The document is a submission by Binuka Dahal on Hepatitis B virus, detailing its structure, epidemiology, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Hepatitis B is a viral liver infection affecting millions worldwide, characterized by acute and chronic phases, with various modes of transmission and several treatment options including antiviral medications and liver transplant. The document also highlights the importance of vaccination and post-exposure prophylaxis with HBIG.

2. SUBMITTED BY
NAME- BINUKA DAHAL
ROLL NO- 11
LEVEL- PCL NURSING ,2nd
YEAR ,11th BATCH
SUBJECT- MEDICAL AND
SURGICALNURSING- I
SUBMITTEDTO
 MS. REKHA GURUNG

3. HEPATITIS BVIRUS
Presented By- Binuka Dahal

4.  Introduction
 Structure of the virus
 Epidemiology
 Type
 Pathophysiology
 Mode of transmission
 sign and symptoms
 Investigation
 Treatment
 Prevention
 Medical management
 Nursing management

5.  It is a viral infection of the liver caused by
hepatitis B virus.
Its incubation period is- from 30 -180 days i.e
(8-12 weeks)

7.  About 2 million people are infected with
HBV infection worldwide.
 Around 2 million people are living with
chronic HBV infection.

8. Acute hepatitis B
 Acute hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused
by HBV, which develops within 6 month after
entering virus into organism.
 Disease has symptomatic ( with jaundice or
without jaundice), asymptomatic course.

9. Chronic Hepatitis B
 Chronic hepatitis B is a chronic infection
caused by HBV which develops after 6 month
from acute phase of infection.
 It is characterized with non-specific clinical
features.

10. HBV
Transmission by sexual contact,blood,birth
Entry of virus in hepatocyte(liver cell)
Activation of Immune response
Activated immune system attacks hepatocyte
Destruction of hepatocyte
HB- Liver failure

11. Major transmission- Sex, Blood,perinatal
 Perinatal transmission(spread from mother to child
at birth)
 Needle stick injury
 Tattoing
 Piercing(a small hole in a part of body, typically
other than ears, nose to insert ring)
 Exposure to infected blood and bodyfluids, such as
saliva and menstrual, vaginal and seminal fluid(fluid
from prostate and sex gland that helps to transport
sperm during orgasm.

12.  Multiple sex partner or contact with sex
worker.
 Syringe either in health care setting.
 Note-HBV is not transmitted by air,droplets,
vectors or from animal.

13.  Fever
 Dark urine
 Extreme fatigue
 Nausea and vomiting
 Abdominal pain
 Loss of appetite
 Yellowing of the skin and eye(jaundice)

16.  Blood test:
HBsAg+-the person is currently infected with HBV
and is able to pass the infection to others.
HBeAg+-indicate the blood and bodyfluids of the
infected individual are highly infectious.
 Liver ultrasound-show amount of liver damage..
 Liver biopsy- remove a sample from liver to check
for a liver damage. During this test doctor insert thin
needle through skin to the liver and removes a tissue
sample for laboratory analysis.

17.  Antiviral medications. Several antiviral medications
— including entecavir (Baraclude), tenofovir (Viread),
lamivudine (Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera) and telbivudine
(Tyzeka) — can help fight the virus and slow its ability to
damage your liver.These drugs are taken by mouth.
 Liver transplant.If liver has been severely damaged, a
liver transplant may be an option. During a liver
transplant, the surgeon removes damaged liver and
replaces it with a healthy liver.

18.  If you have been exposed to hepatitis B virus and
have not received the hepatitis B vaccine in the
past, you should get 1 dose of HBIg. HBIg works
best if given as soon as possible and within 14
days after exposure to the hepatitis B virus.

22. THANKYOU