This document discusses gum disease (gingivitis and periodontitis). It describes healthy gums and the stages of gum disease from gingivitis to early, moderate, and advanced periodontitis. Treatment options are also summarized, including scaling, surgery such as flap procedures, bone grafting, and pharmacological interventions. Regular prevention, detection, and periodontal maintenance are emphasized for treatment of gum disease.

1. Diagnosis and Treatment of
Periodontal Disease
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2. STAGES OF GINGIVITIS AND
PERIODONTAL DISEASE
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3. Did you know?
Gum disease is a common dental
problem that may result in tooth
loss. Gingivitis and Periodontitis
are the most common types of
adult gum disease.
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4. HEALTHY GUMS
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5. Healthy teeth and gums are
maintained by daily plaque
removal from all surfaces of
the tooth (through tooth
brushing and interdental
cleaning)
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6. Healthy gums are characterized
by the following features:
• pink or coral pink color,
(normal variations in
color depend on race
and complexion)
• firm, resilient tissues
• 'orange-peel' texture
(known as stippling)
• shape that follows the
contour of the teeth and
forms a scalloped edge
• no areas of redness,
swelling or
inflammation
• no bleeding during
daily plaque removal
• no discomfort
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8. WHAT IS GINGIVITIS ?
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9. WHAT IS GINGIVITIS ?
• Gingivitis is inflammation of the gum tissue.
• The gums are irritated and swollen due to a plaque
or calculus (tartar) buildup along the gum line.
• The gums may be sore, bleed easily and appear
puffy, soft and swollen.
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10. WHAT IS GINGIVITIS ?
• No bone structure is lost around the teeth at this
stage of gum disease.
• Blood on the toothbrush or dental floss is one of the
earliest and most common signs of gingivitis.
• Your gums should never bleed while brushing or
flossing.
• The good news about gingivitis is that it is
preventable and reversible through good brushing
and flossing techniques (or other interdental tooth
cleansing).
• On the other hand, if oral hygiene habits are poor,
gingivitis may progress to periodontitis.
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11. Gingivitis: Notice the gums are
red and swollen
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12. WHAT IS PERIODONTAL
DISEASE?
• Periodontal disease is destruction of
bone and the structures supporting the
teeth. Unfortunately periodontitis is
irreversible, but you can stop its
progression through good oral hygiene
and visiting your dental professional.
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13. Eight Warning Signs of
Periodontal Disease:
• gums that bleed when
you brush or floss your
teeth
• gums that are red,
swollen or tender
• gums that have pulled
away from teeth
• infection including
purulence (pus) between
the teeth and gums when
the gums are pressed
• permanent teeth that
are loose or separating
• any changes in the way
your teeth fit together
when you bite
• any changes in the fit of
your partial denture
• bad breath
• itchy sensation
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14. EARLY AND MODERATE
PERIODONTITIS:
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15. EARLY AND MODERATE
PERIODONTITIS:
• Periodontitis occurs when the
inflammation of the gums progresses
into the deeper underlying structures
and bone.
• In the most common form of
periodontitis, plaque (and sometimes
calculus) is found below the gum line.
• The gums may feel irritated, appear
bright red, and bleed easily.
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16. EARLY AND MODERATE
PERIODONTITIS:
• The ligaments holding the tooth in its
socket break down and the gums pull
away from the teeth, resulting in a
periodontal pocket or space between
the tooth and gum.
• The periodontal pocket deepens and
fills with more bacteria. Supportive
ligaments and bone start to show
damage.
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17. EARLY AND MODERATE
PERIODONTITIS:
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19. ADVANCED PERIODONTITIS:
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20. ADVANCED PERIODONTITIS:
• When periodontitis progresses to the
advanced stage, the gums severely
recede (pull away from the tooth );
pockets deepen and may be filled with
pus.
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21. Advanced Periodontitis
• There may be swelling around the root
and you may experience sensitivity to
hot or cold or feel pain when brushing
your teeth. This is due to the severely
receding gums exposing the root
surface.
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22. Advanced Periodontitis
• As bone loss increases, your teeth may
lose so much support that they need to
be removed to preserve the overall
health of your mouth.
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23. Advanced Periodontal Disease
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25. Treatment of Periodontal Disease
• Prevention
• Detection
• Assessment
• Scaling, debridement, root surface planing
• Periodontal surgery
• Bone grafting
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26. Prevention
• Regular homecare
– Brush
– Floss
– Rinse
– Aids to oral hygiene
• Regular dental visits
• Dietary consideration
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29. Detection
• Signs and Symptoms
– Bleeding, inflamed gums
– Halitosis
– Discoloration/Stain
– Long in the tooth
– Mobility
• Radiographic findings
• Periodontal probing depths
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30. Detection
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35. Assessment
• Radiographs
• Periodontal Charting
• Diagnosis
– I
– II
– III
– IV
• Prognosis
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36. Scaling, debridement, root surface
planing
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38. Periodontal surgery
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39. Deep pocket with calculus
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40. Flap Reflected to Visualize
Calculus
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41. Gum sutured back to normal
height, leaving a deepened space
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42. Gum sutured down to bone to
reduce residual space
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43. Bone grafting
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44. Flap reflected to allow
bone implant
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45. Flap resutured over
bone implant
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46. Flap reflected to
insert membrane
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47. Flap resutured
over membrane
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48. Mucogingival Surgery
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49. Oral Irrigation
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50. Pharmacological Intervention
• Topical Antibiotics
– Tetracycline
– Doxycycline
– Minocycline
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51. Pharmacological Intervention
• Periochip (cholorhexidine, and
bacteriocidal drug)
• Atridox (doxycycline antibiotic, a form of
tetracycline)
• Arestin (minocycline antibiotic, a form of
tetracycline)
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53. Post Treatment Care
• Regular periodontal maintainance
– 3 month recare
– Monitor probing depths
– Follow up radiographs
• Empahasis on Homecare
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