This document provides an introduction to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and focuses on the Toyota Prius as a case study. It summarizes that the Prius is a breakthrough HEV that combines a gasoline engine with an electric motor powered by batteries. It operates more efficiently than conventional gasoline vehicles through innovations like regenerative braking and shutting off the engine when not needed. Independent testing by the Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency found the Prius achieves over 50 mpg with 90% lower emissions than conventional vehicles.
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel. Electricity means that a battery (sometimes assisted by ultracaps) is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor (from now on called motor) will be used as traction motor. Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs.
Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid.
Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels.
IRJET- Future Aspects of Four Wheeler Hybrid Vehicles - A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the future aspects of four-wheeler hybrid vehicles. It discusses how hybrid vehicles combine an internal combustion engine with an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. Future hybrids will have smaller engines optimized to run at constant speeds while large electric motors provide power for acceleration and hill climbing. This allows for more fun driving experiences while reducing emissions. The document also examines the power requirements for different driving conditions and how hybrid powertrains can match engines and electric motors to conditions for maximum efficiency.
Growth and innovation strategy electric car presentationJames Corne
In 3 sentences:
Electric vehicles were more popular than gas-powered cars in NYC in 1900 but declined as gasoline cars rose with Ford's assembly line and Texas oil. Renewed interest in electric vehicles is driven by high gas prices, environmental concerns, and advancing battery technology. Major automakers like GM, Nissan, and Tesla are investing billions in new electric vehicle models with ranges over 100 miles, but challenges remain regarding battery costs, standardization, and building out a recharging infrastructure.
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar report by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) is Toyota's hybrid system that combines an internal combustion engine with one or more electric motors. HSD provides benefits like reduced emissions, improved fuel efficiency, and increased power. It works by recovering energy from braking and stopping the engine at idle to charge the batteries and power the electric motors. HSD systems are now used in many Toyota hybrid vehicle models and provide cleaner and more efficient driving compared to conventional gas engines alone.
Hybrid vehicles combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors to provide propulsion. This report analyzes patent data around hybrid vehicles to uncover key companies, inventors, technologies, and trends. The number of patent publications related to hybrid vehicles has surged in the last 5 years, with innovations expected to continue as the current activity level remains high. The report categorizes patents by power transmission modes, battery types, and brakes to provide deeper insights.
Internal combustion engines produce appreciable emissions and are also less efficient at part loads. On other hand electric drives have zero emissions, but also very limited range. It is thus logical to combine the best aspects of both and the result is a hybrid vehicle. Optimum strategy would then be to use electric drive during slow moving city traffic, for acceleration and for hill climbing and IC engines at cruising speeds on highways. This would also results in reduced pollution in cities, along with improved mileage.
The engine on the conventional car is sized for the peak power requirement, which is seldom required in actual practice. The hybrid car uses a much smaller engine, whose size is kept closer to the average power requirement rather than the peak power. A smaller engine is always more efficient due to the reason that it would run at its optimum capacity most of the time as compared to a bigger engine running at part load most of the time.
Electric motor helps in several ways:
1. Provides extra power when the car is accelerating or climbing a hill.
2. Starts the engine, eliminating the need for a separate starter.
3. Provide regenerative braking to capture energy during braking
This document provides an introduction to electric vehicles (EVs). It defines an EV as a car that uses electric motors for propulsion powered by electricity rather than petrol. There are three main types of EVs: hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and full electric vehicles. EVs work by using electricity stored in a battery to power the electric motor and move the car, rather than using an internal combustion engine fueled by petrol. While EVs have benefits like lower emissions and fuel costs, their disadvantages currently include higher purchase prices and limited range between charges.
A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) has two types of energy storage units, electricity and fuel. Electricity means that a battery (sometimes assisted by ultracaps) is used to store the energy, and that an electromotor (from now on called motor) will be used as traction motor. Fuel means that a tank is required, and that an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE, from now on called engine) is used to generate mechanical power, or that a fuel cell will be used to convert fuel to electrical energy. In the latter case, traction will be performed by the electromotor only. In the first case, the vehicle will have both an engine and a motor.
Depending on the drive train structure (how motor and engine are connected), we can distinguish between parallel, series or combined HEVs.
Depending on the share of the electromotor to the traction power, we can distinguish between mild or micro hybrid (start-stop systems), power assist hybrid, full hybrid and plug-in hybrid.
Depending on the nature of the non-electric energy source, we can distinguish between combustion (ICE), fuel cell, hydraulic or pneumatic power, and human power. In the first case, the ICE is a spark ignition engines (gasoline) or compression ignition direct injection (diesel) engine. In the first two cases, the energy conversion unit may be powered by gasoline, methanol, compressed natural gas, hydrogen, or other alternative fuels.
IRJET- Future Aspects of Four Wheeler Hybrid Vehicles - A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews the future aspects of four-wheeler hybrid vehicles. It discusses how hybrid vehicles combine an internal combustion engine with an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. Future hybrids will have smaller engines optimized to run at constant speeds while large electric motors provide power for acceleration and hill climbing. This allows for more fun driving experiences while reducing emissions. The document also examines the power requirements for different driving conditions and how hybrid powertrains can match engines and electric motors to conditions for maximum efficiency.
Growth and innovation strategy electric car presentationJames Corne
In 3 sentences:
Electric vehicles were more popular than gas-powered cars in NYC in 1900 but declined as gasoline cars rose with Ford's assembly line and Texas oil. Renewed interest in electric vehicles is driven by high gas prices, environmental concerns, and advancing battery technology. Major automakers like GM, Nissan, and Tesla are investing billions in new electric vehicle models with ranges over 100 miles, but challenges remain regarding battery costs, standardization, and building out a recharging infrastructure.
plug in hybrid electrical vehicals seminar report by MD NAWAZMD NAWAZ
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid car' or 'Plug in hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution. The objective is to design and fabricate a two wheeler hybrid electric vehicle powered by both battery and gasoline. The combination of both the power makes the vehicle dynamic in nature. It provides its owner with advantages in fuel economy and environmental impact over conventional automobiles. Hybrid electric vehicles combine an electric motor, battery and power system with an internal combustion engine to achieve better fuel economy and reduce toxic emissions.
In HEV, the battery alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions where internal combustion engines are least efficient. In accelerating, long highways, or hill climbing the electric motor provides additional power to assist the engine. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to be used. Besides it also utilizes the concept of regenerative braking for optimized utilization of energy. Energy dissipated during braking in HEV is used in charging battery. Thus the vehicle is best suited for the growing urban areas with high traffic. Initially the designing of the vehicle in CAD, simulations of inverter and other models are done. Equipment and their cost analysis are done. It deals with the fabrication of the vehicle. This includes assembly of IC Engine and its components. The next phase consists of implementing the electric power drive and designing the controllers. The final stage would consist of increasing the efficiency of the vehicle in economic ways.
Hybrid Synergy Drive (HSD) is Toyota's hybrid system that combines an internal combustion engine with one or more electric motors. HSD provides benefits like reduced emissions, improved fuel efficiency, and increased power. It works by recovering energy from braking and stopping the engine at idle to charge the batteries and power the electric motors. HSD systems are now used in many Toyota hybrid vehicle models and provide cleaner and more efficient driving compared to conventional gas engines alone.
Hybrid vehicles combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors to provide propulsion. This report analyzes patent data around hybrid vehicles to uncover key companies, inventors, technologies, and trends. The number of patent publications related to hybrid vehicles has surged in the last 5 years, with innovations expected to continue as the current activity level remains high. The report categorizes patents by power transmission modes, battery types, and brakes to provide deeper insights.
Internal combustion engines produce appreciable emissions and are also less efficient at part loads. On other hand electric drives have zero emissions, but also very limited range. It is thus logical to combine the best aspects of both and the result is a hybrid vehicle. Optimum strategy would then be to use electric drive during slow moving city traffic, for acceleration and for hill climbing and IC engines at cruising speeds on highways. This would also results in reduced pollution in cities, along with improved mileage.
The engine on the conventional car is sized for the peak power requirement, which is seldom required in actual practice. The hybrid car uses a much smaller engine, whose size is kept closer to the average power requirement rather than the peak power. A smaller engine is always more efficient due to the reason that it would run at its optimum capacity most of the time as compared to a bigger engine running at part load most of the time.
Electric motor helps in several ways:
1. Provides extra power when the car is accelerating or climbing a hill.
2. Starts the engine, eliminating the need for a separate starter.
3. Provide regenerative braking to capture energy during braking
This document provides an introduction to electric vehicles (EVs). It defines an EV as a car that uses electric motors for propulsion powered by electricity rather than petrol. There are three main types of EVs: hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and full electric vehicles. EVs work by using electricity stored in a battery to power the electric motor and move the car, rather than using an internal combustion engine fueled by petrol. While EVs have benefits like lower emissions and fuel costs, their disadvantages currently include higher purchase prices and limited range between charges.
Fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles in futureby rai asad sahiMuhammad Sahi
Fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles are types of vehicles that do not use gasoline. Fuel cell vehicles use hydrogen and oxygen to create electricity to power the vehicle, while electric vehicles use electricity stored in batteries. Both vehicle types have benefits like lower emissions but also challenges like lack of refueling infrastructure. Researchers are working to improve battery technologies and lower costs to increase the viability of electric vehicles for widespread adoption in the future.
This document provides an overview of hybrid vehicles. It begins with definitions of hybrid and electric vehicles, then describes the evolution of hybrid cars from early models in the late 1890s to modern Toyota and Honda hybrids. The key components of hybrid vehicles are outlined as internal combustion engines, electric motors, batteries, and transmissions. Hybrids work by integrating a gasoline engine with an electric motor and batteries, which can be recharged through regenerative braking or by the gas engine. The advantages of hybrids are described as improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to conventional vehicles. While hybrids have higher initial costs, their long-term savings on fuel and maintenance provide a payback over time. In conclusion, hybrids represent a
1) A hybrid vehicle combines two or more power sources, such as a gasoline engine and electric motor, to provide propulsion.
2) Gasoline-powered cars are efficient but polluting, while electric cars produce no emissions but have limited range and slow charging times. Hybrids aim to reduce these tradeoffs.
3) There are two main hybrid configurations - parallel hybrids allow both the engine and electric motor to power the vehicle directly, while series hybrids use the engine to charge a battery and power an electric motor only.
The document discusses electric vehicles (EVs). It defines different types of EVs, including battery electric vehicles (BEVs) which run entirely on batteries, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) which can be plugged in and run partly on batteries, and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) which cannot be plugged in. It provides details on how each type works and its pros and cons. It also discusses the history of EVs, components of EVs like batteries and motors, EV infrastructure including charging stations, and high performance EVs like the NIO EP9 that can reach speeds up to 194 mph.
Expo 2020 in Dubai will attract thousands of visitors, increasing car usage and harming the environment. Hybrid vehicles, which combine an internal combustion engine with one or more electric motors, provide a solution by reducing emissions. There are three main types of hybrids: full hybrids that can run solely on electric power, mild hybrids with an electric motor that allows the gas engine to turn off during braking or idling, and plug-in hybrids that can be charged by plugging into an electric outlet.
Electric vehicles market is a hot topic today because of its strong link with environmental regulations fixed by governments of all developed countries,
Cannon is taking part in this significant change.
For more infos, read the following article
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/future-electric-vehicles-market-cannon-s-p-a-
Hybrid vehicles combine two power sources, such as an internal combustion engine and electric motor, to improve fuel efficiency. They produce less emissions than conventional vehicles and can be charged using renewable energy. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have both electric-only range and gas engine range, allowing them to overcome limitations of battery-only electric vehicles. PHEVs are well-suited to typical daily driving patterns of under 50 miles per day. Regenerative braking captures kinetic energy and stores it in the battery. While hybrids offer improvements now, fully electric vehicles face challenges of high costs, limited range, and long charging times, making hybrids a practical interim solution.
Fabrication of Hybrid Petroelectric VehicleIJERA Editor
In automobile sector, the need for alternative fuel as a replacement of conventional fossil fuel, due to its depletion and amount of emission has given way for new technologies like Fuel cells vehicles, Electric vehicles. Still a lot of advancement has to take place in these technologies for commercialization. The gap between the current fossil fuel technology and zero emission vehicles can be bridged by hybrid technology. Hybrid vehicles are those which can run on two or more powering sources/fuels. Feasibility of this technology is been proved in four wheelers and automobile giants like Toyota, Honda, and Hyundai have launched successful vehicles like Toyota prius, Honda insight etc. This technology maximizes the advantages of the two fuels and minimizes the disadvantages of the same. The best preferred hybrid pair is electric and fossil fuel. This increases the mileage of the vehicle twice the existing and also reduces the emission to half. At present, we like to explore the hybrid technology in the two wheeler sector and its feasibility on road. This paper deals with an attempt to make a hybrid with electric start and petrol run. Further a design of basic hybrid elements like motor, battery, and engine. As on today, hybrid products are one of the best solutions for all pollution hazards at a fairly nominal price. An investment within the means of a common man that guarantees a better environment to live in.
IRJET- Design and Configuration of an Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and configuration of electric vehicles. It begins with a brief history of electric cars from the late 19th century to today. It then describes the main types of electric vehicles, including battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). For each type, it provides examples of current models and discusses their pros and cons. The document focuses on the technical aspects and specifications of different electric vehicle designs.
"Finally, if you are choosing an electric car, your choices are more limited. At the moment they are compact and sub-compact, except for the Tesla Model S sedan and the Toyota RAV 4 EV smaller SUV. These two latter choices are much more expensive though, with the Tesla priced around $100,000 and the SUV priced at around $50,000. Electric cars have pros and cons, and to make a wise decision you must weigh them both.
This is from an article that appeared on All Green Website: http://www.allgreenrecycling.com/blog/electric-cars-pros-and-cons/"
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid Vehicle’ or 'hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution.
SDG&E aims to enable rapid electric vehicle adoption through infrastructure development and attractive utility rates. It is collaborating with ECOtality and automakers on a project installing over 1,000 home and 1,450 public chargers. SDG&E offers time-of-use rates to encourage off-peak charging. It communicates these efforts through its website and events to help San Diego transition to clean transportation.
This document discusses a research paper on improving hybrid electric bus efficiency. It explores using an Electric Gearbox System (EGBS) that reduces powertrain components by half compared to current hybrid buses. The paper analyzes different hybrid vehicle drive systems and configurations. It also examines technologies like regenerative braking. Current hybrid electric buses are discussed, noting their high costs and weight as drawbacks. The paper proposes that an EGBS demonstrator could validate claims to improve efficiency and reduce costs of hybrid electric buses.
The document discusses the challenges of developing sustainable cars, including climate change, depletion of fossil fuels, and air pollution. It argues that plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) currently represent the best trade-off, as they can match the performance and autonomy of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles while reducing emissions and oil dependence. PHEVs do not require expensive new charging infrastructure and can cut oil use by up to 80% compared to ICEs. The document concludes that electrification will gradually increase through PHEVs as battery prices fall, until electric vehicles (EVs) can replace ICEs globally by 2040.
General Motors is pursuing an electrification strategy for automobiles to reduce emissions and petroleum consumption. This includes improving internal combustion engines, developing battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The E-Rev plug-in hybrid concept meets consumer needs with an electric range of 60 km and hundreds more kilometers of extended range. Strategic policy support is needed to incentivize continued technology development, lower costs for consumers, and build out refueling infrastructure in order to accelerate the commercialization of these new propulsion technologies.
A hybrid vehicle combines an internal combustion engine with an electric motor powered by batteries. There are two main types: series hybrids, which use only the electric motor to drive wheels, and parallel hybrids, which use both the engine and motor together to drive wheels. Hybrid vehicles provide environmental and economic benefits like lower emissions, better fuel efficiency averaging twice the mileage of non-hybrids, and reduced spending on fuel as prices continue rising.
This slide is about the type of hybrid vehicle available in the market along with the case study of some hybrid cars. It is prepared from the study paper - presented at the SAE Research Paper competition, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University. The Research Paper on the above topic which is renamed as "Hybrid Vehicle: A Study on Technology" is published at http://www.ijert.org/view.php?id=12126&title=hybrid-vehicle-a-study-on-technology.
The document discusses the growing market for electric vehicles. It predicts that by 2015, over 1 million plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles will be sold annually worldwide. Automakers are planning to produce hundreds of thousands of electric vehicles per year. The comeback of electric vehicles has a greater chance of success and will transform both the automotive industry and electric power industry.
Herb Chambers is expanding his Mercedes-Benz dealership in Lynnfield, Massachusetts. The $18,000 expansion will include a 2,400 square foot showroom for smart cars. The project is scheduled to be completed in the summer. Chambers owns 45 dealerships in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. A spokesman provided a picture of Chambers showing off a smart car.
This document provides information on the 2010 Toyota Prius, including pricing, fuel economy, exterior and interior colors, standard features, options, specifications, and photos of the different Prius models. It details the standard features and options available for each Prius trim level (II, III, IV, V) as well as packages that can be added.
Fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles in futureby rai asad sahiMuhammad Sahi
Fuel cell vehicles and electric vehicles are types of vehicles that do not use gasoline. Fuel cell vehicles use hydrogen and oxygen to create electricity to power the vehicle, while electric vehicles use electricity stored in batteries. Both vehicle types have benefits like lower emissions but also challenges like lack of refueling infrastructure. Researchers are working to improve battery technologies and lower costs to increase the viability of electric vehicles for widespread adoption in the future.
This document provides an overview of hybrid vehicles. It begins with definitions of hybrid and electric vehicles, then describes the evolution of hybrid cars from early models in the late 1890s to modern Toyota and Honda hybrids. The key components of hybrid vehicles are outlined as internal combustion engines, electric motors, batteries, and transmissions. Hybrids work by integrating a gasoline engine with an electric motor and batteries, which can be recharged through regenerative braking or by the gas engine. The advantages of hybrids are described as improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to conventional vehicles. While hybrids have higher initial costs, their long-term savings on fuel and maintenance provide a payback over time. In conclusion, hybrids represent a
1) A hybrid vehicle combines two or more power sources, such as a gasoline engine and electric motor, to provide propulsion.
2) Gasoline-powered cars are efficient but polluting, while electric cars produce no emissions but have limited range and slow charging times. Hybrids aim to reduce these tradeoffs.
3) There are two main hybrid configurations - parallel hybrids allow both the engine and electric motor to power the vehicle directly, while series hybrids use the engine to charge a battery and power an electric motor only.
The document discusses electric vehicles (EVs). It defines different types of EVs, including battery electric vehicles (BEVs) which run entirely on batteries, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) which can be plugged in and run partly on batteries, and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) which cannot be plugged in. It provides details on how each type works and its pros and cons. It also discusses the history of EVs, components of EVs like batteries and motors, EV infrastructure including charging stations, and high performance EVs like the NIO EP9 that can reach speeds up to 194 mph.
Expo 2020 in Dubai will attract thousands of visitors, increasing car usage and harming the environment. Hybrid vehicles, which combine an internal combustion engine with one or more electric motors, provide a solution by reducing emissions. There are three main types of hybrids: full hybrids that can run solely on electric power, mild hybrids with an electric motor that allows the gas engine to turn off during braking or idling, and plug-in hybrids that can be charged by plugging into an electric outlet.
Electric vehicles market is a hot topic today because of its strong link with environmental regulations fixed by governments of all developed countries,
Cannon is taking part in this significant change.
For more infos, read the following article
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/future-electric-vehicles-market-cannon-s-p-a-
Hybrid vehicles combine two power sources, such as an internal combustion engine and electric motor, to improve fuel efficiency. They produce less emissions than conventional vehicles and can be charged using renewable energy. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have both electric-only range and gas engine range, allowing them to overcome limitations of battery-only electric vehicles. PHEVs are well-suited to typical daily driving patterns of under 50 miles per day. Regenerative braking captures kinetic energy and stores it in the battery. While hybrids offer improvements now, fully electric vehicles face challenges of high costs, limited range, and long charging times, making hybrids a practical interim solution.
Fabrication of Hybrid Petroelectric VehicleIJERA Editor
In automobile sector, the need for alternative fuel as a replacement of conventional fossil fuel, due to its depletion and amount of emission has given way for new technologies like Fuel cells vehicles, Electric vehicles. Still a lot of advancement has to take place in these technologies for commercialization. The gap between the current fossil fuel technology and zero emission vehicles can be bridged by hybrid technology. Hybrid vehicles are those which can run on two or more powering sources/fuels. Feasibility of this technology is been proved in four wheelers and automobile giants like Toyota, Honda, and Hyundai have launched successful vehicles like Toyota prius, Honda insight etc. This technology maximizes the advantages of the two fuels and minimizes the disadvantages of the same. The best preferred hybrid pair is electric and fossil fuel. This increases the mileage of the vehicle twice the existing and also reduces the emission to half. At present, we like to explore the hybrid technology in the two wheeler sector and its feasibility on road. This paper deals with an attempt to make a hybrid with electric start and petrol run. Further a design of basic hybrid elements like motor, battery, and engine. As on today, hybrid products are one of the best solutions for all pollution hazards at a fairly nominal price. An investment within the means of a common man that guarantees a better environment to live in.
IRJET- Design and Configuration of an Electric VehicleIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and configuration of electric vehicles. It begins with a brief history of electric cars from the late 19th century to today. It then describes the main types of electric vehicles, including battery electric vehicles (BEVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). For each type, it provides examples of current models and discusses their pros and cons. The document focuses on the technical aspects and specifications of different electric vehicle designs.
"Finally, if you are choosing an electric car, your choices are more limited. At the moment they are compact and sub-compact, except for the Tesla Model S sedan and the Toyota RAV 4 EV smaller SUV. These two latter choices are much more expensive though, with the Tesla priced around $100,000 and the SUV priced at around $50,000. Electric cars have pros and cons, and to make a wise decision you must weigh them both.
This is from an article that appeared on All Green Website: http://www.allgreenrecycling.com/blog/electric-cars-pros-and-cons/"
A 'gasoline-electric hybrid Vehicle’ or 'hybrid electric vehicle' is a vehicle which relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a generator to provide the electricity and may also drive a wheel. It has great advantages over the previously used gasoline engine that drives the power from gasoline only. It also is a major source of air pollution.
SDG&E aims to enable rapid electric vehicle adoption through infrastructure development and attractive utility rates. It is collaborating with ECOtality and automakers on a project installing over 1,000 home and 1,450 public chargers. SDG&E offers time-of-use rates to encourage off-peak charging. It communicates these efforts through its website and events to help San Diego transition to clean transportation.
This document discusses a research paper on improving hybrid electric bus efficiency. It explores using an Electric Gearbox System (EGBS) that reduces powertrain components by half compared to current hybrid buses. The paper analyzes different hybrid vehicle drive systems and configurations. It also examines technologies like regenerative braking. Current hybrid electric buses are discussed, noting their high costs and weight as drawbacks. The paper proposes that an EGBS demonstrator could validate claims to improve efficiency and reduce costs of hybrid electric buses.
The document discusses the challenges of developing sustainable cars, including climate change, depletion of fossil fuels, and air pollution. It argues that plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) currently represent the best trade-off, as they can match the performance and autonomy of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles while reducing emissions and oil dependence. PHEVs do not require expensive new charging infrastructure and can cut oil use by up to 80% compared to ICEs. The document concludes that electrification will gradually increase through PHEVs as battery prices fall, until electric vehicles (EVs) can replace ICEs globally by 2040.
General Motors is pursuing an electrification strategy for automobiles to reduce emissions and petroleum consumption. This includes improving internal combustion engines, developing battery electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The E-Rev plug-in hybrid concept meets consumer needs with an electric range of 60 km and hundreds more kilometers of extended range. Strategic policy support is needed to incentivize continued technology development, lower costs for consumers, and build out refueling infrastructure in order to accelerate the commercialization of these new propulsion technologies.
A hybrid vehicle combines an internal combustion engine with an electric motor powered by batteries. There are two main types: series hybrids, which use only the electric motor to drive wheels, and parallel hybrids, which use both the engine and motor together to drive wheels. Hybrid vehicles provide environmental and economic benefits like lower emissions, better fuel efficiency averaging twice the mileage of non-hybrids, and reduced spending on fuel as prices continue rising.
This slide is about the type of hybrid vehicle available in the market along with the case study of some hybrid cars. It is prepared from the study paper - presented at the SAE Research Paper competition, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University. The Research Paper on the above topic which is renamed as "Hybrid Vehicle: A Study on Technology" is published at http://www.ijert.org/view.php?id=12126&title=hybrid-vehicle-a-study-on-technology.
The document discusses the growing market for electric vehicles. It predicts that by 2015, over 1 million plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles will be sold annually worldwide. Automakers are planning to produce hundreds of thousands of electric vehicles per year. The comeback of electric vehicles has a greater chance of success and will transform both the automotive industry and electric power industry.
Herb Chambers is expanding his Mercedes-Benz dealership in Lynnfield, Massachusetts. The $18,000 expansion will include a 2,400 square foot showroom for smart cars. The project is scheduled to be completed in the summer. Chambers owns 45 dealerships in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. A spokesman provided a picture of Chambers showing off a smart car.
This document provides information on the 2010 Toyota Prius, including pricing, fuel economy, exterior and interior colors, standard features, options, specifications, and photos of the different Prius models. It details the standard features and options available for each Prius trim level (II, III, IV, V) as well as packages that can be added.
This document summarizes a market study on consumer expectations for internet lead marketing in the automotive industry. The study found that over 85% of car buyers conduct online research. It identified 7 distinct segments of online leads based on the information provided. Two segments in particular were more likely to purchase from dealers that responded well to their online inquiries. The study also found that first time buyers, who made up over 80% of new buyers, were more likely to purchase from dealers that responded online. Factors like shopping experience, honesty, and response time influenced brand loyalty. The study concluded that understanding a lead's preferred communication method and response timeframe can improve engagement.
This document is a brochure for a 2010 Toyota Camry that a customer has configured and ordered. It includes specifications for the model such as standard features, available options and accessories. It also provides the total MSRP and nearest Toyota dealership for purchase. The brochure contains detailed information to inform the customer's purchase of their customized 2010 Camry.
Twenty-seven vehicles from twelve manufacturers earn the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's 2010 TOP SAFETY PICK award for demonstrating good ratings for occupant protection in frontal, side, rear, and now roof strength tests. For the first time, good performance in a new roof strength test measuring protection in rollovers is required. While many vehicles improved, some like the Toyota Camry and Honda Accord lost the award for insufficient roof strength ratings. The addition of the roof test criterion recognizes manufacturers that provide good rollover protection.
The document provides information on the 2009 Honda Accord, highlighting its various engine and transmission options, efficiency and emissions ratings, and safety and suspension features. It emphasizes the Accord's focus on both power and efficiency through innovations like Variable Cylinder Management. Suspension designs provide precise handling while safety systems like dual front airbags aim to protect all passengers.
The document discusses advancements in hybrid electric vehicles. It begins by covering the early history of electric vehicles and then focuses on hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) which use both an electric engine and a conventional internal combustion engine. The key benefits of HEVs are improved fuel economy, reduced emissions, and better acceleration. There are three main types of hybrids - series, parallel, and combined. The document analyzes the SWOT of hybrid vehicles and concludes by discussing Toyota's popular Prius hybrid car.
A brief Seminar Presentation on the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) Powertrain Components, Architecture and Modes of Hybridisation. Also includes the Classification of HEV on the basis of Energy Flow.
This document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on hybrid electric vehicles. The presentation covers the introduction and objectives, definitions of hybrid vehicles, a literature review of hybrid vehicle development over time, types of hybrid vehicles including series, parallel and series-parallel, levels of hybridization from micro to plug-in, basic components and design of HEVs, advantages and disadvantages of HEVs, and conclusions. The document contains an agenda with sections on the topics to be covered along with some introductory content on each section.
This document provides an overview of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). It discusses the components and working of HEVs, including how the internal combustion engine and electric motor work together to propel the vehicle using both gasoline and electric power. It also covers the different levels and configurations of hybrid systems, from full hybrids that can run solely on electric power to mild hybrids. The document aims to explain HEV technology and its benefits over conventional vehicles in improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions.
Hybrid cars combine a gasoline engine with an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. They work by using the electric motor for acceleration and braking and the gasoline engine for maintaining speed. This allows for regenerative braking that captures energy during braking to recharge the batteries. Hybrids get better gas mileage than conventional cars, with emissions reduced by 30-50%. Current hybrid models include the Toyota Prius, Honda Accord Hybrid, and Ford Escape Hybrid.
The document provides information about hybrid cars. It discusses that hybrid cars combine two power sources, usually a gasoline engine and electric motor. The electric motor assists the gasoline engine to improve fuel efficiency. Hybrid cars can be more than twice as fuel efficient as conventional gasoline vehicles. They capture energy during braking to charge the battery and do not need to be plugged in. The document summarizes the history and components of hybrid cars, including how they work, the engine, battery, electric motor, generator and transmission. Advanced technologies like regenerative braking and automatic engine start-stop are also covered.
This document provides an overview of hybrid vehicles presented at a seminar. It discusses the objectives of the seminar which were to explain hybrid vehicles, describe types of hybridization, discuss components and transmission, and compare hybrids to other vehicles. It then defines hybrid vehicles and outlines the key technologies such as regenerative braking. The document proceeds to describe different types of hybrids based on their power source and degree of hybridization including micro, mild, full, and plug-in hybrids. It also discusses the components and configurations of hybrid electric vehicles.
A review on hybrid vehicles emissions comparison archit tomarArchit Tomar
hybrid vehicle, energy storage units , batteries , types of hybrid vehicle, emission from hybrid vehicle, policies for promotion hybrid vehicle , hybrid vehicle incentive, different batteries comparisons, policies adoption by different countries, fuel cell, new technologies adoption in hybrid vehicle, power splitter, regernative braking, classification of hybrid vehicle,ultra capacitors
Performance and Emission Prediction of Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using Software...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using software tools and artificial neural networks to predict the performance and emissions of a hybrid electric vehicle. It summarizes a research paper that used ADVISOR software to evaluate pollutant emissions from a Toyota Prius hybrid under different driving cycles. An artificial neural network was developed and trained to predict parameters like brake power, efficiency and emissions based on ethanol-gasoline blend ratios. The neural network produced good correlation for the predicted versus actual performance parameters and emissions.
IRJET- An Overview of Electric Vehicle Concept and its EvolutionIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of electric vehicles, including their evolution and types. It discusses the basic working principle of electric vehicles and how they are powered by batteries or fuel cells rather than gasoline engines. The document outlines the main types of electric vehicles, including plug-in hybrids, battery-powered vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles. It also briefly describes the early history of electric vehicles from the 1800s to modern times, highlighting key innovations and factors that affected their adoption such as limited range and performance compared to gasoline vehicles.
This document presents information on hybrid electric vehicles. It defines a HEV as a vehicle that combines a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric motor. It then discusses the history of HEVs, the typical components including the power split device, engine, and battery. It describes the different configurations as series and parallel. It outlines the advantages of HEVs such as improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. It also discusses advanced technologies like regenerative braking and plug-in hybrids. Finally, it provides examples of current HEV models.
Automotive Hybrid Technology Development - Past, Present and FutureShih Cheng Tung
Recognize the importance of national and European Regulations in relation to renewable technologies in the construction and automotive industries.
Discuss environmentally related technologies and materials that are fundamental in a range of industries including construction, structural mechanics, automotive and environmental operations.
Discuss environmental issues related to resource provision and consumption necessary for the manufacture of engineered products, and analyse potential for the application of alternative energy sources.
SEMINAR ON HYBRID VEHICLE / ELECTRICVEHICLE TECHNOLOGY Avinash Repale
The document discusses hybrid vehicle technology. It begins with an introduction to hybrid vehicles and the problems they aim to address like global warming. It then defines hybrid vehicles as combining a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric propulsion system. The rest of the document discusses the different types of hybrid systems, technologies used in hybrid vehicles like regenerative braking, and the advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vehicles. It concludes by stating that hybrids offer benefits like improved fuel economy and reduced emissions while being more expensive initially than conventional cars.
TRIKE is a 3 wheel hybrid vehicle , which has two wheels at the front and drive train to the back wheel ,which is accomodated with the hub motor and the same wheel is linked to the IC engine through the chain drive .
The vehicle can either run through electricity or IC engine and with the combination of both .
This document discusses the design and workings of a hybrid trike. It begins by defining a hybrid vehicle as one that uses two or more distinct power sources. It then provides a brief history of hybrid bicycles and vehicles. The main sections discuss the different types of hybrid trike configurations, specifically the tadpole design with two front wheels and one rear wheel. It describes how the hybrid trike works using both an internal combustion engine and electric motor/generator. The electric motor provides power assistance and the engine can recharge the batteries through regenerative braking.
This document discusses hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). HEVs combine a conventional internal combustion engine with an electric propulsion system to achieve better fuel economy or performance than conventional vehicles. HEVs use both an internal combustion engine and electric motor for propulsion, with a battery to store energy from regenerative braking and the engine. The engines charge the batteries and provide rotational power, while the electric motors help drive the wheels. HEVs offer the driving range of gas vehicles with some electric vehicle benefits like regenerative braking, but can be more expensive with higher maintenance costs. Overall, HEVs are more environmentally friendly with less dependence on fossil fuels.
The document presents information about electric vehicles. It discusses the history of electric vehicles from the 1800s, compares electric vehicles to internal combustion engines in terms of price, running costs, pollution and sound production. It describes the components of electric vehicles including batteries, electric motors and controllers. It explains how electric vehicles work by converting battery power to motor power. It outlines the types of electric vehicles including battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and fuel cell electric vehicles. It lists the advantages of lower emissions and costs and disadvantages of higher prices and less range. It envisions electric vehicles leading to more sustainable transportation systems in the future.
This document discusses electric vehicles and their key components. It begins by defining an electric vehicle as a vehicle powered by an electric motor that draws electricity from an externally chargeable battery. It then describes the major parts of a battery electric vehicle, including the charging port, power converters, traction battery, motor, and power electronics controller. The document also covers electric vehicle parameters like battery capacity, state of charge, range, energy consumption, and motor power. In summary, the document provides an overview of electric vehicles and their basic workings.
Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) combine an internal combustion engine with batteries and an electric motor to improve fuel efficiency. HEVs capture energy from braking through regenerative braking and use that stored energy to power the vehicle at low speeds. This reduces emissions and fuel use compared to conventional vehicles. While more expensive initially, HEVs have lower operating costs over time due to reduced fuel needs. They also have less engine wear, less noise pollution, and allow use of a smaller engine.
Similar to Herb Chambers Tech Snapshot Features Prius Doe (20)
This document provides pricing and option information for the 2006 Toyota Sienna minivan. It lists the starting MSRP for each trim level (CE, LE, XLE, Limited), as well as available all-wheel drive configurations. Exterior and interior color options are displayed. The second page details option packages available for each trim, including pricing. Warranty information and local Toyota dealerships are listed at the end.
The new Toyota Hybrid System II (THS II) provides greater power and improved fuel efficiency over the previous THS through three key developments:
1. A high-voltage power circuit that increases the voltage supplied to the motor and generator from 274V to 500V, allowing more power to be supplied with less current and higher efficiency.
2. A more powerful permanent magnet AC synchronous motor that provides 1.5 times the output of the previous motor through higher voltage power supply.
3. Advanced control systems that optimize the combination of engine and motor power for starting, normal driving, and acceleration to provide smooth yet powerful performance while maximizing efficiency.
The document provides an overview of the 2010 Toyota Camry, including available trim levels, standard features, options, pricing, fuel economy and exterior/interior colors. Key details include five trim levels (Camry, LE, SE, XLE, Hybrid) starting at $19,395 MSRP, with various seating, drivetrain and technology options across trims.
This document provides an overview of the 2010 Highlander, including specifications for different trim levels. It lists standard features such as headlights, wheels, and audio systems. Optional features include roof rails, towing packages, rear entertainment systems and leather-trimmed seats. Pricing ranges from $25,705 for the base 4-cylinder model to $41,020 for the top-of-the-line hybrid limited trim.
The 2009 Honda Civic Sedan is available in several trim levels including the DX, LX, EX, and Si models. It has been redesigned with new styling inside and out. Key features include a 140-hp engine, various audio and entertainment technologies, advanced safety features like airbags and vehicle stability assist, and efficient powertrains for the Hybrid model. The Civic aims to provide fun driving dynamics along with practicality and environmental responsibility.
This document summarizes the specifications of the 2008 Honda Accord coupe. It is available with a 4-cylinder or V6 engine. Transmission options include a 5-speed manual, 6-speed manual, or 5-speed automatic. Key features include unit-body construction, independent front and rear suspensions, variable steering and braking systems. Interior space includes over 39 inches of front headroom and over 42 inches of front legroom. Fuel economy ranges from 17-22 mpg in the city and 25-31 mpg on the highway depending on engine and transmission choices.
The document provides information about the 2010 Honda Civic, including its various trim levels and key features. It highlights the Civic's sporty and fun driving experience across its sedan, coupe, hybrid, and Si models. The summary discusses the efficient yet powerful powertrain options and advanced safety features of the 2010 Honda Civic.
The 2010 Honda Civic GX is a natural gas vehicle that offers lower emissions and reduced dependence on foreign oil compared to gasoline vehicles. It has a responsive engine and receives good fuel economy and tax incentives for using natural gas. As an alternative fuel vehicle, it also qualifies for certain carpool lane access. The Civic GX provides a comfortable interior, responsive handling, and advanced safety features.
The document provides installation instructions for an Edelbrock turbocharging system for 1996-2000 Honda Civics. It begins with removing parts to access the installation areas and installing the intercooler. It then describes drilling the oil pan to install an oil drain adapter below the third bolt hole from the driver's side. Finally, it discusses installing the turbocharger and exhaust manifold assembly. The instructions are detailed but concise and provide all the necessary information to complete the installation in order, including diagrams to illustrate key steps.
The document summarizes several Honda vehicle models including the Honda Fit, Civic Si Coupe and Sedan, Civic Hybrid, Civic Coupe, S2000, and Accord Coupe and Sedan. It provides details on the features, trims, engines, and specifications of each vehicle model.
The document provides information on the 2009 Honda Civic Coupe and Si Coupe models, including specifications about the engine, transmission, brakes, suspension, dimensions, and other technical details. It highlights features like the unit-body construction, MacPherson strut front suspension, multi-link rear suspension, power-assisted rack-and-pinion steering, and ventilated front disc brakes. Safety features emphasized include dual-stage front airbags, side curtain airbags, ABS, and Vehicle Stability Assist.
This document provides information about Honda Accord accessories. It describes various exterior accessories like sports bumpers, side skirts, and alloy wheels that can be used to customize the appearance of the Accord. It also outlines interior accessories such as interior panels, steering wheels, and floor carpets. The document advertises these accessories and notes that they are designed for quality, safety, and a perfect fit with the Accord. It aims to help readers personalize their Accord.
The document summarizes Quaife's Automatic Torque Biasing helical limited slip differentials. It describes how the ATB design prevents complete loss of drive compared to a conventional differential, provides improved traction for better acceleration and cornering, and eliminates torque steer without locking solid. The ATB is used by many automakers and in motorsports, is gear-operated for reliability, and Quaife offers units for over 100 vehicle applications.
The document is a brochure for the new Honda Civic that provides information about its design, technology, performance, and safety features. It emphasizes the Civic's European inspiration, innovative design inside and out, class-leading fuel economy from new engine technologies, and extensive safety testing. The brochure aims to showcase how the Civic delivers an exhilarating driving experience through Honda's focus on engineering excellence and pushing boundaries.
The document provides information on various alternative fuel and advanced vehicle technologies including natural gas, propane, hybrid electric, all electric, ethanol, and biodiesel vehicles. It includes brief descriptions of select vehicle models that run on these fuels, their fuel economies, emissions ratings, prices, and warranties. The goal is to help consumers learn about and choose from efficient vehicle options that can reduce petroleum use and emissions.
The document summarizes and advertises the 2009 Honda Pilot. It highlights the Pilot's capabilities and features that make it suitable for adventure, luxury, transporting multiple passengers and cargo. Specific features called out include the power tailgate, navigation system, Bluetooth, rear entertainment system, comfortable seating, and cargo space. The document promotes the Pilot as a versatile and well-equipped vehicle.
The document provides details about the 2005 Honda Civic range, noting that specifications may vary and are subject to change, and any sales are between the dealer and customer according to standard terms. It includes sections about the interior and exterior design of the 3 door Civic, highlighting features like its dynamic looks, spacious interior, and focus on the driver experience.
The document summarizes key details about the 2009 Honda S2000 sports car. It highlights the S2000's racing heritage and how Honda uses motorsports to develop innovative designs. It then describes the S2000 CR variant which is closer to Honda's racing vehicles with weight savings and enhanced performance features. Key specs like the 237-horsepower engine and near 50/50 weight distribution are emphasized.
Automakers are increasingly using social networking sites like Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube to market their vehicles. They post videos, games and other content tailored for these sites' subscribers to help promote their brands and reach owners and enthusiasts in novel ways. While automakers won't disclose their spending, experts say these sites can guide large numbers of potential customers to company websites. However, some note that social media may not directly lead to vehicle purchases and that companies have little control over other content on the sites. Most agree these sites effectively extend word-of-mouth advertising online.
The document is a discussion guide from the Level Field Institute aimed at educating people about how automobile purchases can impact American jobs. It provides concise summaries of key facts and figures about domestic employment and investment levels among major automakers. The guide also outlines strategies and talking points for convincing others that "what you drive, drives America" and that automobile jobs matter to the local and national economy.
Implementing ELDs or Electronic Logging Devices is slowly but surely becoming the norm in fleet management. Why? Well, integrating ELDs and associated connected vehicle solutions like fleet tracking devices lets businesses and their in-house fleet managers reap several benefits. Check out the post below to learn more.
What Could Be Behind Your Mercedes Sprinter's Power Loss on Uphill RoadsSprinter Gurus
Unlock the secrets behind your Mercedes Sprinter's uphill power loss with our comprehensive presentation. From fuel filter blockages to turbocharger troubles, we uncover the culprits and empower you to reclaim your vehicle's peak performance. Conquer every ascent with confidence and ensure a thrilling journey every time.
The Octavia range embodies the design trend of the Škoda brand: a fusion of
aesthetics, safety and practicality. Whether you see the car as a whole or step
closer and explore its unique features, the Octavia range radiates with the
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Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
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1. An introduction by the U.S. Department of Energy to commercially available advanced vehicle technologies
OFFICE
AND
OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY
RENEWABLE ENERGY
featuring the Toyota Prius
What’s
Inside...
What Is a Hybrid
Electric Vehicle?
Why the Prius?
How Does the
Prius Compare with
Conventional Vehicles?
2. U.S. Department of Energy Technology Snapshot — Featuring the Toyota Prius
Welcome to the Clean Cities
Advanced Vehicle Information Series
Dear Reader, What Is a Hybrid Electric Vehicle?
A hybrid is any vehicle that uses two or more sources of
Twenty-first century transportation is not just
power — in today’s HEVs, the two sources are electricity
a vision for the future — it’s here today. Clean,
fuel-efficient hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) (from batteries) and mechanical power (from a small
are now available, joining the alternative fuel internal combustion engine). HEVs can offer the very low
vehicles already on the road. You may have seen emissions of electric vehicles with the power and range of
HEVs in the news, at your local dealership, and gasoline vehicles. They also offer up to 30 more miles per
even in your neighborhood. This brochure is the gallon, perform as well as or better than, and are just as safe
first of the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE’s) as any comparable gasoline-powered car — and they never
Technology Snapshots, a suite of publications in have to be plugged in for recharging. Widespread use of
the Clean Cities Advanced Vehicle Information HEVs would help reduce our nation’s growing dependence
Series that is designed to introduce the latest on foreign oil and cut greenhouse gas emissions by one-third
commercially available vehicle technologies to to one-half.
consumers across the country. Each Snapshot
features a different vehicle and offers an objec-
tive, “plain English” explanation of how it works How Do HEVs Work?
and how it differs from conventional vehicles. Hybrids can offer tremendous fuel economy and emissions
The web sites listed on the back cover of this benefits because they operate differently than conventional
brochure provide additional information about gasoline-fueled vehicles.
advanced transportation technology programs.
Gasoline Vehicle: The heat energy obtained by burning
Although nothing can compare to sitting behind
gasoline powers the engine, which drives the transmission
the wheel, each Snapshot gives you a feel for the
that turns the wheels.
featured vehicle by highlighting performance,
vehicle safety, and the benefits the new tech- Electric Vehicle: A set of batteries provides electricity to a
nology delivers to you and your community. Are motor, which drives the wheels.
you ready to drive a cleaner, “greener” and more
fuel-efficient vehicle? Hybrid Electric Vehicle: Not all hybrids are alike. There are
many ways to combine the engine, motor/generator, and
battery. Three basic hybrid configurations are the series,
parallel, and split (or through-the-road) designs.
Thomas J. Gross Series. The engine never directly powers the car. Instead,
Deputy Assistant Secretary the engine drives the generator, and the generator can
for Transportation Technologies either charge the batteries or power an electric motor that
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy drives the wheels.
U.S. Department of Energy
Parallel. The engine connects to the transmission, as do
the batteries and the electric motor. So both the engine
and the generator/motor can supply power to the wheels,
switching back and forth as driving conditions vary.
Split. The engine drives one axle and the electric motor
drives the other. There is no connection between the
engine and the electric components except “through
the road.”
2
3. U.S. Department of Energy Technology Snapshot — Featuring the Toyota Prius
Introducing the Toyota Prius
A New Type of Car… …That Drives Like Any
Toyota’s Prius combines features of Other Car…
both a “series” and “parallel” hybrid The Prius means more than just
electric vehicle, and it is the world’s impressive fuel economy and lower
first mass-produced HEV. The Prius emissions. It is a real car that does
HEVs Ñ Out of the Lab
is a breakthrough in many ways, not have to be “plugged in” or fed and onto the Road
combining an efficient gasoline- expensive or hard-to-find fuels. It
fueled internal combustion engine drives and accelerates like other What started out as a short-term solu-
with a clean, quiet electric motor gasoline-powered vehicles, and tion to extend the range of electric cars
powered by a battery. Like other it feels like a comfortable five-
HEVs, the Prius has many innovative may turn out to be one of the best
passenger sedan.
features: options for increasing fuel economy and
8Regenerative braking: The motor …Only Better. cutting greenhouse gas emissions on
recovers energy from the brakes Toyota’s claims for the Prius are American roads. When automakers
when they slow down or stop the supported by independent labora- installed an onboard generator powered
vehicle and uses it to recharge tory testing by both DOE and
the battery. by an internal combustion engine in an
the U.S. Environmental Protection
electric car to make the car capable of
8Lighter, smaller engine: To Agency (EPA).
improve efficiency, the Prius longer trips, many viewed it as a tempo-
Hybrids may be the cars that
engine is sized to accommodate convince the American public that rary measure until better batteries were
its average power load, not its advanced technology can be both developed. But HEVs caught on in the
peak load. Most gasoline engines affordable and convenient. The next auto industry and, after 20 years of
are sized for peak power require- few pages offer more details on the
ments, yet most drivers need study, a new generation of hybrids is
technology used in these vehicles
peak power only 1% of the time. and illustrate how HEVs can deliver taking center stage in the quest for
8Better fuel efficiency: The Prius a cleaner, comfortable drive today. cleaner, more efficient cars and trucks.
consumes less fuel than vehicles
powered by gasoline alone —
partly because the engine is
turned off when it’s not needed.
Conventional gasoline engines Engine Power to W The Toyot
a
(THS) (left Hybrid System
heels
run constantly, regardless of )
Power to G of both th combines feature
power requirements. enerator e series a s
systems nd paralle
(d l
The key to escribed opposite).
8Lower emissions: The Prius Generator In Parallel t
electronic he THS is an
ally contro
reduces regulated tailpipe splitter t lled power
ha
Motor from the t directs power
en
emissions by up to 90% and wheels an gine to both the
d the gen
greenhouse gas emissions by Compare erator.
Batteries th
conventio e THS to a
about 50% compared with Tier 2 powertrain
nal gasolin
e engine
Mechanica
standards. Electrical
l Power
few more (below); it has a
Power componen
uses them ts,
more effic but it
8More aerodynamic: The iently.
streamlined Prius exterior (0.29 Rear Whee
Engine l
coefficient of drag) reduces drag
by about 14% compared with Transmiss
io Drive Shaft
n
the typical family sedan. 3
4. U.S. Department of Energy Technology Snapshot — Featuring the Toyota Prius
Focus on Technology
Prius Engine Helps Recharge THS Transmission Provides The result is a quiet and seamless
system — in fact, the only way
the Battery Seamless Shifting to know what mode the car is
Why doesn’t the Prius ever need The THS transmis- operating in is by checking the
to be plugged in for recharging? sion is not a liquid crystal display (LCD) on
Because the car recharges its conventional the dashboard.
batteries primarily by using its own automatic
gasoline engine, in addition to transmission.
Innovative Battery Holds a
regenerative braking. Some of the There is only
power from the engine is “split off” one gear set, Bigger Charge
and stored in the car’s battery pack. with no clutch, The battery pack in the Prius is a
This “self-charging” system greatly starter, alternator, or torque nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) pack
enhances driving range — to more converter. The system fluidly adjusts that operates at 274 volts. The Prius
than 600 miles on a tank of gas in the operation of the gasoline engine, features a prismatic battery, in
the city. generator, and electric motor to which the positive and negative
match driving conditions. The key plates are stacked rather than rolled
Prius Constantly “Talks” to this system is a planetary gear (as in a typical cylindrical battery).
power-split device that allocates The resulting surface area is larger,
to Itself power from the gasoline engine to so the battery delivers more power
The Prius has an electronic control both the final drive and the gener- and is more durable.
system that “talks” to the car’s key ator. The generator produces the
components and ensures that the electrical power that is used to
car always operates in its most recharge the high-voltage battery
efficient mode — for lower fuel pack and to power the electric
consumption and power output that motor. The generator also functions
instantly adjusts to driving condi- as a starter for the gasoline engine
tions. The engine even shuts off — no other starter is needed.
when it isn’t needed for acceleration
or to recharge the battery.
When engine demand is low, such During normal travel, the gasoline
as when starting, traveling at a engine engages as needed to
light load, or stopping, the Prius (1) drive the wheels and/or
is driven only by its electric (2) recharge the battery.
motor, using battery power.
Key: Battery Pack
Inverter
Electric Motor
Engine
4 Generator
5. U.S. Department of Energy Technology Snapshot — Featuring the Toyota Prius
Inverter Extends Battery Life
An inverter changes the battery’s DC
power into AC power for use by the
Technical Specifications
electric motor, and it also changes Powertrain: Toyota Hybrid System (THS), including: Fuel tank: 11.9 gallons
the generator’s AC power into DC 8Gasoline engine: 1.5-L, 16-valve, 4-cylinder, Max. range: 619 mi (city)/
power to recharge the battery pack. cast-aluminum block and head, EFI Atkinson- 535 mi (highway)**
cycle VVTi (Variable Valve Timing with Passengers: 5
It regulates the power from regener-
intelligence), 13:0:1 compression ratio, 70 hp
ative braking and extends battery at 4,500 rpm, 82 lb-ft of torque at 4,200 rpm Length: 169.6 in.
life by always maintaining the 8Electric motor: Three-phase AC permanent Width: 66.7 in.
proper charge. magnet with peak power of 33 kW/44 hp Height: 57.6 in.
at 1,040–5,600 rpm, peak torque of
350.0 N-m/258 lb/ft (0–400 rpm) Wheelbase: 100.4 in.
Braking System Helps 8Battery: Sealed nickel-metal hydride battery, Weight: 2,765 lb
Improve Fuel Economy 274 volts Cargo: 10 ft3
Transmission: Electronically controlled, Braking: Front disc/rear drum (hydraulic
When a driver slows down or steps on continuously variable, with power assist) with integrated
the brake in the Prius, the regenerative power-split transaxle regenerative system, ABS
braking system converts kinetic energy Max. speed: 100 mph Steering: Rack and pinion, with power assist
from the motion of the wheels — Acceleration: 0–60 miles per hour in Turning circle: 31.6 ft
normally dissipated as heat in the 12.7 seconds
brakes — into electric current to help
Suspension: Front: MacPherson strut
Fuel efficiency: 52 mpg city/45 mpg highway* Rear: torsion beam
recharge the battery. About 20% of Coefficient of drag: 0.29 (drag for 5-passenger car
the total energy consumed by the is typically 0.355) * EPA label values
Prius comes from regenerative Emissions: Meets California Super Ultra ** Based on 11.9-gal fuel tank and 52 mpg city/
braking, which contributes to the Low Emissions Vehicle (SULEV) 45 mpg highway.
car’s excellent fuel economy. standards
At full acceleration, the battery When decelerating or braking, the The engine shuts off when the car is
adds its power to the mix, which regenerative braking system acts idling or if engine demand is low. The
provides a very smooth and as a generator to help recharge gasoline engine runs only as needed to
powerful response. the battery. recharge the battery or run the air
conditioner, which is why the Prius never
has to be plugged in for recharging.
5
6. U.S. Department of Energy Technology Snapshot — Featuring the Toyota Prius
Independently Tested by the DOE and EPA
DOE Focuses on Argonne researchers focused
primarily on the powertrain control
Prius Performance and energy management systems,
Starting in March 1999, DOE measuring numerous system func-
conducted independent testing tions: engine speed and mass airflow;
of the Prius at Argonne National exhaust gas and coolant temperature;
Laboratory and the National generator and motor speeds;
Renewable Energy Laboratory accumulated ampere-hours; battery
(NREL). The testing goals included voltage; battery, motor, and gener-
determining the operating ator current; vehicle speed; carbon
performance of the hybrid monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides
technology and collecting data (NOx), and hydrocarbon (HC)
to determine the overall energy emissions; and fuel efficiency.
management performance of the NREL researchers focused on battery
entire vehicle and its individual thermal management performance.
components, including the batteries.
Work at DOE laboratories included devel-
oping an engine map — the set of data
that relates an engine’s fuel consump-
tion, power output, and emissions;
examining the vehicle’s hybrid control
strategy; collecting data on powertrain
EPA Takes a Closeup operation; outfitting a car for mobile
testing during on-road city and highway
Look at THS driving; and extensive battery testing.
In 1998, the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency evaluated the Prius THS technology Why Drive a Hybrid Air Emissions
over two test sequences involving the Growing scientific evidence suggests
Federal Urban Dynamometer Driving
Electric Vehicle?
that greenhouse gas emissions
Schedule and the Highway Fuel Economy As the information in this brochure illustrates, the Prius
could contribute to a change in the
Test (HFET). and other HEVs are mechanically innovative, sophisticated
earth's climate — and transpor-
vehicles. Many people might ask why they should drive
The results of these tests are provided in tation, specifically the combustion
these technological marvels when their current car does
the EPA report “Evaluation of a Toyota of fossil fuels in our vehicles,
everything they want it to do. The two best reasons are
Prius Hybrid System,” EPA420-R-98-006, accounts for a large portion of
(1) to improve mileage and (2) to reduce emissions.
greenhouse gases. Moreover, EPA
August 1998, on the EPA website:
The Outlook on Oil considers a number of other pollu-
www.epa.gov
tants in vehicle emissions to be
Most people dislike having to pay $20 or $30 or more for
harmful to public health and the
a tank of gas. Yet, the United States depends on petroleum
environment. Despite the substan-
for nearly 95% of its transportation energy — about 8
tial reductions in individual vehicle
million barrels per day of petroleum products are used to
emissions over the last few decades,
fuel light trucks and cars. More than half of our petroleum
the millions of vehicles on our
is imported, and this percentage is growing, which is why
roads — which burn thousands
oil imports represent one of the largest components of the
of gallons of petroleum every
U.S. trade deficit. And the demand for oil used for trans-
second — account for a third of
portation will grow as the number of people and the
the country's air emissions.
number of miles they drive increase.
6
7. U.S. Department of Energy Technology Snapshot — Featuring the Toyota Prius
Fuel Economy Emissions Comparison
New Car Requirements
Prius (Actual 2000
Prius 46.0 EPA Test Results) 0.009
SULEV (California's
Most Stringent Light-
Corolla 31.6 Duty Vehicle Standard 0.02
Starting 2004)
TIER 2 (Federal
Light-Duty Fleet
Camry 25.3 Average Standard
0.07
Starting 2004)
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
Fuel Economy (miles per gallon) Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) (grams/mile)
Acceleration (0–60 mph) Handling (Slalom)
Prius 12.7 Prius 11.5
Corolla 11.4 Corolla 12.1
Camry 12.2 Camry 11.5
9 10 11 12 13 11.0 11.2 11.4 11.6 11.8 12.0 12.2
Time (seconds) Time (seconds)
Picture-Perfect Performance The Prius truly appeals to people who want a car with excellent performance
that is also friendly to the environment. The "Emissions Comparison" chart above
DOE took its testing efforts on the road in illustrates how Prius almost eliminates harmful emissions — it already meets
September 2000. At the Route 66 Motor California Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) standards that take effect
in 2004 — without sacrificing performance (see table below). Prius reduces
Speedway near Chicago, Argonne engi- hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions
neers tested the model year 2001 Prius by up to 90% and carbon dioxide (CO2) and other GHG emissions by up to 50%
against a similarly equipped 2001 Toyota relative to those of a comparable gasoline-fueled vehicle. But the vehicle can still
handle as well as or better than comparable 5-passenger cars (see slalom and
Camry and 2001 Corolla to see how they
skid pad test results below), accelerate from 0 to 60 mph in under 13 seconds,
compared in terms of fuel economy, accel- and achieve fuel economy as high as 52 miles per gallon.
eration, handling, and braking. The results
are shown in the charts above and in the Prius Corolla LE Camry LE
table at right.
On-Road Fuel
Economy (mpg) 46.0 31.6 25.3
EPA Fuel Economy
(city/highway) (mpg) 52/45 29/33 23/32
Acceleration (sec)
0–60 mph 12.69 11.41 12.15
Slalom (sec) 11.45 12.10 11.46
Skid Pad (G) 0.654 0.667 0.651
Braking (ft from
60–0 mph) 135.1 173.6 * 198.2
Passenger/Luggage
Volume (ft3) 89/12 88/12 97/14
*Not equipped with anti-lock brakes. 7
8. U.S. Department of Energy Technology Snapshot — Featuring the Toyota Prius
The U.S. Department of Energy’s mission is to enhance our
nation’s energy security, national security, and environmental
quality, and to contribute to a better quality of life for all Americans.
The widespread availability and use of alternative fuels and clean,
energy-efficient, advanced technology vehicles (like those profiled in the Technology Snap-
shots) will help reduce U.S. dependence on foreign petroleum and promote clean air and
healthier living in communities nationwide.
Prius Cleans Up Related Web Sites
with 5 Environmental http://www.ott.doe.gov/
The U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Transportation Technologies
Awards (OTT) develops and promotes advanced transportation and alternative
fuel vehicles and technologies.
8United Nations Environmental
Protection Award http://www.ccities.doe.gov/
OTT’s Clean Cities Program supports the deployment of alternative fuel
8EPA’s First Annual Global Climate vehicles and supporting infrastructure.
Protection Award http://www.ott.doe.gov/hev/
8Sierra Club’s “Excellence in OTT’s Hybrid Electric Vehicle Program.
Environmental Engineering Award” http://www.eren.doe.gov/EE/transportation_related.html
Related sites from government, educational, commercial, and
8”Clean Car Salute” from the Clean Car organizational sources.
Coalition, a group composed of state,
http://www.toyota.com
regional, and national environmental Toyota Motor Corporation web site.
organizations in the U.S.
http://www.fueleconomy.gov
8Exhibited at the Museum of Modern The web-based version of the DOE/EPA Fuel Economy Guide.
Art, “Different Roads: Automobiles
for the Next Century”
This document highlights work sponsored by agencies of the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes
any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or
process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade
name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or any
agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the U.S. Government or any agency thereof.
8 Publishing services provided by Argonne National Laboratory