905-irf4905-4905-55v-74a-to-220-new-international-rectifier
ppt of automatic room light controller and BI directional counterMannavapremkumar
This document is a project presentation for an automatic room light controller. It includes the objective, introduction, block diagram, circuit diagram, advantages, disadvantages, limitations and applications. The block diagram shows the components used including IR transmitters and receivers, timers, counters and a relay to control the room light. The circuit diagram provides more details of the electronic components and connections used to automatically turn the light on when motion is detected and off when the room is empty.
This document discusses diodes and their voltage-current characteristics. It introduces the diode equation and explains the forward bias and temperature effects on diodes. It then examines three diode models: the exponential model, constant voltage model, and piecewise linear model. Applications of diodes as voltage regulators and in LED voltmeters are also covered. Key diode parameters like saturation current, thermal voltage, and dynamic resistance are defined.
This document is a lesson plan on multi-stage and differential amplifiers by Assoc Prof Zheng Yuanjin of Nanyang Technological University. It includes objectives, outlines the analysis of AC-coupled multi-stage amplifiers and differential amplifiers. It provides examples of a 3-stage amplifier and differential amplifier circuits. Key concepts covered are voltage gain, input and output resistances of multi-stage amplifiers, and differential and common mode gains of differential amplifiers. References and textbooks are listed for additional reading.
This document describes a dual 12-bit DAC chip. It contains two 12-bit DACs, on-chip voltage reference, output amplifiers, and reference buffer amplifiers. It can operate from a single or dual power supply. Key specifications include 12-bit resolution, differential nonlinearity of ±0.9 LSB max, output ranges of 0-5V, 0-10V, and ±5V. The chip comes in a 28-lead CQFP package and is screened using various reliability tests according to MIL-STD-883.
The document describes two CMOS LSIs, the HT12A and HT12E, which are encoders for remote control systems. They can encode information consisting of N address bits and 12-N data bits. The HT12A provides a 38kHz carrier for infrared transmission and allows selection of a data trigger, while the HT12E allows selection of a TE trigger. Upon receiving a trigger signal, the encoded addresses and data are transmitted in a series of words via an RF or infrared medium.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
6. Design objectives: Low ripple / fast response
Low ripple:
1. Use between 5 and 8 inverter/transformer stages
2. Transformer secondary windings with binary progression, 2V, 4V, 8V…..256V
=> generate any voltage between -512V to +512V with 2V resolution
=> low resolution achieved
Fast response:
1. IGBT switching time and delay
2. Full voltage swing from -512V to 512V
3. 80µs
4321
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R1 R2
V1
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R2
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V1
ADC
ISOLATED
STEP DOWN
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±4V ±310V
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BATTERY