Hemorrhoids are swollen veins in the lower rectum or anus that can cause pain, itching and bleeding. There are two types - internal hemorrhoids located inside the rectum and external hemorrhoids under the skin around the anus. Risk factors include chronic constipation or diarrhea, prolonged sitting, pregnancy and obesity. Symptoms include pain, itching and bleeding with bowel movements. Treatment depends on the severity but may include increasing fiber, warm baths, creams/ointments, rubber band ligation or surgery. Nursing focuses on pain management, preventing complications and teaching about proper diet, bowel habits and hygiene.
Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that uses the lining of your abdomen, or belly, to filter your blood inside your body. Health care providers call this lining the peritoneum. A more convenient method of dialysis in home itself.
Peritoneal dialysis is a treatment for kidney failure that uses the lining of your abdomen, or belly, to filter your blood inside your body. Health care providers call this lining the peritoneum. A more convenient method of dialysis in home itself.
TOPIC: Nursing Management of Br.Asthma
المحاضر: فريدة محمد مصطفى (مشرفه التعليم الطبي بالتمريض)
SPEAKER: Sr.Fareedah M. Mustafa
( Nursing Education Coordinator , MGH)
Tepid Sponge Bath lecture and procedure for First Year Level Nursing students during their Return Demonstration. This is taken from a procedure manual good for both students and instructor.
haemorrhoids are the most common tyoe of gastroenterological disease. it is a nutritive disease. here is a quick review on hemorrhoids, its pathophysiology, clinical features, classification, diagnosis and management.
Homeopathy is highly scientific, logical, safe, quick and extremely effective method of healing. It offers long lasting to permanent cure, treating the disease from its roots, for most of the ailments.
Homeopathy is the most rational science with respect to its concepts of health, disease and cure. Homeopathy does not treat superficially by just driving away the symptoms but heals the patient from within.
Undoubtedly, homeopathy is the medicine of future.
The remedies are prepared from natural substances to precise standards and work by stimulating the body’s own healing power.
But in case of injuries caused to the body from without, the surgical treatment is necessary only to the extent that the parts injured require mechanical aid whereby the external obstruction to cure is removed mechanically. But in such injuries also the living organism requires active dynamic aid to put it in a position to restore the organism to health and homeopathic treatment is called for.homeopathic remedies can play a vital role in reducing any complications that may arise as well as accelerating healing and recovery.
TOPIC: Nursing Management of Br.Asthma
المحاضر: فريدة محمد مصطفى (مشرفه التعليم الطبي بالتمريض)
SPEAKER: Sr.Fareedah M. Mustafa
( Nursing Education Coordinator , MGH)
Tepid Sponge Bath lecture and procedure for First Year Level Nursing students during their Return Demonstration. This is taken from a procedure manual good for both students and instructor.
haemorrhoids are the most common tyoe of gastroenterological disease. it is a nutritive disease. here is a quick review on hemorrhoids, its pathophysiology, clinical features, classification, diagnosis and management.
Homeopathy is highly scientific, logical, safe, quick and extremely effective method of healing. It offers long lasting to permanent cure, treating the disease from its roots, for most of the ailments.
Homeopathy is the most rational science with respect to its concepts of health, disease and cure. Homeopathy does not treat superficially by just driving away the symptoms but heals the patient from within.
Undoubtedly, homeopathy is the medicine of future.
The remedies are prepared from natural substances to precise standards and work by stimulating the body’s own healing power.
But in case of injuries caused to the body from without, the surgical treatment is necessary only to the extent that the parts injured require mechanical aid whereby the external obstruction to cure is removed mechanically. But in such injuries also the living organism requires active dynamic aid to put it in a position to restore the organism to health and homeopathic treatment is called for.homeopathic remedies can play a vital role in reducing any complications that may arise as well as accelerating healing and recovery.
GERD, diarrhea and colorectal cancer are examples of gastrointestinal diseases. When examined, some diseases show nothing wrong with the GI tract, but there are still symptoms. Other diseases have symptoms, and there are also visible irregularities in the GI tract. Most gastrointestinal diseases can be prevented and/or treated.
Hydronephrosis is the distension of the renal calyces and pelvis due to accumulation of the
urine as a result of the obstruction to the outflow of the urine mostly distal to renal pelvis.
Parotitis is the inflammation of the parotid glands. It is the most common inflammatory condition of the salivary glands, although inflammation can occur in the other salivary glands as well.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. Objectives
• At the end of this presentation the student will be
able to:
Define hemorrhoids.
Describe Pathophysiology of hemorrhoids.
Identify types of hemorrhoids.
Enlist signs, symptoms and causes of hemorrhoids.
Explain medical diagnosis and treatment.
Discuss nursing diagnosis and nursing intervention
for hemorrhoids.
•
•
•
•
•
•
3. Hemorrhoids
• Hemorrhoids: Also
known as piles are
dilated or bulging
veins of rectum and
anus, caused by
increased pressure in
the rectal vein.
• Hemorrhoids are
perianal vericos
vein.
4. Condt..
• Hemorrhoids are painful, swollen veins in the
lower portion of the rectum or anus which
involves the blood vessels that line the anus.
• Pressure on the walls of the rectum weakens the
muscle that supports the hemorrhoid vessels.
• These can be situated externally and internally in
and around the rectum.
• When hemorrhoid vessels become enlarged and
their support in a sack like structure protrusion
inside the rectal canal called internal
hemorrhoids. Under the skin around the anus
called external hemorrhoids.
5. Risk Factor
• Chronic diarrhea.
• Coughing
• Sneezing.
• Vomiting.
• Prolonged sitting.
• Pregnancy (pressure on the lower abdomen caused by uterus).
• Sedentary life style.
• Eating a low fiber diet.
• Over weight Standing or lifting too much.
• Cirrhosis of the liver(due to venous swelling from poor
venous drainage related to scarring of normal liver tissue).
• Anal intercourse .
• Anal or rectal infection.
6. Incidence of hemorrhoid
• A cross sectional survey study among 1483
people on The Prevalence of Anorectal
Disorders among Residents of Kirtipur
Municipality in Nepal (Ram, A, Yadav ., R. ,
Shrestha, S. ,Shrestha, J. , Joshi, M,A. 2021)
found that Haemorrhoids (31.2%) and anal
fissure (28.7%) were the most prevalent
anorectal disorders.
7. Contd…
• A study on Prevalence and risk factors of hemorrhoids: a
study in a semi-urban centre (G, G. Ravindranath., B, G.
Rahul. 2018) in India among 63 patients between the ages
20 year and 80 year who had come to the outpatient ward
with hemorrhoids found that 66.67% were males and
33.33% were females, with the most common age group
affected was below 40 years of age. Less than 40% of the
patients were vegetarians, with more than half of the
patients having a mixed diet. More number of women had
history of hemorrhoids in their family (47.6%). Straining
and constipation was seen in majority of the patients.
Bleeding and mass through the rectum was seen in majority
of the patients (96.8% and 93.7% respectively.
8. Types
• There are two types of
hemorrhoids i.e.
1) Internal hemorrhoids
occur just inside the
anus, at the beginning of
the rectum.
2) External hemorrhoids
occur at the anal opening
and may hang outside
from the anus.
9. Pathophysiology
Increased hemorrhoid venous pressure
Increase intra
abdominal pressure
Venous destruction
and congestion
Tenesmus(feeling
of passing stool)
Rectal pouch filled with
formed stool
10. Contd…
Distention ,thrombosis and bleeding occur
Hemorrhoidal vein becomes permanently
dilated
Repeated and prolonged increase in pressure
and the obstruction
11. Symptom of hemorrhoid
• Local pain on anorectal area.
• Bleeding on defecation (small amount of blood
in the stool or on the toilet paper after wiping)
• Incomplete bowel movements.
• Rectal itching .
• Soft lump felt at the anal opening.
• Constipation.
• Iron deficiency anemia.
13. Contd…
1.Rectal examination: Placed the lubricated finger
into the rectum to feel abnormalities. External
hemorrhoids can diagnosed by a visual or rectal
inspection.
2. Anoscopy: To diagnose internal hemorrhoids, a
thin tube like instrument called an anoscope, is
Inserted into the lower few inches of the rectum.
The anoscope has a light at the end and eyepiece
at the front for viewing into the anal canal.
3. Colonoscopy: To look for other sources of
bleeding.
14. Complication
• Bleeding.
• Thrombosis .
• Hemorrhoid strangulation( due to cut off
circulation from compression of blood vessel) .
• Infection
• Stricture formation as the lesion heals.
• Stool incontinence.
15. Treatment and management
1.Conservative Management
• Increase dietary fiber Oral fluids.
• NSAID to relief pain and discomfort.
• Sitz bath.
• Rest .
• Steroids ointments or creams.
16. 2.Medical management:
Used to treat mild, small and uncomplicated, hemorrhoids. Aim is to
relieve symptoms. Measures to reduce symptoms include:
Warm tube or mini sitz baths several times a day in plain warm
water for about 10 minutes will be helpful.
Ice packs to help reduce swelling.
Application of petroleum jelly, cortisone cream hemorrhoidal
cream or suppositories to the affected area.
Wearing cotton underwear and loose clothing.
Clean the anus after each bowel movement by putting gently with
moist toilet paper or moistened pads.
Taking analgesic( acetaminophen ) or aspirin.
17. 3. Surgical management
• For hemorrhoid that doesn't respond to
conservative and medical management are
treated by surgery. For internal hemorrhoids,
one of the 5 methods is usually used.
• Rubber band ligation:This procedure involves
placing a small rubber band at the base of the
internal hemorrhoid. The band cuts off blood
supply to the hemorrhoids, causing it to shrivel
up and fall off in about four to seven days.
18.
19. B. Infrared electromagnetic
photocoagulation
• This procedure involves directing an infrared
light to coagulate (Clot) the dilated veins of the
hemorrhoids. This causes the hemorrhoids to
shrink, since the blood does not flow through
coagulated blood vessels.
20.
21. C. Injecting sclerotherapy
• This procedure involves injecting a chemical
solution into the mucous membranes near the
hemorrhoids. This chemical causes
inflammation and closure of the veins, thereby
shrinking the hemorrhoids (injection of a
scleroting agent, a substant that causes
formation of scar tissue). Need one to 4
injections 5 to 7 days apart.
22.
23. D. Laser coagulation
• Involves the application of an electrical current to
the hemorrhoids. The electric current, emitted by
an electrode probe, triggers a chemical reaction
that shuts down the blood supply in the
hemorrhoids and causes the inflamed tissue to
shrink.
E. Hemorrhoidectomy: This procedure
involves surgically removing the hemorrhoids
group in the anal canal and is performed with a
scalpel, cautery device or laser. The vein is
excised and the area either left open to heal by
granulation or is closed with sutures.
24.
25. Self care
Most hemorrhoids heal on their own in a week or two. The
most effective preventive measures are:
Eat between 25-30 gram of fiber a day.
Drink at least 8 glasses of water a day.
Increased daily physical activity.
Lose weight (wt . reduction).
Add stool softeners or laxatives to diet.
Avoid straining on defecation.
Practice the buttocks muscles exercise (to make strengthen
the pelvic muscle and to improve circulation).
Practice good personal hygiene, clean and keep the anal
area clean.
26. Prevention
•
•
Drink plenty of water, at least eight glasses per
day.
Eat high fiber diet of fruits, vegetables, and
whole grains.
• Empty bowels as soon as possible after the
urge occurs.
• Regular exercise.
27. Nursing Diagnosis for Hemorrhoids
• Pain (acute or chronic) related to rectal
swelling.
• Constipation related to ignore the urge to
defecate due to pain during defecation.
• Anxiety related to plan surgery.
• Impaired Urinary Elimination related to the fear
of postoperative pain.
• Risk for infection related to inadequate primary
defenses for infection.
• Deficient knowledge related to the lack of
information about home care.
28. Nursing management
1. Prevent constipation:
Encourage patient to take laxatives, stool
softeners as prescribed to promote stool passage.
Monitor stool for consistency and blood.
Advice patient to eat fiber containing foods and
ample drinks to prevent strainers.
Remind patient not to sit on the toilet longer than
necessary.
29. 2.Pain management
• Encourage 15 minutes warm sitz bath 3-4 times a day.
3. Promote healing: After surgery, stress to the
importance of keeping the area clean and stool soft.
Encourage patient to wash the area after defecation
and pat it dry.
Encourage to apply local moist heat to the anal
opening for few minutes which clean, soothes and
promote healing.
Begin sitz bath after 12 hours of surgery 3-4 times a
day and after each bowel movement.
30. 3.Prevent complications
• Assess for hemorrhage and urinary retention.
• Provide instruction on the relationship of
proper diet and adequate fluid intake to bowel
regularity, the physiology of defecation and
important of regular bowel habit.
31. 4. Relieve Pain
• Parenteral and oral analgesics are given.
• Give stool softener and oil or mineral softener
to soften and lubricate the first stool.
• Warn patients that fainting may occur, from
pain and vagal stimulation during first post
operative bowel movements.
32. References
• Dozois EJ, Pemberton JH (2006). Hemorrhoids
and other anorectal disorders. In MM Wolfe et al.,
eds., Therapy of Digestive Disorders, 2nd ed., pp.
945-958. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier.
Hull TL (2006). Hemorrhoids section of Diseases of
the anorectum. In M Feldman et al., eds., Sleisenger
and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease,
8th ed., vol. 2, pp. 2833-2852. Philadelphia: Saunders
Elsevier.
•
33. Contd…
• Sharma ,M. Poudel ,K(2020) Comprehensive
Textbook of Medical Surgical Nursing. 3rd
edition,Samikshya Publication Pvt.Ltd .
• Smeltzer, S. Bare, B.(2008)Textbook of
Medical- Surgical Nursing.11th edition )
lipppincott Publications, New Delhi.
• Mandal, G.N.(2015) Medical Surgical
Nursing, 8th edition, Elsevier. Medical
surgical Nursing, Makalu Publication.
34. Contd….
• Silvestri ,A. Linda(2017) Comprehensive
Review for the NCLEX-RN(2nd) south
edition) Sounders.
• Lewis’s Medical - Surgical Nursing.
Edited by subodh k chauhan. A division
of Reed Elsevier India Private
Limited: Elsevier.
• Janice,L.Hinkle,Kerry H.Cheever Medical
Surgical Nursing. Edited by