This document provides an overview of hybrid vehicles. It begins with definitions of hybrid and electric vehicles, then describes the evolution of hybrid cars from early models in the late 1890s to modern Toyota and Honda hybrids. The key components of hybrid vehicles are outlined as internal combustion engines, electric motors, batteries, and transmissions. Hybrids work by integrating a gasoline engine with an electric motor and batteries, which can be recharged through regenerative braking or by the gas engine. The advantages of hybrids are described as improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to conventional vehicles. While hybrids have higher initial costs, their long-term savings on fuel and maintenance provide a payback over time. In conclusion, hybrids represent a

1. Hybrid cars
MAHIDHAR DUGGAL
Assistant Professor(ME)
MEC120
BY Ali Hasan Ali Mahdi
REG_no:11711266

2. Contents
 Introduction
 What makes it hybrid…?
 Evolution of hybrid cars…?
 Why hybrid cars way to the future…?
 Components, model and how it works…?
 Type of hybrid cars.
 Hybrids performance, efficiency and maintenance.
 Advanced technologies.
 Advantages and disadvantages.
 conclusion

3. Introduction
 A hybrid electric vehicle(HEV)augments an electric vehicle(EV)with a second source
of power referred to as the alternative power unit(APU).
 A hybrid can achieve the cruising range and performance advantages of
conventional vehicles with the low-noise ,exhaust emission and energy
independency benefits of electric vehicles.
 Accordingly, the hybrid concept, where the alternative power unit is used as a
second source of energy, is gaining acceptance and is overcoming some of the
problems of pure electric vehicles.
 Fuel efficiency along with minimum pollution has become the benchmark for any
new automobile(vehicle) as a hybrid vehicles.

4. What makes it hybrid?
 Any vehicle that combines two or more source of power is said to be hybrid.
 A simple example.
 A moped (a motorized pedal bike)is a type of hybrid because it combines the power of
a gasoline engine with the pedal power of its rider.
 Relies not only on batteries but also on an internal combustion engine which drives a
generator to provide electricity and may also drive a wheel.
 Alternative power unit to supply the power required by the vehicles, to recharge the
batteries and to power accessories like the air conditioner and heater.

5. Evolution of hybrid cars.
 1839:first electric vehicle.
 1898:Dr. Ferdinand Porsche built a hybrid.
 1905:first gas-electric car.
 1997:Toyota Prius available in Japan.
 1999:Honda insight released in US(70MPG).
 2002:Honda civic hybrid launched .
 2004:Toyota Prius II introduced :Ford Escape hybrid introduced.
 2007:Toyota highlander hybrid.
 2009:Mercedes_Bens S400 Blue hybrid.
 2010:Mazda tribute crossover.

6. Do you think hybrid cars are way to the
future…?

7. Why hybrid cars way to the future?
 As there is a constant rise in the fuel prices, it is a must for us to look for alternative
such as hybrid.
 Dependency on fossils can be decreased.
 They produce much less emissions and use about 50% less fuel then the average
new vehicle in the same class.
 Regenerative braking actually makes city driving more economical than on the
highway.
 Plug in hybrid vehicles eventually can be charged at parking location using
renewable energy. they will use at least half as much fuel as the hybrid.

8. Notes……
 Hybrid are less-emissions vehicles.
 Later models may cut down these emissions even more.

9. Basic components of hybrid cars.
 Internal combustion of hybrid cars.
 Electric motor.
 Batteries.
 Transmission.

10. How Hybrid Cars Work…!
 Hybrid car integrate the power of the conventional gasoline with that of an electric
motor.
 A high powered battery pack provides energy to the motor which itself gets
recharged when the car is decelerating.
 The gas engine can also assist the battery in recharging, which kills the need to
plug the car to an external source of energy.

11. Contd…
 Mild hybrid are incapable of independently operating the vehicle.
 The electric motor acts as a side-kick to the gas engine, assisting it whenever surplus
power is needed.
 The internal combustion engine(both gasoline and diesel)
Installed in hybrid cars are often smaller than those in normal cars for a simple reason that
hybrids have electric motor for assistance.

12. Hybrid structure…
 Two Types of hybrid cars…
 Parallel hybrid …!
 Series of hybrid …

13. Parallel hybrid …!
 Fuel tank, which supplies gasoline to the engine.
 Set of batteries that supplies power to an electric motor.
 Both the engine and electric motor can turn the transmission at the same time and the
transmission then turns the wheel.
 When the APU is off, the parallel hybrid runs like an electric vehicle.
 When the APU is on, the controller divides energy between the drive train and
batteries(engine storage).

14. Parallel hybrid cars(Contd)…
 Under acceleration, more power is allocated to the drive train than to the batteries.
During period of idle or low speeds, more power goes to the batteries than the
drive train.
 The batteries also provide additional power to the drive train when the APU is not
producing enough and also to power auxiliary systems such as the air conditioner
and heater.

15. Parallel hybrid cars(Contd)…

16. Series of hybrid …
 Similar to an electric vehicle with generator.
 The vehicle runs on battery power like a pure electric vehicle until the battery reach
a predetermined discharged level.
 At that point APU turns on and begins recharging the battery.
 The APU operates until the batteries are charged to a predetermined level.
 APU never directly powers the vehicle.

17. Series of hybrid(Contd) …
 The length of time the APU is on depends on the size of the batteries and the APU
itself.
 Since the APU is not directly connected to the drive train, it can be run at its optima
operating. Hence fuel economy is increased and emissions are reduced relative to a
pure internal combusting engine vehicles.

19. Hybrid performance…
 The key factor for the hybrid car is its ability to use a smaller engine.
 The hybrid engine is sized for running at average power not the peak.
 When it does reach that point that it needs help up a hill or pass someone, it draws
extra power from the batteries to run the electric motor to get the job done.

20. Hybrid efficiency…
 Shuts the engine off at low speeds.
 Recovers energy and stores it into the battery.
 Displacement of cylinder is small so less fuel consumption.
 They use electric power at starts and stops.
 They use the gasoline engine at cruising speeds.
 Smaller engines are more efficient.

21. Hybrid maintenance…
 WARRANTYIES:.
The average warranty for a hybrid now is
around either 8years/100,000miles
Or even 10years/150,000miles.
 BRAKE PADS:.
No maintenance.
 BATTERIES:.
$6800 for new Toyota and Honda hybrid
But batteries tested to go for 180,000miles and more.

22. Advanced technologies…
 Regenerative braking
 Electric motor drive assist
 Automatic starts/shut off

23. Advantages of hybrid cars…
 Excellent gas mileage.
 fewer tailpipe emissions.
 lighter batteries than electric vehicles.
 regenerative braking system that stores electric energy in batteries.
 uses less fuel to recharge batteries.
 20%-25%better mileage than internal combustion electric.
 30%reduction in emissions.
 Less maintenance compared to conventional cars.
 Increased energy life.

24. And a few disadvantages…
 Reduced, but not emission _free.
 Slightly expensive than conventional vehicles.
 Has a payback period in average use.
 Batteries are expensive and are toxic waste.

25. Conclusion…
 Present day vehicles, not only stress on power, performance and luxury, but also
focuses on emissions, efficiency and reliability.
 A hybrid gives a solution to all problems to some extent.
 If proper research and development is done in this field, hybrid vehicle promises a
practical, efficiency, low pollution vehicle for the coming era.
 Hence, hybrid are vehicles of the future.

28. THANK YOU
EID
MUBARAK