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![When Urine Reaches Distal Tubule
• Juxtaglomerular cells
measure blood flow in
the afferent arteriole
and urine flow and
composition
Juxtaglomerular
cells • They can release renin
(Image modified from Bowne, P.S. [2004]. Kidneys tutorial. Used with
author’s permission.)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/renalrevised-120618134417-phpapp01/85/Renal-revised-11-320.jpg)
![Renin Starts the RAA Pathway
• Which turns on
the Na+/K+
ATPase in the
distal tubule
• Na+ and water
Juxtaglomerular
cells
are reabsorbed
• K+ is secreted
(Image modified from Bowne, P.S. [2004]. Kidneys tutorial. Used with author’s permission.)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/renalrevised-120618134417-phpapp01/85/Renal-revised-12-320.jpg)
More Related Content
Renal revised
- 1.
- 2. Diaphragm Functions Adrenal T11 T12 Renal artery gland Renal • Primary Function is: vein – Regulation of volume and composition of plasma and interstitial Fluid Left • Kidneys Right filter the blood kidney kidney • Remove water-soluble Aorta wastes Inferior • Help control blood pressure Ureter and composition vena cava • Help maintain red blood cell levels Bladder
- 3. Nephrons are MicroscopicTubules That Form the Urine Insert fig 23-4
- 4. Components of Urine Formation • Filtration • Reabsorption • Secretion • Excretion
- 5. Filtration Happens inthe Glomerulus Proximal tubule Efferent arteriole Bowman’s space Afferent arteriole
- 6. Glomerular Filtration • Glomerular capillary cells sit along a basement membrane • Bowman’s capsule epithelium cells sit along the same basement membrane • They stand up away from the membrane on pseudopods • Fluid filters across the basement membrane and between the pseudopods
- 7. Glomerular Filtration Rate Glomerular filtration rate = 125 mL/min Discussion: • How would it change if you: – Constricted the efferent arterioles? – Constricted the afferent arterioles? – Decreased the blood pressure? • Which of the following will increase GFR? – Epinephrine – Prostaglandins – NO – Endothelin
- 8. If 125 mLof Ultrafiltrate Is Formed Each Minute, How Much Is Formed in a Day? • Actual urine excretion is 1.5 L a day • Proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs about 60% of nutrients and ions in the urine – Absorbs at an automatic rate – The amount of a solute it can reabsorb is the transport maximum – Nutrients not reabsorbed pass out in the urine • Water follows the solutes back into the blood
- 9. Question Tell whether thefollowing statement is true or false. If GFR increases, urine output (UO) will decrease.
- 10. False Answer Rationale: If GFR increases, it means that fluid is moving more quickly across the basement membrane/through the pseudopods. This means that more fluid will become filtrate and less fluid will be reabsorbed into the blood. If less fluid is reabsorbed, more fluid is left to be excreted (increasing UO).
- 11. When Urine ReachesDistal Tubule • Juxtaglomerular cells measure blood flow in the afferent arteriole and urine flow and composition Juxtaglomerular cells • They can release renin (Image modified from Bowne, P.S. [2004]. Kidneys tutorial. Used with author’s permission.)
- 12. Renin Starts theRAA Pathway • Which turns on the Na+/K+ ATPase in the distal tubule • Na+ and water Juxtaglomerular cells are reabsorbed • K+ is secreted (Image modified from Bowne, P.S. [2004]. Kidneys tutorial. Used with author’s permission.)
- 13. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone • System tubule Turns on the Na /K ATPase in the distal + + • Na+ and water are reabsorbed – Raises blood volume – Does not change blood osmolarity • K+ is secreted – Lowers blood K+
- 14. Discussion What changes inthese variables would turn on the RAA system? • Blood volume • Blood K+ • Urine volume • Urine Na+
- 15. Reabsorbing Water Alone toReduce Blood Osmolality • This happens in the inner layer of the kidney, the medulla • The loop of Henle contains ion pumps
- 16. Osmolality (cont.) •TheNaCl pumped into the medulla makes it salty •It is hypertonic to the urine in the collecting duct • Water moves from the collecting duct into the salty medulla and enters the blood
- 17. Question Which renal structurereabsorbs water? b. Proximal loop c. Distal loop d. Collecting duct e. Glomerulus
- 18. a. Collecting ductAnswer Rationale: Reabsorption of water occurs in the medulla (the inner layer of the kidney). Na+Cl- leaves the loop of Henle, which makes it hypertonic to the urine in the collecting duct. Water moves from the collecting duct into the blood (reabsorption).
- 19. Amount of Water Absorbed •Depends on how much can move out of the collecting duct •Antidiuretic hormone makes the duct permeable to water
- 20. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) •Makes collecting duct more permeable to water • More water can be reabsorbed from the urine into the blood • Blood osmolarity decreases
- 21. Question Tell whether thefollowing statement is true or false. Increased ADH decreases urine output (UO).
- 22. True Answer Rationale: ADH makes the collecting duct more permeable to water, so that more water can leave the duct and be reabsorbed into the blood. More reabsorption means that there is less fluid to be excreted (↓ UO).
- 23. Scenario A man wasgiven a drug that stopped the ion pumps in the loop of Henle. Question: • What happened to: – Medulla osmolarity? – Na+ levels in the distal convoluted tubule? – Amount of water reabsorbed from the collecting duct? – Renin levels? – Blood K+?
- 24. Removing NaCl andWater From Your Blood • Atrial natriuretic peptide and B-type natriuretic peptide – ANP is made by overstretched atria – BNP is made by overworked ventricles º Both cause the kidneys to stop reabsorbing NaCl º The NaCl and water are lost in the urine, reducing blood volume and decreasing the stretch and workload of the heart
- 25. Discussion • What willhappen to urine if: – Aldosterone is given? – ADH levels are high? – BNP levels are elevated?
- 26. Discussion A man hassevere renal disease. Question: • Why does he develop: – Anemia? – Weak bones?
- 27. Question What hormone secretedby the kidneys stimulates RBC formation in the bone marrow? b. Renin c. Erythropoietin d. Aldosterone e. Angiotensin
- 28. a. Erythropoietin Answer Rationale:Erythropoietin literally means “producing erythrocytes/RBCs.” Decreased levels of this hormone lead to anemia; increased levels lead to polycythemia.
- 29. Kidney Functions • Thekidneys clear wastes out of the blood • Renal clearance is a measurement of how much blood the kidneys clean in a minute – If the blood contains 1 mg waste/100 mL blood – If the person produces 1 mL urine per minute – And if the urine contains 1 mg waste/mL Question • How much blood did the kidney clean in one minute?
- 30. Kidney Functions (cont.) •If the kidneys fail, waste builds up in the blood What is the percent of kidney function when serum creatinine is: 2 mg/dL? 3 mg/dL? 10 mg/dL?
- 31. Kidney Functions (cont.) •If the kidneys fail, waste builds up in the blood Kidney function = Normal serum creatinine Current serum creatinine
- 32. Discussion What would eachof these test results indicate? • Severe proteinuria • Casts with red blood cells in them • Low specific gravity • Serum creatinine = 6 mg/dL • BUN = 35 mg/dL, serum creatinine = 1.2 mg/dL