Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai are presented together as so many similarities exist between the two parasites. The two parasites are easily confused but a distinguishing factor is that they are found in different geographic locations of the world.
H. heterophyes, an organism that causes a disease known as heterophyiasis, is found primarily in both the Near and Far East as well as parts of Africa.
M. yokogawai is found in Asia and Siberia and is known as the causative agent for the disease metagonimiasis.
The two organisms are predominantly found as cat and dog parasites, as well as other fish-eating mammals, so heterophyiasis and metagonimiasis are known as zoonoses (animal related) when they infect humans.
Minute teardrop-shaped flukes found in the small intestines of fish-eating birds and mammals.
The eggs of H. heterophyes and M. yokogawai are indistinguishable from each other. They are small flukes known jointly as heterophyids (from the genus comprising these two species) and are approximately 30 μm by 15 μm.
The eggshells of M. yokogawai appear to be thinner than those of H. heterophyes, although this can only be determined by close microscopic attention. The mature flukes of both species are approximately 1 to 2 mm in length.
The adult flukes live burrowed between the villi of the host's small intestine
It only takes around 4 to 6 hours for H. heterophyes to get to the small intestines in the definitive host and even faster in hosts that it does not prefer.
The eggs that are laid contain a miracidium but do not hatch until they are ingested by a snail (Cerithideopsilla conica in Egypt or Cerithidia cingula in Japan).
Inside the snails gut, the miracidium becomes a sporocyst which then begin to produce rediae.
The rediae produce cercariae which then exit the snail, swim toward the surface of the water, and slowly fall back down.
On their way down, they contact a fish and penetrate into the epithelium of the fish.
Here, the cercariae encyst in the muscle tissue.
The second intermediate host include freshwater fish: Mugil cephalus, Tilapia nilotica, Aphanius fasciatus, and Acanthogobius sp.
The definitive host, such as humans or birds, eats the undercooked or raw meat of a fish and ingest the parasite. Natural definitive hosts are cats, dogs, foxes, wolves, pelicans, and humans.Each worm causes a mild inflammatory reaction at its site of contact with the intestine.
Heavy infections which are common cause damage to the mucosa and produce intestinal pain and are associated with diarrhea, mucus-rich feces, pain, dyspepsia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
Parasitology:
The Liver Flukes
Parasites: Fasciola species
Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica
Morphology Adult & Ova
Diagnostic Features
Diagnosis
Mode of Transmission
Disease Produced
Pathology and Symptomology
Incubation period
Life cycle
laboratory diagnosis
treatment
Prevention and control
Parasitology:
The Liver Flukes
Parasites: Fasciola species
Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica
Morphology Adult & Ova
Diagnostic Features
Diagnosis
Mode of Transmission
Disease Produced
Pathology and Symptomology
Incubation period
Life cycle
laboratory diagnosis
treatment
Prevention and control
Tom Henderson, (Canterbury Health Laboratories, Quality Facilitator) presented this at the New Zealand Institute of Medical Laboratory Science's South Island Seminar in April 2013. This presentation on Tapeworms won Tom the Best Presenter award at the seminar.
Presented by Kristina Roesel and Delia Grace at “Microsporidia in the Animal to Human Food Chain: An International Symposium to Address Chronic Epizootic Disease”, Vancouver, Canada, 9-13 August 2015.
What is fascioliasis?
In what parts of the world if fascioliasis found?
How do people get infected with fascioliasis?
What are the signs and symptoms of Fasciola infection, and when do they begin?
How is Fasciola infection diagnosed?
Can Fascioliasis be treated?
How can fasciola infection be prevented?
Fusarium infects dead or damaged tissue caused by wounds or other infections resulting in locomotory difficulties due to mycelial growth. High mortality in susceptible populations. Fouling of the gills by these organisms probably results from poor husbandry.
Medical entomology "the need to know about little creatures"vckg1987
very important tpic for public health expertise. this presentation includes the from womgb to tomb of mosquitoes. which in clear sense means from their larval life cycle to control management.
Protozoa and Helminth Parasites ppt by Dr.Prince.C.PDR.PRINCE C P
PPT prepared by :Dr.Prince.C.P
Associate Professor & HOD , Department of Microbiology,
Mother Theresa Post Graduate & Research Institute of Health Sciences (Government of Puducherry Institution)
Medical Parasitology is the subject which deals with the parasites that infect human being, the diseases caused by them, clinical feature and the response generated by human being against them. It's also concerned with the various methods of their diagnosis, treatment and finally their prevention & control.
An ova or cyst or egg is detected by microscopic evaluation of a stool sample that is used to look for parasites that may infect the lower digestive tract, causing symptoms such as diarrhoea. The parasites and their eggs (ova) are shed from the lower digestive tract into the stool
Stool examination (Microscopic) is performed for the diagnosis of following parasitic infections
1. Protozoa • Entamoeba histolytica • Giardia lamblia • intestinal coccidian parasites (i) Cryptosporidium parvum (ii) Cyclospora (iii) Isospora • Balantidium coli
2. Helminthes • nematodes: (i) Ascaris lumbricoides (ii) Trichuris trichuria
(Iii) hookworm • Ancylostoma duodenale • Nectar americans (iv) Strongyloides stercoralis
Cestodes: (i) Taenia spp • T. Saginata • T.Solium (ii) Hymenolepsis nana (iii) Enterobius vermicularis
postpartum period Is the period beginning immediately after the birth of a child and extending for about six weeks.
The World Health Organization (WHO) describes the postnatal period as the most critical and yet the most neglected phase in the lives of mothers and babies; most deaths occur during the postnatal period
It is the time after birth, a time in which the mother's body, including hormone levels and uterus size, returns to a non-pregnant state.
Postpartum Nursing Physical Assessment
Physical Assessment is necessary to identify individual needs or potential problems
Explain to pt purposes of the examination.
obtain her consent.
Record your findings and report results to the mother.
Avoid exposure to body fluids.
Teach pt as you assess – use every opportunity since there is limited time.
Domiciliary midwifery
This refers to care given to a mother and the baby at home rather than the hospital by a registered midwife during antenatal, intra-natal and postnatal periods
OR
It is defined as a home delivery service undertaken by a community midwife or the flying squad( made up of the doctor, experienced midwife, anesthetist and pediatrician) with a delivery kit thereby allowing patients to deliver in their homes
Natural disasters, as well as some human-caused disasters, lead to human suffering and create needs that the victims cannot alleviate without assistance.
When any disaster strikes, a variety of international organizations offer relief to the affected country.
Each organization has different objectives, expertise, and resources to offer, and several hundred may become involved in a single major disaster.
In the event of a disaster, the government of the affected country must conduct a needs assessment to determine what emergency supplies and personnel are required.
Disaster relief operations are complex and can benefit greatly from careful planning.
Improved disaster preparedness can help save lives, reduce the suffering of survivors, and enable communities to restart normal life more quickly. As the efficiency of disaster relief operations is very dependent on the quality of the preparation,
Disasters often pose significant health threats. One of the most serious concerns after a disaster, especially a natural disaster, is sanitation.
Disruptions in water supplies and sewage systems can pose serious health risks to victims because they decrease the amount and quality of available drinking water and create difficulties in waste disposal.
Drinking water can be contaminated by breaks in sewage lines or the presence of animal cadavers in water sources.
These factors can facilitate the spread of disease after a disaster.
Providing potable drinking water to victims and adopting alternative methods of sanitation must be a priority after a disaster.
Food shortages are often an immediate health consequence of disasters. Existing food stocks may be destroyed or disruptions to distribution systems may prevent the delivery of food.
This may lead to malnutrition or death of hunger especially in populations which are particularly susceptible to malnutrition, such as children under five years of age and pregnant women.
There are eight fundamental principles that should be followed by all who have a responsibility for helping the victims of a disaster. It is critical that rescue workers use these principles in proper sequence, or they will be ineffective and possibly detrimental a disaster victims.
The eight basic principles are as follows (Grab and Eng 1969):
1. Prevent the occurrence of the disaster whenever possible.
2. Minimize the number of casualties if the disaster cannot be prevented.
3. Prevent further casualties from occurring after the initial impact of the disaster.
4. Rescue the victims.
5. Provide first aid to the injured.
6. Evacuate the injured to medical facilities.
7. Provide definitive medical care.
8. Promote reconstruction of lives.
A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to call for extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.(WHO, 1995)
An occurrence of a severity and magnitude that normally results in death, injuries and property damage that cannot be managed through the routine procedure and resources of government.- FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency)
A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or man made that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance. American Red Cross (ARC)
Disaster Nursing can be defined as the adaptation Of professional nursing skills in recognizing and meeting the nursing physical and emotional needs resulting from a disaster.
The overall goal of disaster nursing is to achieve the best possible level of health for the people and the community involved in the disaster.“Disaster Nursing is nursing practiced in a situation where professional supplies, equipment, physical facilities and utilities are limited or not available”.
D - DestructionsI - IncidentsS - SufferingsA - Administrative, Financial Failures.S - SentimentsT - TragediesE - Eruption of Communicable diseases.R - Research programme and its implementation
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. Heterophyes
heterophyes• Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai are presented
together as so many similarities exist between the two parasites. The
two parasites are easily confused but a distinguishing factor is that
they are found in different geographic locations of the world.
• H. heterophyes, an organism that causes a disease known as
heterophyiasis, is found primarily in both the Near and Far East as well
as parts of Africa.
• M. yokogawai is found in Asia and Siberia and is known as the
causative agent for the disease metagonimiasis.
• The two organisms are predominantly found as cat and dog parasites,
as well as other fish-eating mammals, so heterophyiasis and
metagonimiasis are known as zoonoses (animal related) when they
infect humans.
3. Morphology
• Minute teardrop-shaped flukes found in the small
intestines of fish-eating birds and mammals.
• The eggs of H. heterophyes and M. yokogawai are
indistinguishable from each other. They are small flukes
known jointly as heterophyids (from the genus comprising
these two species) and are approximately 30 μm by 15 μm.
• The eggshells of M. yokogawai appear to be thinner than
those of H. heterophyes, although this can only be
determined by close microscopic attention. The mature
flukes of both species are approximately 1 to 2 mm in
length.
6. Life Cycle
• The adult flukes live burrowed between the villi of the host's small
intestine
• It only takes around 4 to 6 hours for H. heterophyes to get to the
small intestines in the definitive host and even faster in hosts that it
does not prefer.
• The eggs that are laid contain a miracidium but do not hatch until they
are ingested by a snail (Cerithideopsilla conica in Egypt or Cerithidia
cingula in Japan).
• Inside the snails gut, the miracidium becomes a sporocyst which then
begin to produce rediae.
• The rediae produce cercariae which then exit the snail, swim toward
the surface of the water, and slowly fall back down.
7. • On their way down, they contact a fish and
penetrate into the epithelium of the fish.
• Here, the cercariae encyst in the muscle tissue.
• The second intermediate host include freshwater
fish: Mugil cephalus, Tilapia nilotica, Aphanius
fasciatus, and Acanthogobius sp.
• The definitive host, such as humans or birds, eats
the undercooked or raw meat of a fish and ingest
the parasite. Natural definitive hosts are cats, dogs,
foxes, wolves, pelicans, and humans.
8. Epidemiology
• People at high risk for infections are those who live by bay waters
including fishermen.
• Infection is acquired by eating raw fish, a common food in areas
of heavy endemicity.
• In endemic areas, people who live near lake shores or river banks
usually have a higher rate and intensity of infection than those
living a distance from such areas.
• It is possible that inhabitants of these areas eat more low-salted
or improperly cooked fish and that their fish are obtained
from polluted water.
• It is common practice for people to defecate on the lake shores
and river banks or from their boats while fishing. In rural areas of
Egypt there was a higher chance of being infected with H.
heterophyes due to being a lower socioeconomic area and not
having easy access to medical services.
10. Pathology
• Each worm causes a mild inflammatory reaction at
its site of contact with the intestine.
• Heavy infections which are common cause damage
to the mucosa and produce intestinal pain and are
associated with diarrhea, mucus-rich feces, pain,
dyspepsia, anorexia, nausea and vomiting.
11. Cont’
• Sometimes eggs can enter the blood and lymph
vascular systems through mucosa go into
the ectopic sites in the body.
• The heart can be affected with tissue reaction in
the valves and myocardium that cause heart failure.
• Eggs can also get into the brain or spinal cord and
cause neurological disorders
12. Disease Transmission
• Transmission of either of these two diseases
happens when uncooked or inadequately cooked
fish are eaten.
• The eggs of H. heterophyes and M. yokogawai may
be confused with those of the liver fluke Clonorchis
sinensis.
• Adult worms of these species are almost never
detected in fecal waste.
13. Laboratory Diagnosis
• Because the adult fluke is almost never seen in a fecal
specimen, the presence of eggs provides the diagnostic
tool for determining infection.
• When seen, the adult stages of both species are tiny,
measuring 1 to 2 mm in length.
• The diagnosis of either heterophyiasis or metagonimiasis is
most often accomplished by detecting the characteristic
ova during a routine examination for ova and parasites in a
stool specimen.
14. Cont’
• The ova must be differentiated from those of
Clonorchis sinensis, because the eggs of H.
heterophyes and M. yokogawai are indistinguishable
from each other.
• However, purported differences in the thicknesses of
the egg shells of the two species may be possible, but
differentiation of the two species is merely academic,
as the treatment is the same for either species.
15. General Classification Heterophyid Eggs
organisms Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus
yokogawai
Specimen required feces
stage egg
Size and shape 30×90 µm Oval and contains a formed
miracidium
shell Thin and smooth ( shell of M. Yokogawai
thinner)
Other features Eggs are operculated
and have shoulders
near the operculum;
sometimes there is a
small boss (protuberance)
opposite the
operculum
16. Geographical Distribution and
Epidemiology
• H. heterophyes have been reported in Egypt, Sudan, Iran,
Turkey, Tunisia, China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia,
Africa and India.
• In one Egyptian village, the highest prevalence of infection,
37%, was found among individuals aged 15-45 years, greater
for females than males, followed by 28% prevalence in
children 5 years of age. Over 10,000 people are estimated to
be infected in Egypt.
• H.heterophyes in China occurs in approximately 230,000
infected people.
17. • M. yokogawai is mainly distributed in China, Japan, Korea,
Taiwan, Indonesia, Russia, Israel, the Balkans and Spain.
• An estimated 500,000 people are infected in South Korea,
150,000 in Japan and 12,000 in Russia. Epidemiologic
studies have compared prevalence of food-borne trematode
infections in villages close to water bodies and found a
relative risk of 5.01 to 7.44 in Republic of Korea for
M.yokogawai infection associated with proximity to fresh
water.
• Twenty-fi ve percent of food fi shes like perch and mullet
studied from Jinju Bay, Korea, were infected with
heterophyid metacercaria.
18. Treatment and Prevention
• As for a number of other trematodes, praziquantel
is the choice for treatment of infections from both
H. heterophyes and M. yokogawai.
• Proper disposal of human wastes is paramount in
preventing the diseases, where water runoff into
bodies of water is controlled.
• Thoroughly cooking fish, especially those from
endemic areas of the world, will also minimize the
number of cases of infection by H. heterophyes and
M. yokogawai.
19. References
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterophyes_hetero
phyes
• Chai J. Y., Darwin Murrell K. & Lymbery A. J. (2005).
"Fish-borne parasitic zoonoses: Status and
issues". International Journal for
Parasitology 35(11-12): 1233-1254.
• parasitology for medical and clinical laboratory professionals
by John W. Ridley, Ph.D.