The document describes the structure and functions of the liver and pancreas, including their roles in metabolism, bile production, and digestion. It discusses disorders that can affect these organs like viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallstones, pancreatitis, and cancer. The liver and pancreas have important metabolic and digestive functions that when disrupted can cause serious health issues.
Enterohepatic circulation and Hepatic Portal circulationjohnedward869
in these slides we discuss about enterohepatic circulation, especially of bile acid ,also the hepatic portal circulation of blood passing through the liver to wards the heart via inferior vena cava and the return of such blood to the liver, and Porta caval Anastomosis(portosystemic Anastomosis) is also discussed.
Enterohepatic circulation and Hepatic Portal circulationjohnedward869
in these slides we discuss about enterohepatic circulation, especially of bile acid ,also the hepatic portal circulation of blood passing through the liver to wards the heart via inferior vena cava and the return of such blood to the liver, and Porta caval Anastomosis(portosystemic Anastomosis) is also discussed.
The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra. The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy.
The urinary system's function is to filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product. The organs of the urinary system include the kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder and urethra. The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy.
IT INCLUDES ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY OF LIVER .
THE SOURCES ARE:-
THE MEDICAL TEXT BOOK OF ROBBIN'S PATHOLOGY
AND OTHERS
IMAGES SOURCE :- ATLAS BOOKS AND INTERNET
Medical considerations in dental treatment of patients with liver disease. Main types of liver disease, clinical manifestations, lab tests, treatment considerations.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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2. Liver Structure
• Blood from
hepatic portal
vein and hepatic
artery mix in
sinusoids
• The sinusoids
empty into central
veins, which send
the blood to the
hepatic vein and
inferior vena cava
3. Liver Structure
(cont.)
• Hepatic cells lie
along the sinusoids
and pick up
chemicals from
the blood
• They modify the
blood’s
composition
4. Liver Structure
(cont.)
• At the back end of
each hepatic cell,
bile is released into
a canaliculus
• The bile is carried
to the bile duct
and then to the
gallbladder
5. Liver Structure
(cont.)
• Many sinusoids
come together to
empty into one
vein
• The section of the
liver emptying into
one vein is a lobule
6. Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or
false.
The gallbladder stores bile that has been
produced by the liver.
7. True Answer
Rationale: The liver makes bile and secretes it
into the small intestine via the common bile
duct. Excess bile is stored in the gallbladder,
where it also enters the small intestine
through the common bile duct when it is
needed.
8. Metabolic Functions of the Liver
• Carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism
– Sugars stored as glycogen, converted to glucose,
used to make fats
– Proteins synthesized from amino acids; ammonia
made into urea
– Fats oxidized for energy, synthesized, packaged into
lipoproteins
9. Metabolic Functions of the Liver (cont.)
• Drug and hormone metabolism
– Biotransformation into water-soluble forms
– Detoxification or inactivation
• Bile production
10. Question
Which of the following substances makes bile
more susceptible to digestive enzymes?
b. Carbohydrate
c. Protein
d. Fat
e. All of the above
11. a. Fat Answer
Rationale: Bile (produced in the liver) emulsifies
fat molecules so that they are easier to
digest. An emulsion is a mixture of two
immiscible (unblendable) substances, in this
case bile and fat.
12. Scenario
Mr. M had a donut for breakfast.
Question:
• Explain how the sugar in the donut left his small
intestine and ended up as fat in his carotid artery, giving
the:
– Anatomical structures
– Chemical processes
– Hormones that controlled them
13. Scenario
Ms. B was prescribed an oral medication for her skin problem.
She took it twice a day.
• The day after she started the medication, Ms. B drank wine
with a friend right after taking the prescribed dosage
Question:
• Ms. B got terribly ill. Why? She said, “I drink that kind of
wine all the time.”
14. Liver Failure
• Hematologic disorders
– Anemia, thrombocytopenia, coagulation defects,
leukopenia
• Endocrine disorders
– Fluid retention, hypokalemia, disordered sexual
functions
– Which hormones would cause these endocrine
disorders?
17. Answer
a. Increased bilirubin levels
Rationale: Erythrocytes are normally broken down
in the spleen at the end of their life span. The
end product of RBC metabolism is bilirubin.
Bilirubin is sent to the liver to be metabolized; if
the liver is not functioning properly, the bilirubin
accumulates and causes jaundice (an abnormal
yellowing of the skin and mucous membranes).
18. Hepatitis
• Viral hepatitis
• Hepatitis A virus (HAV)
• Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
• Hepatitis B–associated delta virus (HDV)
• Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
• Hepatitis E virus (HEV)
19. Discussion
Which hepatitis viruses are most likely to be
the problem in:
• An asymptomatic drug abuser?
• A nursing student who has spent the last two
months volunteering in an orphanage in
Mali?
• An infant whose mother has hepatitis?
20. Chronic Viral Hepatitis
• Caused by HBV, HCV, and HDV
• Principal worldwide cause of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis,
and hepatocellular cancer
• Chief reason for liver transplantation in adults
21. Alcoholic Liver Disease
• Fatty liver (steatosis)
– Liver cells contain fat deposits; liver is enlarged
• Alcoholic hepatitis
– Liver inflammation and liver cell failure
• Cirrhosis
– Scar tissue partially blocks sinusoids and bile canaliculi
22. Question
Which of the following is the least virulent strain
of hepatitis?
b. HAV
c. HBV
d. HCV
e. HDV
23. a. HAV Answer
Rationale: HBV, HCV, and HDV are all virulent
strains that may lead to chronic viral
hepatitis. HAV is most commonly transmitted
by the fecal-oral route (e.g., contaminated
food or poor hygiene) and does not typically
have a chronic stage (it does not cause
permanent liver damage).
24. Veins Draining into the Hepatic
Portal System
• Portal
hypertension
causes pressure
in these veins to
increase
• Varicosities and
shunts develop
• Organs engorge
with blood
26. Cholestasis and Intrahepatic Biliary
Disorders
• Bile flow in the liver slows down
• Bile accumulates and forms plugs in the ducts
– Ducts rupture and damage liver cells
• Alkaline phosphatase released into blood
• Liver is unable to continue processing bilirubin
– Increased bile acids in blood and skin
• Pruritus (itching)
27. unconjugated
The Fate of Bilirubin bilirubin in
blood
• Hemoglobin from old red
blood cells becomes
bilirubin bilirubinemia liver links it
• The liver converts to
bilirubin into bile
gluconuride
• Why would a man with jaundice
liver failure develop
jaundice?
conjugated
bilirubin
bile
28. Biliary Tract
Gallbladder
Hepatic
Cystic duct duct
Common bile
duct
Ampulla of Vater
Sphincter of Oddi
Pancreatic
duct
29. Disorders of the Gallbladder
• Cholelithiasis (gallstones)
– Cholesterol, calcium salts, or mixed
• Acute and chronic cholecystitis
– Inflammation caused by irritation due to
concentrated bile
• Choledocholithiasis
– Stones in the common bile duct
• Cholangitis
– Inflammation of the common bile duct
30. Bile in the Intestines
• Emulsifies fats so they can be digested
• Passes on to the large intestine
– Bacteria convert it to urobilinogen
º Some is lost in feces
º Most is reabsorbed into the blood
Returned to the liver to be reused
Filtered out by the kidneys urine
31. The Pancreas Pancreas
Exocrine Endocrine
pancreas pancreas
releases digestive
juices through a releases hormones
duct into the blood
to the
duodenum
32. Exocrine Pancreas
• Acini produce:
– Inactive digestive
enzymes
– Trypsin inactivator
– Bicarbonate (antacid)
• These are sent to the
duodenum when it
releases secretin and
cholecystokinin
• In the duodenum, the
digestive enzymes are
activated
33. Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or
false.
The exocrine pancreas produces insulin.
34. False Answer
Rationale: Beta cells of the endocrine pancreas
produce insulin; the exocrine pancreas
produces digestive enzymes that are secreted
into the small intestine through the common
bile duct.
35. Biliary Reflux
5. Bile in
1. Gallbladder
pancreas
contracts
disrupts
2. Bile is sent tissues;
down common digestive
bile duct enzymes
activated
3. Blockage forms
in ampulla of Vater: 4. Bile
bile cannot enter goes up
duodenum pancreatic
duct
36. Autodigestion of the Pancreas
• Activated enzymes begin to digest the pancreas cells
– Severe pain results
– Inflammation produces large volumes of serous exudate
hypovolemia
• Enzymes (amylase, lipase) appear in the blood
• Areas of dead cells undergo fat necrosis
– Calcium from the blood deposits in them
º Hypocalcemia
37. Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreatic
•
Cancer to acute pancreatitis
Have signs and symptoms similar
• Often have:
– Digestive problems because of inability to deliver enzymes
to the duodenum
– Glucose control problems because of damage to islets of
Langerhans
– Signs of biliary obstruction because of underlying bile tract
disorders or duct compression by tumors