HEAVY MACHINERIES ASSINGMENT

CONSTRUCTIONENGINEERING Page 1
TASK:
1) Explain the heavy machineries used in construction project.
2) State the type of machine, function and components of the machine
3) Include the picture of the machine as well.
i. Earthwork (5 machines)
ii. Other activities (5 machines)
iii. Small powered plant (5 items)

Heavy machineries
Heavy machinery or heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for
executing construction tasks, most frequently ones involving earthwork operations. They are
also known as heavy machines, heavy trucks, construction equipment, engineering
equipment, heavy vehicles, or heavy hydraulics.
EARTHWORK
Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving or processing of parts
of the earth's surface involving quantities of soil or unformed rock. The earth may be
moved to another location and formed into a desired shape for a purpose. Much of
earthworks involve machine excavation and fill or backfill.
Type of machine:
a) Wheel loader
b) grader
c) bulldozer
d) backhoe
e) Excavator

a) Wheel loader
A loader is a heavy equipment machine often used in construction, primarily used to
Load material (such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs, raw
materials, recycle material, rock, sand, and woodchips) into or onto another type of
machinery (such as dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railcar).
Functions of wheel loader:
1. Levelling is done by spreading soil during reversing of machine.
2. Digging of soil
3. Dumping loaded bucket
4. Loading dump truck
5. Hauling material
Components of wheel loader:

b) Grader
A grader, also commonly referred to as a road grader or a motor grader, is
a construction machine with a long blade used to create a flat surface during
the grading process. Typical models have three axles, with the engine and cab situated
above the rear axles at one end of the vehicle and a third axle at the front end of the
vehicle, with the blade in between.
Type of grader:
I. Road grader
II. Motor grader
Functions of grader:
o Moving of earth from one location to another.
o Leveling of soil so that next bitumen layer spread uniformly throughout the surface.
o Scarifying. Scarifying is the removal of complete layer of soil and then spreading of a
new layer at that particular location.
o Mixing of two materials.
o Spreading of soil, aggregates
o Trenching
o Land grading. It is the process in which a certain slope is achieved with the help of
motor grader.
o Ditching
o And for cutting of bank canals.
o Motor grader is also used as snow removing machine. Because of speed and normal
wheel instead of crawler wheel. This makes motor grader as most suitable machine
for this type of operations in areas where snow rate is above the normal conditions.

Components of grader:

c) Bulldozer
A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal
plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such
material during construction or conversion work and typically equipped at the rear with a
claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen densely compacted materials. Bulldozers
can be found on a wide range of sites, mines and quarries, military bases, heavy
industry factories, engineering projects and farms.
Functions of bulldozer:
o Bulldozers are very powerful tracked vehicles. In construction sites, the tracks in
bulldozers give them great ground mobility and they can hold through very rough surface
or terrain. These tracks help to distribute the weight over large areas, and hence prevent
the dozer from sinking into muddy or sandy ground.
o They are designed in such a way that they have high torque capacity, which give them
immense power to drag objects. Besides pushing heavy objects, these heavy machines
can also remove things from the ground.
In construction sites, bull dozers are used to clear shrubbery, obstacles, and remains of
buildings and structures.

Components of bulldozer:

d) Backhoe
A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating
equipment or digger consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part
articulated arm. They are typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader,
the latter forming a 'backhoe loader' (colloquially known as a JCB in Ireland and
UK). The section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, and the
section which carries the bucket is known as the dipper or dipper-stick (the terms
"boom" and "dipper" having been used previously on steam shovels). The boom is
generally attached to the vehicle through a pivot known as the king-post, which
allows the arm to slew left and right, usually through a total of around 180–200
degrees.
Functions of backhoe:
o can be used for many tasks, which include construction, light transportation of
materials, powering building equipment, digging holes and excavating, breaking
asphalt, and even paving roads.
o There are some loader buckets that offer a retractable bottom, which enable it to
empty the load more quickly and efficiently.
o The retractable bottom loader buckets are often times used for grading and scratching
off sand. The front assembly on a backhoe may be either removable or permanently
attached. Often times, the bucket can be replaced with other tools or devices.
o The coupler consists of two hydraulic cylinders on the end of the arm assembly,
which can expand and retract to allow different tools to be attached to the unit.

Components of backhoe:

e) Excavator
Excavators (Hydraulic Excavators) are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom,
dipper (or stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform known as the "house".The house sits
atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. They are a natural progression from the steam
shovels and often mistakenly called power shovels. All movement and functions of a
hydraulic excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic
cylinders and hydraulic motors. Due to the linear actuation of hydraulic cylinders, their mode
of operation is fundamentally different from cable-operated excavators which uses winches
and steel ropes to accomplish the movements.
Functions of excavator:
 Digging of trenches, holes, foundations
 Material handling
 Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments
 Forestry work
 Forestry mulching
 Demolition
 General grading/landscaping
 Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining
 River dredging
 Driving piles, in conjunction with a pile driver
 Drilling shafts for footings and rock blasting, by use of an auger or hydraulic drill
attachment.

Components of excavator:

OTHER ACTIVITIES
a) Forklifts
- A forklift truck (also called a lift truck, a fork truck, a forklift, or a tow-
motor) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transport materials.
- Forklift trucks are available in many variation and load capacities. In a typical
warehouse setting most forklifts used have load capacities between one to five
tons. Larger machines, up to 50 tons lift capacity are used for lifting heavier
loads.
Function of forklift:
 Some allow the operator to sit while driving and operating the machine; others require
the operator to stand. Some are powered by on-board batteries; others use different
kinds of fuel.
Components of forklift:

b) Road roller
- A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is
a compactor type engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete,
or asphalt in the construction of roads and foundations. Similar rollers are used
also at landfills or in agriculture.
- In some parts of the world, road rollers are still known colloquially as steam
rollers, regardless of their method of propulsion. This typically only applies to
the largest examples (used for road-making).
Type of roller:
1. Vibratory Roller
2. Tamping roller/ sheep foot roller
3. Smooth wheel rollers
4. Pneumatic tired roller
Type Functions Components/ parts
Vibratory
Roller
Vibration is to reduce the air voids
and to cause densification of granular
soils. During vibration of soil
layer, rearrangement of particles
occurs due to deformation of the
granular soil because of oscillation of
the roller in a cycle
Tamping
roller/ sheep
foot roller
 tamping roller better suited
for clay soils. Contact
pressure of sheep foot roller
varies from 1200- 7000Kpa.
 It is best dedicated for fine
grained soils

Smooth
wheel rollers
Smooth wheel roller has no vibrator
attached with the drum. This makes
smooth wheel roller best suited for
rolling of weaker aggregates, proof
rolling of subgrades and in
compacting asphalt pavements.
Compaction of clay or sand is not a
good choice to done with smooth
wheel roller. This is so, because
there are many empty voids in clay
soil and sand, which cannot be
minimized without vibrators.
Pneumatic
tired roller
 Pneumatic tired roller can be
used for highways,
construction of dams and for
both fine grained and non-
cohesive soils.
 It is also used for
smoothening of finishing
bitumen layer on highways,
roads, streets etc.

c) Concrete mixers
A concrete mixer (often mistakenly called a cement mixer) is a device that
homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to
form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the
components. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often used so
that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time
to use the concrete before it hardens. An alternative to a machine is mixing concrete
by hand. This is usually done in a wheelbarrow; however, several companies have
recently begun to sell modified tarps for this purpose.
Types of mixer:
i. Pan type mixer – suitable for stiff and lean mixes, which present difficulties with most
other type of mixers, mainly due to sticking of mortar in the drum.

ii. Drum mixer
Type Characteristic Parts / components
Non-tilting
mixer
Fixed blades work the concrete
towards the discharge end of the
mixer, in order to provide a rapid
rate of discharge.
Tilting drum
mixer
Suitable with large sized aggregate
and for low workability concrete.
Internal blades lift and tumble the
ingredients onto itself
Reversing
mixer
Suitable with dry concrete mixes.
Provide efficient mixing with very
little build up with the mixer.
Functions of concrete mixers:
 To transport and mix concrete up to construction site. They can be charge with
dry materials and water, with the mixing occurring during transport. With the process,
the material has already been mixing. The concrete mixing transport truck maintains
the material’s liquid state through agitation, or turning of the drum, until delivery.

d) Dumpers
- A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying bulk material, often on building
sites. Dumpers are distinguished from dump trucks by configuration: a dumper
is usually an open 4-wheeled vehicle with the load skip in front of the driver,
while a dump truck has its cab in front of the load.
- The skip can tip to dump the load; this is where the name "dumper" comes
from. They are normally diesel powered. A towing eye is fitted for secondary
use as a site tractor.
Types of dumpers:
i. Nu-Star power Pusher E-750 electric Wheelbarrow
ii. Wacker TA6 Site Dumper
iii. Wacker Neuson 1501 Site Dumper

iv. MZ imer Site Dumper
v. Wacker Neuson
Function /uses of dump trucks:
 Dump trucks or production trucks are those that are used for transporting loose
material such as sand, dirt, and gravel for construction.

e) Cranes
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire
ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to
move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting
them to other places. It uses one or more simple machines to create mechanical
advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are
commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of
freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the
manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment.
Types of crane:
i. Mobile
ii. Tower

iii. Overhead
Functions of crane:
 used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places.
 Meter can display a variety of pre-set working parameters.(overload, fully loaded)

SMALL POWERED PLANT
Type of Small powered plant:
a) Vibrators
b) Pumps
c) Power trowel
d) Shotcrete
e) Grinding machines
a) Vibrators
A vibration is a mechanism of any mechanical device which provide to-and-fro motion
in any direction. A vibrator is a mechanical device to generate vibrations. The vibration
is often generated by an electric motor with an unbalanced mass on its driveshaft.
Type of vibrators:
i. Poker vibrator
ii. Vibrating table

Type Function Components / picture
Poker
vibrator
 They essentially consist of a
power unit and a long flexible
tube at the end of which a
vibrating head is attached.
 Power is provided by electric
motor, compressed air or petrol
engine. The long tube houses a
flexible shaft which rotates an
eccentric weight inside the
vibrating head. The frequency
of the vibrator is about 700
cycles per minute.
 The vibrating head is inserted
in the concrete. They are most
effective as the vibrating head
comes into intimate contact
with concrete.
Vibrating
table
 used for compacting stiff and
harsh mixes used in precast
structural members in factories
and laboratory specimens.

b) Pumps
Types Function Components/ parts
Centrifugal Pump
(Common uses include
water, sewage, petroleum
and petrochemical
pumping;a centrifugal fan
is commonly used to
implement
a vacuum cleaner. The
reverse function of the
centrifugal pump is
a water turbine converting
potential energy of water
pressure into mechanical
rotational energy.)
 to transport fluids
by the conversion
of rotational
kinetic energy to
the hydrodynamic
energy of the
fluid flow.
 use a piping
system to move
liquids as the
fluid enters the
pump impeller
along the rotating
axis and is
accelerated
rapidly by the
impeller.
Submersible Pump
(a device which has
a hermetically
sealed motor close-
coupled to the pump body.
The whole assembly is
submerged in the fluid to
be pumped.)
 wholly
submerged in the
fluid to be
pumped whereas
a centrifugal
pump uses a
rotating impeller
to increase
pressure of a
fluid.

c) Power trowel
A power trowel (also known as a "power float", "helicopter" or "trowel machine" or
"whirlybird") is a piece of light construction equipment used
by construction companies and contractors, to apply a smooth finish to concrete slabs.
Functions of Power trowel:
- Power trowel use for final finishing of concrete floor, by gives by far the best results
for strength, durability and flatness.
- Power trowel is designed to put a hard skin onto the surface of the concrete which is
smooth and reasonably dust free.
Components of Power trowel:

d) Shotcrete
 Shotcrete is concrete (or sometimes mortar) conveyed through a hose
and pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface, as a construction
technique. It is reinforced by conventional steel rods, steel mesh, and/or fibers.
Fiber reinforcement (steel or synthetic) is also used for stabilization in
applications such as slopes or tunneling.
 Shotcrete is usually an all-inclusive term for both the wet-mix and dry-mix
versions. In pool construction, however, the term "shotcrete" refers to wet-mix
and "gunite" to dry-mix. In this context, these terms are not interchangeable
Types of shotcrete:
- Dry Mix (PZ-3)
- Pzs3000 Wet & Dry Mix Rotor
Functions of Shotcrete:
- To provide surface protection.
- Development of decline pathway to go underground is critical for movement of
heavy machinery, miners, and material. Shotcrete helps make these paths safe from
any ground fall.

e) Grinding machines
- A grinding machine, often shortened to grinder, is any of various power
tools or machine tools used for grinding, which is a type of machining using
an abrasive wheel as the cutting tool. Each grain of abrasive on the wheel's surface
cuts a small chip from the workpiece via shear deformation.
- Grinding is used to finish workpieces that must show high surface quality (e.g.,
low surface roughness) and high accuracy of shape and dimension. As the accuracy in
dimensions in grinding is on the order of 0.000025 mm, in most applications it tends
to be a finishing operation and removes comparatively little metal, about 0.25 to
0.50 mm depth. However, there are some roughing applications in which grinding
removes high volumes of metal quite rapidly. Thus, grinding is a diverse field.
Types of grinding machines:
i. Belt grinder
ii. Bench grinder
iii. Cylindrical grinder
iv. Surface grinder
Functions of grinding machines:
I. used to precisely shape and finish the given materials with low surface roughness and
high surface quality.
II. It is primarily a finishing operation that removes relatively small quantities of metal,
to deliver highly accurate products.

Components of grinding machines:

References:
1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)
2) http://www.slideshare.net/hamo92/5-construction-equipment-building-construction
3) https://www.google.com/search?q=components+of+loader&espv=2&biw=1366&bih
=662&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjw5N_lvrbPAhVQtJQKHc7c
DEAQ_AUIBigB&dpr=1#imgrc=1KRst_Rg2hKXYM%3A
4) http://www.engineeringintro.com/all-about-construction-equipments/wheel-loader-
loadingunloading-mechanism-functions-loading-patterns/
5) http://www.theconstructionmachinery.com/articles/functions-of-bulldozers.html
6) http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Great-Help-of-the-Functions-of-Road-
Grader&id=4036364
7) http://www.engineeringintro.com/all-about-construction-equipments/motor-grader-
classification-uses-of-motor-grader/
8) http://www.engineeringcivil.com/backhoe-loader-construction-equipment.html
9) http://www.engineeringintro.com/all-about-construction-equipments/dragline-
excavator/
10) http://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Construction_plant
11) file:///C:/Users/0wner/Downloads/Concrete%20Construction%20Article%20PDF-
%20Power%20Floating%20and%20Troweling.pdf
12) https://www.andrews-sykes.com/pump-hire/environment/construction/
13) http://civilblog.org/2016/01/08/6-types-of-rollers-commonly-used-for-compaction-
work/#
14) http://www.bellegroup.com/de/support/trowelHints.html
15) http://machinetools.bhavyamachinetools.com/types-and-uses-of-a-grinding-machine/

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