Competency Based Learning Materials (CBL) modules for HEAVY EQUIPMENT NC II

1. COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIALS
Sector: CONSTRUCTION SECTOR
Qualification
Title:
HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATION –
WHEEL LOADER NC II
Unit of
Competency:
PERFORM PRE- AND POST-
OPERATION PROCEDURES FOR
EARTH-MOVING EQUIPMENT
Module Title:
PERFORMING PRE- AND POST-
OPERATION PROCEDURES FOR
EARTH-MOVING EQUIPMENT
Logo here
Complete Training Center Name and
Address Here

2. HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL
MODULE TITLE: PERFORM PRE- AND POST-OPERATION PROCEDURES FOR
EARTH-MOVING EQUIPMENT.
This is a Competency-Based Learning Material for the Module: PERFORMING PRE-
AND POST-OPERATION PROCEDURES FOR EARTH-MOVING EQUIPMENT.
This learning material contains activities for you to complete. It covers the
Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes required to complete the competency.
You are required to go through a series of learning activities in order to complete
each of the learning outcomes of this module. In each learning outcome, Learning
Elements and Reference Materials are available for your further reading to assist you
in the required activities. You are expected to accomplish all the required activities
and to answer the self-check after each learning element. Please note that you need
to have 100% correct answers to each self-check to pass the activity. You are
required to obtain answer sheets, which are available from your trainer or at the end
of each learning element, to reflect answers for each self-check. If you have
questions, please do not hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.
Recognition of Prior Learning (RPL)
You may have acquired some or most of the knowledge and skills covered in this
learning material because you have:
• Actual experience on the job;
• Already completed training in this area.
BENEFITS OF RPL
• Gives credit for knowledge and experience.
• Reduces duplication of learning.
• Reduces costs of obtaining formal credentials.
• Gives immediate feedback and determines which competencies need
verification and testing.
• Identifies training gaps.
• Training (is individualized and results in a recognized certificate).
• Assists in professional development.
• Allows for better use of time and resources.
• Potentially saves on training costs.
So, if you can demonstrate to your trainer that you are competent in a particular skill,
you do not have to do the same training again. Or, if you feel you have the skills, talk
to your trainer about having them formally recognized. You may also show your
Certificates of Competence from previous training. And if your acquired skills are still
updated / relevant to the module, they may become part of the evidence you can
present for RPL.

3. A Record of Achievement is also provided for your trainer to fill-in upon completion of
this module.
This module was prepared to help you achieve the required Competencies and
Learning Outcomes in Performing Visual Check of Equipment, Perform “B L O W A
F” Check, Performing Operation Check, and Performing Post-Operation Procedures.
It will serve as a source of information for you to acquire the required knowledge,
skills, attitude, and inherent behaviour for UNIT OF COMPETENCY NO. 1:
PERFORM PRE- AND POST-OPERATION PROCEDURES FOR EARTH-MOVING
EQUIPMENT in the HEAVY EQUIPMENT OPERATION – WHEEL LOADER NC II
qualification, with minimum supervision or help from your trainer. This material will
aid you in acquiring the competency at your own pace, independently. To achieve
the full benefit of this module:
• Talk to your trainer and agree on how you will both organize your training on
this unit. Read through the Competency Based Learning Material carefully. It
is divided into sections which cover all the skills and knowledge you need to
successfully complete this module.
• Most probably, your trainer will also be your supervisor. He / She will be there
to support and show you the correct way to do things. Ask for help if you need
one.
• Your trainer will tell you about the important things you need to consider when
doing the activities. It is important you listen and take notes.
• You will have plenty of opportunities to ask questions and undergo rigid
practice. This will help you in achieving competency in your new skill. Ample
practice will improve your speed, memory and confidence.
• Talk with more experienced colleagues and ask for guidance.
• Answer self-checks at the end of each section to test your own progress.
• When you finished each element and feel that you are ready, demonstrate the
activities outlined in the learning material to your trainer.
• As your work through the activities, your trainer will be taking note of your
performance. He / She will be providing feedback on your progress. Your
readiness for assessment will be reflected in his/her report, if and when you
have successfully completed each element.

4. INTRODUCTION TO THE MODULE
UNIT OF COMPETENCY : PERFORM PRE- AND POST-OPERATION
PROCEDURES FOR EARTH-MOVING EQUIPMENT
MODULE TITLE : PERFORMING PRE- AND POST-OPERATION
PROCEDURES FOR EARTH-MOVING EQUIPMENT
MODULE DESCRIPTOR : This module describes the outcomes required in
performing procedures before and after productive
operation of earth-moving equipment.
Introduction:
This module contains information and learning activities in Performing Pre- and
Post-Operation Procedures for Earth-Moving Equipment.
Upon completion of this module and you feel confident that you have had sufficient
practice, you may request your Trainer to arrange an appointment with a registered
Assessor for your assessment. The results of the assessment will be recorded in
your Competency Achievement Record.
SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Competency-Based Learning Material, the learners are expected to
meet the following learning outcomes:
LO 1. Perform Visual Check of Equipment
LO 2. Perform “B L O W A F” Check
LO 3. Perform Operation Check
LO 4. Perform Post-Operation Procedures
ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
Critical Aspects of Assessment
Evidence of the following is critical:
LO 1. Perform Visual Check of Equipment:
1.1 Earth moving equipment is selected based on job requirements.
1.2 Operator serviceable (OS) parts are checked in accordance with equipment
checklist and manufacturer’s procedures.
1.3 Walk-around check is performed with equipment checklist and with engine
stopped/not running.
LO 2. Perform “B L O W A F” Check:
2.1 “BLOWAF” check is performed with checklist form and with engine stopped /
not running.
2.2 Deficiencies in fluid levels are identified and if below normal level are refilled /
topped up in accordance with equipment maintenance manual.
2.3 Abnormal conditions are noted in checklist and reported to the authorized
person.

5. LO 3. Perform Operation Check:
3.1 Starting/running check is performed with checklist and in accordance with
manufacturer’s recommendations.
3.2 Brake, steering and controls are checked for normal functioning.
3.3 Walk-around check is performed with equipment checklist and with engine
running.
3.4 Safety devices and accessories are checked for proper functions in accordance
with safe operating procedures.
LO 4. Perform Post-Operation Procedures:
4.1 Earth moving equipment is parked and turned-off after productive operation in
accordance with company rules and regulations.
4.2 Equipment controls are set into neutral position and parking brakes are
engaged according to manufacturer’s operations manual.
4.3 Safety locks and brakes are all set / engaged in accordance with operator’s
manual.
4.4 Walk-around inspection check is re-conducted while doing engine cool down
4.5 Daily equipment time record/report (DETR) is accomplished / submitted
according to company rules and regulations.
Context of Assessment and Resources Implications:
Context of Assessment must ensure that:
• Assessment should include practical demonstration either in the workplace or
through a simulation activity, supported by a range of methods to assess
underpinning knowledge.
• Assessment must relate to the individual’s work area or area of responsibility.
• Demonstration of skills on more than one occasion.
• The construction industry strongly affirms that training and assessment
leading to recognition of skills must be undertaken in a real or very closely
simulated workplace environment and this qualification requires all units of
competency to be delivered in this context.
Resource Implications must ensure that:
• This unit of competency could be assessed in the workplace or a close
simulation of the workplace environment, provided that simulated or project-
based assessment techniques fully replicate construction workplace
conditions, materials, activities, responsibilities and procedures.
Critical Aspects of the Qualification:
Evidence of the following is essential:
A person who demonstrates competency in this unit must be able to provide
evidence of the ability to:
• Locate, interpret and apply relevant information, standards and specifications.
• Comply with site safety plan, OHS regulations and state and territory
legislation applicable to workplace operations.
• Comply with organisational policies and procedures, including quality
requirements.

6. • Safely and effectively use tools and equipment.
• Communicate and work effectively and safely with others.
• Perform pre- and post-operation procedures for earth-moving equipment.
Assessment Methods:
• This competency is to be assessed using standard and authorized work
practices, safety requirements and environmental constraints.
• Assessment of essential underpinning knowledge will usually be conducted in
an off-site context.
• The following methods may be used to assess competency for this module:
o Observation of practical candidate performance.
o Simulated practical exercises.
o Role plays.
o Oral and written questions.

7. Program/ Course : Heavy-Equipment Operation (Wheel Loader) NC II
Unit of Competency : Perform Pre- and Post-Operation Procedures for
Earth-Moving Equipment
Module : Performing Pre- and Post-Operation Procedures for
Earth-Moving Equipment
Learning Outcome No. 1: Perform Visual Check of Equipment
Assessment Criteria:
1.1 Earth moving equipment is selected based on job requirements.
1.2 Operator serviceable (OS) parts are checked in accordance with equipment
checklist and manufacturer’s procedures.
1.3 Walk-around check is performed with equipment checklist and with engine
stopped / not running.
References:
• Huzij, Robert, Spano, Angelo, and Bennett, Sean. Modern Diesel Technology.
Heavy Equipment Systems 3rd
Edition (2019). Cengage Learning, Inc.
• Duffy, Owen C., Heard, Scott A., and Wright, Gus. Fundamentals of Mobile
Heavy Equipment – CDX Learning Systems (2019). Jones & Bartlett Learning
LLC, an Ascend Learning Company.
• Hitachi Reliable Solutions. Operator’s Manual ZW 370-6 Wheel Loader
(2018). Hitachi Construction Machinery Co., Ltd.
• Department of Agriculture and Water Resources-Machinery Team. Machinery
Cleaning Guide – Wheel Loader (2016). Australian Government.
• Nichols, Herbert J., Jr., Day, David A. Moving the Earth-The Workbook of
Excavation 5th
Edition (2016).
• HL757/760-7 Service Guide for Wheel Loaders (2015).
• 21st
Century Skills Library. Cool Careers-Heavy Equipment Operator (2011).
Cherry Lake Publishing.
• WA250PT-5H Wheel Loader Operation and Maintenance Manual (2010).
Komatsu Industries.
• Model AWS36 All-Wheel Loader Operator’s Manual (2009). Gehl Company.
• Wheel Loader WL 50 Operator’s Manual (2009). Wacker Neuson.
• SERV7195-11 New Production Introduction (NPI). Global Service Learning:
950H Wheel Loader, 962HWheel Loader, and IT62H Integrated Tool Carrier
(2005). Caterpillar, Inc.
• Construction Training Group. Front-End Loader Learner Guide (2000).

8. INFORMATION SHEET NO.: 1 / UC NO.: 1
PERFORM VISUAL CHECK OF EQUIPMENT
Introduction
Visual Inspection of Wheel Loaders
Industry Standards/Guidelines: Things to Remember When Inspecting
Your Wheel Loader
Things to Note While Inspecting a Wheel Loader
1. Performing a walk-around inspection.
2. The bottom of the cab ladder.
3. Tires.
4. Wheel loader bucket.
5. Wheel loader engine area.
A wheel loader is an important piece
of heavy equipment. Just like mobile cranes,
it is one of the most important construction
equipment used in almost every project. Its
robust design and structure, especially its
large front and rear wheels make it ideal for
pushing, lifting, and loading materials such
as sand, earth, snow, and other objects.
The wheel loader is one of the heavy
construction equipment that deals with
material handling. Though not as precise and
careful as the forklift, the wheel loader is the
more utilized machine for outdoor industries.
That being said, the wheel loader is used in a variety of industries: It can be found in
construction, mining and quarrying, forestry, recycling, and in other countries, snow
removal!

9. One of the more iconic pieces of equipment in the construction industry, it will almost
never be absent whenever a large scale construction is at hand. Many companies
rely on these wheel loaders for the distribution of large amounts of materials around
the construction site. In that regard, the wheel loader is one of the most used; and
sometimes strained heavy equipment. Make sure that they are always in top working
conditions by regularly inspecting them—and here are a few reminders when you do
so!
Perform a Walk-Around Inspection
When it comes to the maintenance of heavy equipment, you should never be lazy.
These large machines have complex parts. Inspecting heavy equipment such as
wheel loaders doesn’t mean you just looking around the outside for some scratches
or dents. You should focus on looking at every possible place where something
might possibly be wrong.
The Bottom of the Cab Ladder
You should make it a habit to start your inspection around this area. By starting here,
you’ll be able to check out the transmission fluid level that is often found to the left of
the ladder. Afterward, within the area, try to find if there is any wear in the drive-line
area. Once you’ve finished there, proceed to look for the hoses and couplings. Make
sure that they are where they’re supposed to be, tightly placed, and no leaks can be
found.
The Tires
The next in line on your checklist should be your tires. Inspect them for any kind of
foreign material. Stones that are stuck on the tires can prove a problem, particularly
the sharp ones. Although large wheels are extremely more durable than your normal
tires, constant wear and tear can still damage them.
Move in deeper and check the wheel rim for cracks and loose parts. If there are any,
tighten them. The next thing that you should check is the inflation pressure of the

10. tire. Refer to the operator manual to check what the correct pressure of your tire is.
Take note of and check for leaks from the axel sea in the rear tires.
The Wheel Loader Bucket
When inspecting the bucket, look at the cutting edge, make sure that is if evenly flat
on the ground. If not, then it might be an indication that a tire is under-inflated. Aside
from that, look for unusual wear patterns on the bucket cutting edge, and review the
rest of the bucket for cracked welds, bends in the metal or missing bolts and such.
The Wheel Loader Engine Area
Check the engine enclosure for any kind of damage or foreign material attached to it.
After that, continue into the main engine but first, check all around the engine area
for debris on both sides of the engine. Ensure that there are absolutely no leaks on
any parts. Check the oil level and the coolant gauge level.
The next thing that you should do is to find the fuel and water separator. Remove
any kind of water that may have been collected in the bowl. Make sure that there are
no leaks in the fuel filters. After that, open the left side and rear side enclosure doors
to inspect the other parts.
Inspect the fuel cooler, the hydraulic oil cooler, the change air cooler, and the
hydraulic oil filter for any debris or leaks. Next, you should check the v-belt for cracks
and that it has the appropriate tension based on the operator manual’s
specifications.
Lastly, look at the fins of the heat exchangers checking for broken or bent fins and
make sure that they’re all clean. Check the fan enclosure for leaks and broken
blades, then check the fuel cap if it’s secured.
By this time, you should now make a final check of everything there and make sure
that you didn’t miss anything!

11. Key Takeaway
A wheel loader one of the most used heavy equipment in the Philippines. The best
models are incredibly durable and fuel efficient, but when it is used a lot, it will surely
need an inspection every now and again. That being said; always remember to
perform these standard procedures every time you plan on using wheel loaders
for construction projects!
A loader is a heavy equipment machine used in construction to move or load
materials such as soil, rock, sand, demolition debris, etc. into or onto another type of
machinery (such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railroad car).
There are many types of loader, which, depending on design and application, are
variously called a bucket loader, front loader, front-end loader, Payloader, high
lift, scoop, shovel, skip loader, wheel loader, or skid-steer.
A loader is a type of tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on tracks, that has a front-
mounted wide bucket connected to the end of two booms (arms) to scoop up loose
material from the ground, such as dirt, sand or gravel, and move it from one place to
another without pushing the material across the ground. A loader is commonly used
to move a stockpiled material from ground level and deposit it into an awaiting dump
truck or into an open trench excavation.
Loader removing snow in Jyväskylä, Finland
The loader assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently mounted.
Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools—for example, many

12. can mount forks to lift heavy pallets or shipping containers, and a hydraulically
opening "clamshell" bucket allows a loader to act as a light dozer or scraper. The
bucket can also be augmented with devices like a bale grappler for handling large
bales of hay or straw. Large loaders, such as the Kawasaki 95ZV-2, John Deere
844K, ACR 700K Compact Wheel Loader, Caterpillar 950H, Volvo L120E, Case
921E, or Hitachi ZW310 usually have only a front bucket and are called front loaders,
whereas small loader tractors are often also equipped with a small backhoe and are
called backhoe loaders or loader backhoes or JCBs, after the company that first
claimed to have invented them. Other companies like CASE in America and Whitlock
in the UK had been manufacturing excavator loaders well before JCB.
A Cat 908M at a landscape supply store in San Marcos
The largest loader in the world is LeTourneau L-2350. Currently these large loaders
are in production in the Longview, Texas facility. The L-2350 uses a diesel-electric
propulsion system similar to that used in a locomotive. Each rubber tired wheel is
driven by its own independent electric motor.
Loaders are used mainly for loading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing
rubble, and digging. A loader is not the most efficient machine for digging as it
cannot dig very deep below the level of its wheels, like a backhoe or
an excavator can. The capacity of a loader bucket can be anywhere from 0.5 to
36 m depending upon the size of the machine and its application. The front loader's
bucket capacity is generally much bigger than a bucket capacity of a backhoe loader.
Traction chains on a wheel loader

13. Unlike most bulldozers, most loaders are wheeled and not tracked, although track
loaders are common. They are successful where sharp-edged materials
in construction debris would damage rubber wheels, or where the ground is soft and
muddy. Wheels provide better mobility and speed and do not
damage paved roads as much as tracks; but provide less traction.
In construction areas loaders are also used to transport building materials such as
bricks, pipe, metal bars, and digging tools over short distances.
Front-loaders are commonly used to remove snow especially from sidewalks,
parking lots, and other areas too small for using snowplows and other heavy
equipment. They are sometimes used as snowplows with a snowplow attachment
but commonly have a bucket or snow basket, which can also be used to load snow
into the rear compartment of a snowplow or dump truck.
High-tip buckets are suitable for light materials such as chip, peat and light gravel
and when the bucket is emptied from a height.
Close-up of articulated steering apparatus
Unlike backhoes or standard tractors fitted with a front bucket, many large loaders do
not use automotive steering mechanisms. Instead, they steer by a hydraulically
actuated pivot point set exactly between the front and rear axles. This is referred to
as "articulated steering" and allows the front axle to be solid, allowing it to carry
greater weight. Articulated steering provides better maneuverability for a given
wheelbase. Since the front wheels and attachment rotate on the same axis, the
operator is able to "steer" his load in an arc after positioning the machine, which can
be useful. The tradeoff is that when the machine is "twisted" to one side and a heavy
load is lifted high, it has a greater risk of turning over to the "wide" side.
Front loaders gained popularity during the last two decades, especially in urban
engineering projects and small earthmoving works. Heavy equipment manufacturers
offer a wide range of loader sizes and duties.

14. The term "loader" is also used in the debris removal field to describe the boom on
a grapple truck.
Major Components
The major components included in a loader are the engine (diesel in almost all
cases), the hydraulic components (such as pumps, motors and valves) and the
transmission components (gearbox, axles, wheels/tracks, pumps, motors, etc.). The
engine runs both the hydraulics and the transmission, and these in turn move the
front attachment (a bucket, forks, sweeper, etc.) to manipulate the material being
handled, and the wheels or tracks to move the machine around the jobsite.
Wheel Loaders
The first wheel loader was invented by Volvo Construction Equipment in 1954, it was
called H10. Back then it was based on a tractor and had a rear wheel drive. Today
wheel loaders are articulated and the rear and front wheels are the same
dimensions.
Armored Wheel Loaders
Armored wheel loader of the Israeli Defense Forces
The Israeli Combat Engineering Corps uses armored Caterpillar 966 wheel loaders
for construction and combat engineering missions in militarily occupied territories
such as the West Bank. They are often seen building or removing road blocks and
building bases and fortifications. Since 2005, they have also been used to demolish
small houses. The Israel Defense Forces; added armor plating to the loader, to
protect it against rocks, stones; Molotov cocktails, and light gunfire.
Rio de Janeiro's police elite squad Batalhão de Operações Policiais
Especiais (BOPE) has acquired one wheel loader designed for military use to open
routes and make way for the police in Rio de Janeiro's slums, which are controlled,
and blocked, by drug dealers.
Several if not most countries have similar equipment. The Dutch armed forces for
instance use models like the Werklust WG18Edef, which weighs 15 tons, 2 more
than the corresponding unarmored civilian model. In addition, the Dutch military
previously used extra armor modules covering most of the window surface with steel
for extra protection. These were however not popular with the crews due to low
visibility.

15. The Turkish Army and Turkish Police use remote controlled armored wheel
loader Tosun during the building of the Syria–Turkey barrier, the Operation
Euphrates Shield, Operation Idlib Shield) and Operation Olive Branch.
Tractor Front Loaders
These loaders are a popular addition to tractors from 50 to 200 hp. Its current 'drive-
in' form was originally designed and developed in 1958 by a Swedish company
named Ålö when they launched their Quicke loader. Tractor loaders were developed
to perform a multitude of farming tasks, and are popular due to their relatively low
cost (compared to Telehandler) and high versatility. Tractor loaders can be fitted with
many attachments such as hydraulic grabs and spikes to assist with bale
and silage handling, forks for pallet work, and buckets for more general farm
activities. Industrial tractor loaders equipped with box graders are marketed to
contractors as skip loaders.
Compact Front End Loaders
Abram Dietrich Thiessen of Eyebrow Saskatchewan in the 1940s built the first quick
attached front end loader. International Harvester's took a picture of the loader and
replicated it at the Regina Agribition in November of the same year.
Semi-curved compact loader on a John Deere compact utility tractor
Visibility comparison of different loader designs
Front-End Loaders (FELs) are popular additions to compact utility tractors and farm
tractors. Compact utility tractors, also called CUTs, are small tractors, typically with
18 to 50 horsepower (37 kW) and used primarily for grounds maintenance and
landscape chores. There are 2 primary designs of compact tractor FELs, the
traditional dogleg designed style and the curved arm style.

16. John Deere manufactures a semi-curved loader design that does not feature the one
piece curved arm, but also is not of the traditional two piece design. New
Holland introduced a compact loader with a one piece curved arm on its compact
utility tractors, similar one piece curved arm loaders are now available on compact
tractors on many brands including Case IH/Farmall, and some Montana and Kioti
tractors. Kubota markets traditional loader designs on most of its compact tractors
but now features a semi-curved loader design similar to the John Deere loader
design on several of its small tractors.
While the front-end loaders on CUT size tractors are capable of many tasks, given
their relatively small size and low capacities when compared to commercial loaders,
the compact loaders can be made more useful with some simple options.
A toothbar is commonly added to the front edge of a loader bucket to aid with
digging. Some loaders are equipped with a quick coupler, otherwise known as
a Quick Attach (QA) System. The QA System allows the bucket to be removed
easily and other tools to be added in its place. Common additions include a set
of pallet forks for lifting pallets of goods or a bale spear for lifting hay bales.
LHD (Load, Haul, Dump machine) is also a front end loader but meant to be used
for mine compact conditions, can handle various range of loads with varying size of
buckets, and can be driven with electric motors as well as diesel engines.
Skid Loaders and Track Loaders
A skid loader is a small loader utilizing four wheels with hydraulic drive that directs
power to either, or both, sides of the vehicle. Very similar in appearance and design
is the track loader, which utilizes a continuous track on either side of the vehicle
instead of the wheels. Since the expiration of Bobcat's patent on its quick-connect

17. system, newer tractor models are standardizing that popular format for front end
attachments.
Swing Loaders
A swing loader is a rigid frame loader with a swinging boom. The boom can swing
180 degrees or more. Swingloaders are primarily used by the railroad industry to lay
rail. Like other loaders many attachments can be attached to the boom such as
magnets, forks, and buckets. Smaller swing loaders are used in farming applications
for loading out. A swinging boom is advantageous where space is limited. The loader
is able to lift on all sides and dump off on all side.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: Wheel Loader Equipment Inspection
Five Essential Wheel Loader Equipment Inspections:
1. Wheel loader bucket, bucket teeth, bucket cutting edge and lift arms.
Beginning at the front of the bucket, check for any missing or loose bucket
teeth. Continue on from the bucket teeth and look at the bucket leading edge
and side panels, making note of any cracks, excessive wear, or repairs such
as welds. If the bucket is attached to the wheel loader lift arms via a quick
connect coupling system, check the coupling system for any loose pins or
worn bushings. From the coupling system, move on to the lift arms and check

18. for any cracks, dents or other evidence of structural damage. Don't forget to
also check the condition of the lift arm cylinders.
2. Hydraulic system and engine.
Take your time inspecting the hydraulic system. It's the most vital component
of your wheel loader. Make sure to check all hoses and cylinders for any
damage. Ensure all hose couplings are in good condition and free of any
breaks or scratches. Check all cylinders for any leaks, dents or scratches that
could allow fluid to leak out or contaminants to make their way in. After the
hydraulic system, check the engine for any obvious leaks or loose belts.
Check the air filter and note the last service date, which should be recorded
on the filter itself. Most wheel loader air filters should be replaced every 1,000
hours.
3. Cab and General Operation.
As you make your way into the cab, check for any loose grab irons or an
unsecure ladder. Evaluate the overall condition of the seat, joysticks and foot
pedals and make a note of the hour meter reading. Start up the machine and
check that all gauges are operational, including the back-up alarm. If you hear
any squeaking sounds when operating the bucket or other wheel loader
attachments, it could mean that the machine has not been lubricated and the
metal components are now rubbing together.
4. Center articulation point.
Located underneath the cab at the midpoint of the wheel loader; sits the
center articulation point. Look for signs of wear in the articulation point. If the
wheel loader was operated in rough, uneven, rocky conditions, rather than on
smooth ground, the articulation point should tell the story. If excessive wear is

19. present, you may experience play or a noticeable up-and-down movement in
the top and bottom pins during operation.
5. Frame, ROPS / FOPS.
If the wheel loader does not come with an enclosed canopy, make sure to
inspect the ROPS (Roll Over Protection Structure) main supports for any
bends or other damage that could affect its ability to protect an operator in the
event of a rollover or other type of accident. In the case of a FOPS (Falling
Object Protective Structures), check that all side screens are damage free
and secure.
Once you've completed your visual and functional inspection, you should view
the wheel loader's service record or work orders. Unless you are very
experienced and know what to look for when inspecting a wheel loader, have
a qualified mechanic or knowledgeable operator carry out the inspection.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: Wheel Loaders Attachment
ATTACHMENT BRACKETS
A hydraulic attachment bracket allows easy and fast attachments inter-changeability.
Attachment Bracket – VAB-STD

20. The standard Volvo attachment bracket VAB-STD is the most commonly used
attachment bracket in the world. Originally developed by Volvo and proven for
decades globally. The cast steel design offers excellent visibility for the operator. The
VABSTD allows quick and safe inter-changeability of all hooks on attachments in this
catalogues as well as attachments from earlier machine generations. The ISO
organization has created an International standard based on the Volvo design, ISO
23727.
Attachment Bracket –VAB-BH
Hydraulic driven attachment bracket optimized for block handling. This attachment
allows fast, easy, and safe inter-changeability between different block handling
attachments.
Attachment Bracket – VABL-L
The Volvo attachment bracket for large loaders, VAB-L; have been the well-known and
trusted interface to the Large Wheel Loaders as Volvo have offered for several
decades.

21. LOADER BUCKETS
A wide range of Loader buckets to be used in a large variety of soil conditions and for
all re-handling, load & carry, levelling or tunnelling jobs.
Re-Handling Bucket – Straight Edge
Volvo Re-handling buckets are the perfect choice for handling medium-sized
processed material, no matter if you are doing truck loading, loading crusher/screener,
stockpiling or a load and carry task. The Straight edge variant ensures the highest
levels of break-out force and dump clearance, also available with optional bolt-on edge
attachment.
Re-Handling Bucket – Spade Nose
The Spade nose variant is designed to deliver higher penetration than the straight
edge version, contributing to faster cycle times and making it the perfect choice when
working with larger processed material, also available with optional bolt-on edge
attachment.
Re-Handling Flat Floor Bucket
The best choice for handling, stockpiling and loading processed material; such as
sand, gravel and aggregate. This is optimized for soft underfoot conditions. Maximize
traction and break-out force, while maintaining a clean and level work area for

22. unbeatable productivity and efficiency, also available with optional bolt-on edge
attachment.
Sand Bucket
Optimized for handling sand or aggregate in small fractions, making it the ideal choice
for soft underfoot conditions. The long bucket floor maximizes penetration for
improved traction and its flat design helps to maintain a clean and level work area,
also available with optional bolt-on edge attachment.
General Purpose Bucket – Standard
This is the best all-round bucket. When fitted with bolt-on edges it works well handling
loose material and aggregates in both short cycle and load; and carry operations.
When fitted with welded teeth options and segments, it is the best choice for loading
easily broken material from banks.
General Purpose Bucket – Heavy Duty
This is the best choice for all-round efficiency. The bucket is primarily intended for use
in low-impact operations, with moderately abrasive materials such as dirt, loam,
gravel, and clay. Reflective stickers boost visibility for quick and easy filling.
Reinforced with wear resistant steel HB400 and HB500, and can be equipped with
bolt-on edges, welded teeth options and segments.

23. General Purpose Bucket – Flat Floor
This is optimized for soft underfoot conditions and earth moving applications such as
landscaping, stripping topsoil and grading. The smart bucket design offers maximum
traction and break-out force, while maintaining a clean and level work area. Volvo
recommends fitting your bucket with flush adapters and GP points.
Grading Bucket
The grading bucket has a long flat bottom. It is intended for earthmoving work such as
topsoil stripping, small scale dozing, landscaping and levelling of fill. An edge is
provided on the back side for grading when the machine is reversed.
Rock Bucket – Spade Nose
This is the best choice for breaking-out hard and stony material and shot rock.
Recommended to be fitted with 1 ½ leg adapters, teeth (GP or AM), and segments.
For gravel, fine shot rock and ore, it can be fitted with a bolt-on edge or teeth.

24. Rock Bucket – Straight Edge
This is a heavy-duty, wear resistant bucket. This is optimized for loading shot rock, or
easily broken material from a bank, with high break-out capability. When fitted with
welded teeth options and segments, it is the best choice for loading easily broken
material from a bank.
Side Dump Rock Bucket
Side dump rock buckets are designed for rock loading in tight locations like tunnels.
The design makes it possible to load parallel with the truck by dumping the bucket
sideways. This way of loading requires less space and is frequently used in tunnelling
applications. The bucket is normally equipped with abrasive material rock teeth, 1 ½
leg adapters and casted segments but can also be equipped with a bolt-on edge
attachment.
Rock Bucket – Block Handler
Engineered to deliver outstanding durability in quarry environments, this bucket is
optimized for carrying blocks and loading overburden. High tensile steel and wear
resistant parts are positioned in critical area.

25. Light Material Bucket – Low Density
High capacity light material bucket for efficient handling of low density material such as
compost, refuse, coal, etc.
Light Material Bucket – Very Low Density
High capacity light material bucket for efficient handling of very low density material
such as wood chips, grain, etc.
High-Tip Bucket – Center Cylinders
The Volvo high tip light material bucket has high capacity for handling low density
materials such as compost, refuse, coal etc. The high tip bucket features an increased
dump height over standard light material buckets as it is hydraulically lifted from a
built-in frame.

26. High-Tip Bucket – Side-Mounted Cylinders
Specifically intended for waste and recycling applications, this bucket provides the
extra height required to reach high load receivers. The side-mounted horizontal
cylinders enable smooth tilting and easy dumping, while perfectly protected hydraulic
hoses contribute to long-lasting performance. Compatible with all boom types and
Volvo interfaces; and standard bolt-on edge.
Refuse Bucket
Volvo refuse buckets are heavy-duty light material buckets intended for use in
recycling applications like handling refuse material, household garbage and other low
density waste material.
Refuse Tamping
The bucket is optimized for waste handling at a transfer station. With an extra-long
floor and heavy-duty design, this bucket is ideal in push floor operations for both
pushing the material to and packing (tamping) it in the container.

27. Refuse Bucket – Tamping with Clamp Arms
The bucket is optimized for waste handling at a transfer station. With an extra-long
floor and heavy-duty design, this bucket is ideal in push floor operations for both
pushing the material to and packing (tamping) it in the container. The clamp arms
enable the operator to push approximately 25% more material per load as well as
remove material from the truck or container. A third hydraulic function is required to
operate the bucket.
FORKS
The stability of Volvo Wheel loaders, the reach and parallel lift-arm action of the loader
unit make them particularly suitable for work with fork attachments. For work in
material handling yards, warehouses and harbors, Volvo provides the fork attachment
for all needs.
Standard Forks
The pallet fork frame with pallet fork tines allow the machine to handle, load and move
pallets of building material, drainage pipe, lumber, or loose items like sewer pipe easily
around the uneven terrain of a construction site.

28. Visibility Optimized Forks
The visibility optimized forks give the operator a clear view to the ends of the tines.
These tines increase precision, control and productivity.
Lumber Forks
Thin and durable fork tines for handling the stacks of planks. With extended back rest
enables the possibility to take several stacks at the same time
Side Shift Forks
Fork frame is ideal for cases where the width of the load varies. The fork tines can be
hydraulically adjusted to the width of the load.

29. Combi Forks
With the specially designed one-piece top clamp, the combi fork is perfect for handling
palletized goods or round wood in applications where the load must be secured.
Stone Fork
A heavy duty fork with fixed tines designed for heavy-duty or block handling, e.g.
granite blocks, marble blocks, etc.
Block Handling Fork
This heavy duty forks are designed for lifting, and moving blocks in quarry
applications.

30. Block Handling Breaker Tine
A single heavy duty fork tine, for breaking out loose blocks in the face and moving
heavy raw blocks.
Block Handling Rake
This is a clearing rake; for moving objects, and clearing debris.
Pallet Fork Frame
This is a standard pallet fork frame.

31. MATERIAL HANDLING ARMS
Material handling arm enables the machine to pick up, transport and handle a large
variety of different objects or equipment.
Material Handling Arm
The material handling arm is used on construction sites for pipe-laying etc. It has two
telescopic sections with built-in mechanical stops to prevent overextension.
GRAPPLES
An all-round log grapple for handling and sorting short wood or tree length stems.
They can also grip single stems.

32. Sorting Grapple
The sorting grapple has relatively long and straight tines that can slide along the
ground so the grapple can be easily filled when loading from stacks and sorting
bunkers. This grapple can also be used for unloading.
Unloading Grapple
The unloading grapple has short, rounded tines, making it easier to fill the grapple
when unloading a vehicle.
High-Lift Grapple – Standard
The Volvo high lift grapples allow productive adaptation to the wide variety of work
methods that are used on different markets. The log grapples are available with
hydraulic clamping arms or clinch chain (double triplex chains). The grapples are
equipped with reversible and replaceable wear plates on the points.

33. High-Lift Grapple – Unloading Against a Wall
Grapples adapted for unloading against a wall are designed so that the grapple arms
can follow a vertical wall and pick up logs, even at the edges. This grapple can be
used when unloading transports carrying short wood loaded across the vehicle and
when unloading railway boxcars.
Log Pusher
The log pusher helps to increase the stack height with up to 30% (1-1,5 m). The
possibility to store more timber at the log pond and closer to the log intake increases
the productivity and the operation efficiency.
Other Wheel Loader Attachments
These are the other attachments that can make your Volvo Wheel Loader even more
versatile.

34. Sweeper
Holms front mounted and hydraulically powered sweeper roller completely eliminates
the need for support wheels. The sweeper can be equipped with, for example a water
tank.
Pick-Up Sweeper
The Holms 300 large pick-up sweeper for wheel-loaders, and is a full-sized
attachment for professional sweeping, and also available in different sizes.
Diagonal Snow Plow
The Holms diagonal plow is a well-tested snowplow for your Wheel Loader. Also
available in several sizes and has many different accessories. This is efficient in snow
clearing and particularly when plowing the roadway.

35. V-Snow Plow
Holms V-plows are robust tools for clearing snow with your Volvo Wheel Loader. The
snow plow is especially effective for clearing snow in urban environments, and also
available in several sizes.
Sand-Spreading Bucket
The Holms sand -spreading bucket is an excellent tool for spreading sand, gravel, salt,
fertilizer… The amount can be regulated by adjusting the speed of the roller, and also
available in different sizes.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: Daily, Weekly, Monthly, and Yearly Upkeep
Issues for Compact Wheel Loaders

36. With many attachment options, compact wheel loaders play a pivotal role in jobsite
applications ranging from snow removal to street cleaning. These versatile and
durable machines are easy to maintain, but a proactive approach can make the
difference between a productive day at work and an expensive visit to the dealer.
Protecting the longevity of a compact wheel loader starts up front. Key
considerations include everything from daily inspections to 3,000-hour checks.
Daily-To-Dos
Prior to starting the machine, do a quick visual check of the compact wheel loader,
including these items:
• Make sure the machine is free from debris in vital areas like the radiator, AC
condenser and exhaust. If there is a large accumulation of debris, the
operator should use compressed air or high-pressure water to remove the
debris prior to operation.
• Search for visible oil leaks.
• If applicable, drain the fuel and water separator.
• Look at tire pressure and condition. Punctures or gouges, metal showing or
inadequate tread depths are all signs of poor tire condition.
• All vital fluid levels should be checked and refilled if necessary, including
engine oil, engine coolant, hydraulic oil, fuel and windshield washer fluid.
• See if all driving and warning lights are functional.
Not all engine or machine manufacturers will have low-level warnings, so it is a good
practice to perform a visual check often. If everything checks out okay, it is time to
start greasing. All pivot points will need to be greased either prior to starting or
ending the shift, depending on operator preference. Greasing also includes the
articulation point, which is commonly forgotten. It is important to clean the grease
fitting prior to greasing the joint. Failing to do so will push the accumulated dirt on the
fitting into the pin boss. The dirt will contaminate the grease and act like sandpaper
inside the pin boss between the bushing and pin, resulting in premature wear.
Final areas to address are all related to the operator’s safety. Before climbing into
the cab, the operator should clean the mirrors and windows, especially if they used
pressurized air or water to clean debris. Once in the operator’s seat, the final check
is to ensure the brakes are functional and the backup alarm is working.
Weekly Maintenance
Weekly or roughly every 100 hours, the machine should be thoroughly greased at
the pivot points, bushing and bearing. Other than additional greasing, maintenance
tasks for this interval require a deeper dive than daily tasks. This includes:
• Check the lug nuts on each tire and tighten to the appropriate torque.
• See if the electrical connections, cables and plugs have any issues.
• Clean and securely attach the battery contacts.
• Make sure there are no blown fuses or loose connections in the fuse panel.
• If dirty, clean the radiator and oil cooler from the inside out with compressed
air or high-pressure water. However, tread carefully to avoid damaging
anything in the process.

37. • If necessary, clean and replace the engine air filter. This is especially true for
operators working in dusty environments like demolition applications. Do not
use high-pressure compressed air to clean the air filter or hit it against
anything as this can result in damage.
Hours-Based Service
It is important to log hours while utilizing a compact wheel loader. This is because
there are some additional tasks to take care of when the machine reaches 250 and
500 hours.
250 Hours: Depending on the manufacturer, the engine oil and fuel filters should be
changed every 250 hours. Most engine manufacturers require an initial engine oil
change after the break-in period. Following this, oil change intervals are usually 250
to 500 hours. The oil level in the front and rear axles, power divider and all four
planetary drives should be checked. Initial service for the planetary assemblies after
the first 250 hours is also recommended.
500 Hours: The oil in the front and rear axles, power divider and all four planetary
drives should be changed within the initial 500 hours. Following the initial period,
these will only need to be replaced every 1,500 hours. Lastly, axle breathers should
be replaced, in addition to checking battery posts for corrosion and cleaning if
necessary.
Your Annual Checkup: The next big service intervals are 1,500 and 3,000 hours. At
this point, the oil in the axles and hydraulic system is nearing the end of its service
life and should be replaced. Thorough checks of the machine should also be made
to ensure there are no loose or worn parts.
1,500 Hours: As mentioned before, the oil in the axles, power divider and planetary
drives needs to be replaced. Additionally, change the hydraulic oil and service the
brake system.
3,000 Hours: Every 3,000 hours, replace the hydraulic oil, air filters and breathers.
This is a good time to ensure all bolts and screws are tightened to the proper torque
specifications. It is important to look at hydraulic hoses for fatigue, cracking or leaks,
and replace them if any of these issues are discovered.

38. Start Your Engines
Depending on the manufacturer, a diesel engine will likely need maintenance at
additional specific hour intervals. Some of this will simply consist of fluid changes,
valve train adjustments and fuel and exhaust system checks. With a turbo-equipped
engine, one operational technique is vital to the health of a compact wheel loader:
the warm-up and cool down. Allow the engine time to warm up prior to putting the
machine under a load, and let it cool down before completely shutting it off. Because
the engine is small, it is a common misconception that cold starts and hot shutdowns
won’t harm it.
Eliminate the Threat of Machine Failure
Most failures that occur could have been avoided with proper maintenance. Here are
a few things to pay special attention to. Greasing the machine is vital to longevity
with the large amount of articulating and pivoting components. The articulation joint
is constantly moving and under a lot of stress. To eliminate premature wear of the
pins and bushings, the articulated joint needs plenty of grease. Along with this area,
the steering cylinders and loader pivot points need adequate grease daily.
Other considerations include operator turnover. Different operators will arrive and
use the wheel loader to load the truck themselves with a mindset that either the next
person will grease the machine and check the oil or the machine has already been
greased and checked over. In the end, the loader goes days without being properly
greased or having any of the vital fluid levels checked. When it comes to
maintenance, the best place for information is still the service or operator’s manual.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: Maintenance Matters for Compact Wheel
Loaders

39. Preventive maintenance is the most significant way to extend the life of any piece of
equipment. To get the most out of your compact wheel loader, here are five tips to
help you keep it running strong all year round.
Tip No. 1: Weatherproof It
A compact wheel loader can work year-round. Depending on the climate, these
machines may be outfitted with an “open” roll-over protective structure (ROPS), a
heated cab or a fully air-conditioned cab. During the warm weather months, if your
wheel loader has an AC system, some items need to be periodically checked, such
as compressor belt tension and condition, refrigerant charge, condenser fan
cleanliness and the recirculation filter. When the cold winter months set in, you need
to take the same care and precautions for your wheel loader as you would any other
vehicle you own. Winterizing preparation can help prevent long-term damage and
costly repairs, whether you operate in the cold or set your fleet in storage.
First, your wheel loader’s engine, transmission, axle, hydraulic oils and fuels must be
correctly matched to ambient temperature ranges. You need to consult your wheel
loader’s operation and maintenance manuals for details specific to each make and
model. Next, follow good, general tips and techniques to keep your wheel loader up
and running at peak efficiency in cooler temperatures:
• Be sure fuel supply tanks are free of dirt, water and microbial sludge.
• Make sure the drive belt and pulleys are in good condition to drive the
alternator.
• Make sure batteries are fully charged and the charging system produces full
voltage and current.
• Check battery terminals for corrosion. Clean and cover them with dielectric
grease.
• Antifreeze and DCA levels must be maintained for conditions.
• Check the following HVAC system components:
o Filters.
o Blower and evaporator fans — are they working properly?
o Evaporator box — is it clean?
• Check the defroster vents to ensure a steady flow of air.
• Check and change wiper blades as needed.
• Use antifreeze windshield washer fluid to prevent freezing.
• Perform any diagnostics and minor repairs in early fall before cold weather
sets in.

40. It is important to note that machines equipped with DEF/Ad Blue are designed to
deal with freezing and thawing. Freezing does not affect the DEF. DEF freezes at
about 12˚F (-11˚C), and DEF tank heaters are often standard components on these
machines. In addition, many manufacturers offer optional cold weather aid packages
designed to warm the engine, fuel, transmission and hydraulic reservoirs. Also,
crucial to reducing the risk of weather-related downtime are these preventive
maintenance procedures by temperature range:
• 32˚F to 45˚F (0˚ C to 8˚C):
o Check the fluids and greases to ensure you are running the right type
for the conditions. Refer to the equipment manufacturer’s
recommended lubricants chart for oil viscosity selection.
o Be sure any starting aids, intake manifold heater grids or ether injectors
are operating properly.
• 0˚F to 32˚F (-20˚ C to 0˚C):
o Use engine coolant heat elements for more manageable cold-weather
starting.
o Provide a short warm-up period before operating the machine.
o You may need to change the grade of fuel you’re using. Consult your
local fuel distributor for more information.
• -40˚+ F (-40˚ C to 20˚C):
o Check your fluids and greases. Refer to the equipment manufacturer’s
recommended lubricants chart for correct oil viscosity selection.
Synthetic fluids may be required.
o Use engine coolant heat elements for antifreeze.
o Add heater elements for the fuel, hydraulic and transmission reservoirs
if necessary.
o Recheck tire pressure.
o Keep the machine parked out of the mud, as tires can freeze to the
ground. In addition, any hydro-inflation MUST be cold-weather friendly.
o When possible, store the machine indoors.
o Provide a more extended warm-up period before operating the
machine, as components are typically much colder.
o Fuel grade change must be made: Treatment is required to prevent
waxing. Consult your local fuel distributor.

41. Tip No. 2: Take Care of the Axles
Axles and tires are the link for getting power to the ground and carrying a load. Axle
maintenance is simple: Make sure the mounting bolts to the chassis and wheel rims
are re-torqued as required in the owner’s manual and remember to change the axle
oil. Over time, the axle oil will also accumulate some wear metals and contaminants
from the air. Changing the oil is the only way to purge the contaminants and replace
the necessary additives in the axle oil. Axle oil changes are straightforward, but be
sure to use high-quality oil as recommended in the manual.
Tip No. 3: Use the Right Products
As engines and hydraulic systems have become more sophisticated, they have also
become more exacting in the products they require, and using the wrong product can
have negative consequences. For example, there are four current diesel engine oil
categories (CH-4, CI-4, CJ-4 and CK-4) for engines designed to meet various non-
road emissions standards, plus another, FA-4, that is meant for on-highway vehicles
meeting 2017 greenhouse gas emissions standards. While there is some backward
compatibility in the C Series oils, it’s not universal, and FA-4 is absolutely the wrong
choice in any engine not specifically designed for it. You’ll find the oil category plus
other information, including viscosity, in the API “donut” on the oil container.
Tip No. 4: Choose a Suitable Lubricant
There is an almost endless array of greases based on consistency, thickener type,
application (chassis fittings versus lift linkage, for example) and other factors.
Choices in hydraulic fluid are as numerous as those for grease. The loader’s owner’s
manual will detail product information, but unless you’re a dealer, you might not have
the latest updates. Using the wrong product can result in excessive wear and
premature failure.
Tip No. 5: Keep It Clean
Wash your compact wheel loader frequently. Remove any dirt, dust, sand or other
jobsite material that could accumulate and contaminate your machine. Operators can
use a shop-vac to remove any water and debris in hard-to-reach areas, and they
should use a pressure washer or compressed air nozzle to blow debris out of the
radiator and oil cooler. During the wash-down process, it is a good time to check the
reversing fans, swing-out coolers, water separators and filters.

42. Because loaders typically work in extremely dusty conditions, it is also important to
keep the hydraulic oil clean. Most loaders’ hydraulic systems are sealed and
pressurized to prevent the entrance of airborne dust particles. Typically, the oil from
the HST system has an easy-to-change, spin-on filter; the hydraulic system also has
a spin-on return filter. And finally, there is a suction strainer in the bottom of the
hydraulic tank. These three items combine to stop any particles that came in with the
oil, come from the hydraulic components or may have gotten in with the air that
occurs when the system is opened.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: Wheel Loader Operator Safety Tips
Wheel loaders can be one of the most dangerous machines on a construction site. A
wheel loader is also highly maneuverable and can move quickly around a site. When
digging and loading, it tends to make frequent backing maneuvers, usually with
limited visibility behind it. With an empty bucket, the front-end loader is tail heavy,
and tends to bob and weave at faster ground speeds. All of these factors can put
workers and other machines in peril if they venture into its path.
Here are some more valuable tips to make sure you’re operating your wheel loader
safely:
• Conduct a pre-use walk-around inspection of your machine at the start of your
day, including all major components: tyres, brakes, hydraulic systems,
steering, lights and backup alarm. Look for anything out of the ordinary and
report it to your company’s maintenance manager.
• At the end of your walk-around, do a final visual check of the area
immediately surrounding the loader to make sure there are no obstructions or
people nearby.
• Move cautiously, especially on rough roads and in congested areas. When
backing, use your mirrors to check what’s behind you. Never disable your
loader’s backup alarm. It could save someone’s life!
• Whenever you’re working near an embankment, grade or trench, make sure
the edge is guarded by rip rap, barricades or a berm. All three are designed to
keep you and your machine from plunging over the edge.

43. • When travelling with a loaded bucket, keep it 300 to 900 mm above the
ground for maximum stability, balance and visibility.
• For better stability, travel in reverse when you are required to carry loads
down a steep incline. This will prevent the loader from tipping forward if you
have to use your brakes while going down the incline. It will also prevent
material from spilling into your travel path.
• Travel forward when going uphill. The centre of gravity of the machine is near
the front of the loader when the bucket is loaded. So as long as the loader is
travelling straight up the incline, the chance of a tip-over occurring is very low.
• If you’re loading trucks or dumping material with a spotter, make sure you’re
clear on the horn or hand signals to be used. Misunderstandings can cause
accidents!
• At the end of your shift, find a clean, level area that’s free of obstructions.
Bring your loader to stop, shift the transmission into neutral and apply the
parking brake. Lower your bucket to the ground. If your loader has been
working hard, let the engine idle five minutes before shutting it down, so it
doesn’t over-heat and damage vital components.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: About Wheel Loaders
A wheel loader consists of an articulated main frame that supports a front end
attachment, and a cab and engine compartment with transmission at the rear end.
Wheel loaders, by design, are extremely versatile in scrap applications. They can be
used as a carrier for implements such as shovel bucket, fork lift tines, or grapple.
Primary Hazards
A. Falling and ejected objects.
B. Slipping and falling.
C. Cutting.
D. Pinching and crushing.
E. Burning and explosions.
Safety Solutions
• Wear Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
• Pre-start-up inspections.
• Scheduled inspections and maintenance.
• Safe operating and working procedures.
• Employee safety training.
• Operator and maintenance training.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: Pre-Start-Up Procedures and Inspections
A wheel loader is designed to re-handle, load and transport loose material if
equipped with the appropriate attachment, i.e. bucket, grapple, or lift forks. It is not
designed to crush, rip apart or compact loaded material.
Ensure that the operator is properly trained and certified to operate the equipment in
the material handling application at hand.

44. Only designated and authorized personnel may operate the wheel loader.
The wheel loader operator must be mentally and physically fit, have good vision,
spatial perception, adequate hearing and quick reaction time (response).
The operator must always adhere to the guidelines for the appropriate use of the
wheel loader. The wheel loader can pose a hazard if the safety practices and
instructions outlined in the manufacturer’s instruction and safety manual are not
adhered to at all times.
The operator must be completely familiar with the layout and operation of all wheel
loader controls, monitors and indicators.
The operator must know the wheel loader’s precise lifting capabilities and limitations.
Prior to start up the wheel loader operator must thoroughly plan the operating
procedure of the machine, based on the existing working conditions and prevailing
environment.
He must be aware of the location of all
underground and above ground utilities
at the jobsite.
The operator and maintenance
personnel must identify the clear and
safe approach to the machine.
The operator must perform a daily walk-around inspection and check the wheel
loader and the jobsite surroundings.
He must check for secured pin and bolt connections, the condition of wear and tear
items, hydraulic and fuel leaks as well as any structural damage.
The operator must pay attention to obvious maintenance deficiencies including, but
not limited to, loose wheel lug nuts, incorrect tire inflation, tire damage, clutch or
brake failures, frayed or otherwise damaged fuel or hydraulic lines, hoses or hose
assemblies.
Never operate a defective or damaged machine.
Access the machine using a three-point stance on ladders, steps and handholds
provided.
Never use the steering wheel or a joystick as a handhold.
Familiarize yourself with the emergency exit on the machine.
Perform a machine inspection and check prior to every shift change as outlined in
the manufacturer’s instruction manual.

45. Verify that all maintenance has been completed and documented.
Ensure that all doors are unlocked but closed and secured to avoid inadvertent
movement.
Ensure that all windows and mirrors are unobstructed and clean. Mirrors must be
properly positioned for best operator visibility to the rear of the machine.
Take a seat and fasten the seat belt prior to operating the wheel loader.
Adjust the seat and armrests to the most comfortable operating position.
Ensure that the area of operation is clear of personnel and obstructions.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: Starting and Operating the Wheel Loader
Operate the wheel loader only outdoors or in a well-ventilated interior space.
Maintain clear communication with co-workers and
good visibility at all times.
Ensure that other personnel in the vicinity is aware that
this machine has been started and the operation is
about to commence.
Use one of the following signals to alert all personnel in
the area of the impending machine operation:
• By sounding the horn twice.
• By energizing the beacon light/flasher (if applicable).
A signal-person should be provided if the wheel loader operates in a confined area
with limited visibility. The signal-person should remain out of reach of the wheel
loader at all times.
Test and verify radio contact to the operator, if available.
Keep the cab and control levers and pedals clean and do not place drinking cups,
magazines or other objects on the control panel. Do not store any tools, equipment,
or flammable liquids in the cab.
Start the engine as specified by the manufacturer. Once the engine is running,
observe the control panel and monitor the display for any abnormal indication or
error codes; consult the machine’s instruction manual.
Energize the servo circuit control before any hydraulic function can be activated.
Test all wheel loader functions including the lift arm and bucket-tilt operations, the
steering and brake systems, as well as all lights and turning signals.

46. Increase the engine speed and allow the systems such as engine coolant and
hydraulic fluid to warm up to operating temperatures.
During operation always proceed carefully
with sufficient clearance to power lines and
other obstructions. Know the weight,
dimensions and center of gravity of the load
to be lifted .
Place the machine in the proper working
position and assure that you work within the
machine’s capabilities at all times. Use only
slow and progressive joystick movements
when operating the machine under load
conditions.
Reduce the travel speed of the wheel loader to a minimum (i.e., first gear) during
poor visibility and/or when traveling down-hill, on rough terrain, or icy roads.
Allow plenty of time and space for stopping the movement of the loaded wheel
loader. Do not slam the service brakes while traveling with a load.
While driving on public roads the operator must be aware of the pertinent
Department of Transportation rules and regulations, road conditions, posted
overpass clearances (width and height) and bridge load limitations.
When traveling the machine, lower the attachment and load to the ground as low as
possible.
Never leave the machine for any reason while the engine is running and/or the
machine is still in motion. Never allow any other person on or near the machine
during operation.
In the event that the attachment touches a high voltage power line proceed as
follows:
• Stay in the cab and do not touch any metal parts.
• Warn coworkers not to touch the machine.
• If possible, travel the machine slowly away from the point of contact.
• Have the supervisor request the power company to switch the power line off –
Leave the cab only after the power line has been switched off or the machine
is at a safe distance from the power line.
To minimize shock loads and/or shaking of the machine, reduce the travel speed and
avoid road bumps, potholes, hard breaking and sudden steering maneuvers or
attachment controls.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: Shutdown and Parking Procedures
Always park the wheel loader on firm and level ground.

47. Lower the attachment completely to the ground as outlined in the manufacturer’s
instruction manual and de-energizes the servo control hydraulics to avoid
unintentional activation of any hydraulic function.
To depressurize the hydraulic circuits, lower the attachment completely to the
ground, de-energize the servo system and activate the joystick lever(s) in a circular
motion several times before placing them in neutral position.
In case a wheel loader must be temporarily parked on an incline, engage the parking
brake, bring the bucket into the dump position and lower it completely to the ground.
Use the wheel chucks supplied with the machine or otherwise sufficiently block the
machine from rolling downhill.
De-energize the wheel loader’s servo system and engage the parking brake.
Gradually reduce the engine speed and idle it for a couple of minutes prior to shutoff.
Shut and secure widows and covers, and lock doors and covers.
Climb down facing the machine using a three-point stance. Never jump off the
machine!
Remove the battery disconnect switch if the machine is parked for an extended
period of time.
Secure and lock the machine to void unauthorized use and/or vandalism.
Industry Standard/Guidelines Maintenance and Repair Procedures
Always follow the manufacturer’s daily, scheduled and preventive maintenance, and
inspection procedures and instructions.
While an operator may perform the daily and
weekly maintenance service, only properly
trained and qualified mechanics/technicians
should attempt to perform the more involved
maintenance, machine inspections and/or
required repairs.
Prior to any maintenance and/or repair service follow the proper shutdown and lock-
out/tag-out procedures.
If the wheel loader features an articulated steering mechanism, install the locking bar
to avoid unintentional articulation while servicing the machine.
In case a machine is serviced underneath the lift arms in front of the machine use
the prop up bar to block one lift cylinder. If a prop up bar is not available place the
bucket into the extreme dump position and lower it completely to the ground.
Steam-clean the wheel loader prior to any inspections, maintenance or repairs.
Avoid spraying steam directly at electrical components and connectors. Do not use

48. aggressive chemical degreaser solvents such as brake cleaners to clean the
machine or its components, other than brakes.
Never open a hydraulic circuit unless it has been completely depressurized as
described above.
When servicing the wheel loader or its attachments, never use hands or fingers to
align bolts or pins.
Use an appropriate lifting device, slings or chains to lift heavy part and/or
components.
Always use the appropriate tool to service the equipment and always wear the
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as required by OSHA and local jobsite
regulations.
Never place yourself or allow anyone else underneath the machine or under an
elevated attachment to be serviced, unless it is securely blocked; consider that loads
may shift.
Use a man lift or a portable platform and wear a full body harness when working at
elevations in excess of 2 m above ground.
If a wheel loader must be transported use only a trailer with sufficient load capacity.
Remove the attachment as required to abide by the transportation weight and height
limitations in compliance with the rules and regulations established by the
Department of Transportation.
In case a wheel loader is inoperative and must be towed out of a danger area
proceed as follows:
• Use only towing equipment such as wire ropes, chains or drawbars in good
working order that are designed for the required load capacity.
• Prepare the wheel loader for towing as described in the machine’s instruction
manual.
• Slowly pull the wire ropes, chains or drawbar taut and gradually tow the wheel
loader out of the danger area at a very low speed. Avoid any jerky motions
while pulling.
o Ensure that no one is standing near or in line with the towing
equipment, the tractor or dozer, and the wheel loader being pulled.
o Avoid any sudden load changes and changes in travel direction.
Never modify or change the configuration of
the wheel loader without the expressed,
written approval of the machine’s
manufacturer.
Frequently check all hydraulic lines and
hose assemblies as instructed in the
machine’s instruction manual. Replace all
defective lines and/or hose assemblies.

49. Never attempt to repair a damaged or leaking accumulator. Replace it as a complete
unit if defective. Accumulators may only be charged with nitrogen up to the pressure
limit stamped into the housing. Never use oxygen or compressed air.
Load bearing structures may only be welded by experienced and AWS (American
Welding Society) certified welders.
Post safety signs that inform all job site hazards.
Inform to maintain the proper and save distance from the operational equipment,
especially in the loading and unloading area.
Instruct truck drivers to leave their cab and to proceed to a designated safe area.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: General Safety Instructions
The operator(s) must be made aware of the dangers and risks involved with the
operation of the wheel loader.
Train every employee what each warning signal or audible alarm represents.
Identify areas where flying debris may occur.
Frequently check the placement of safety signs, make certain they are legible and
complete. Replace missing or illegible safety signs at once.
Instruct all employees to adhere fully to the instructions on the safety signs.
Identify and cordon off or mark specific areas that are prohibited to enter during
wheel loader operation.
Ensure that trip and fall hazards are kept out of drive and walkways.
Always follow good housekeeping procedures.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: Optimizing Wheel Loader Performance and
Productivity
Choosing the right bucket pays off every time.

50. Match the Type of Bucket to the Material
Choosing the right bucket and front edge type can dramatically increase productivity
and reduce operating costs.
Custom buckets and options are available for unique applications.
Bucket Material Recommendations
Use this chart to help select the right bucket type for your application:
• Find the application closest to yours.
• Find the recommended bucket type.
• Size the bucket to your machine based on material density and machine size.
OPERATOR TIPS TO MAXIMIZE PRODUCTIVITY AND SAVE FUEL
Essential tips when using a wheel loader to fill a truck to help maximize productivity,
while minimizing fuel consumption and reducing component wear;
1. Truck at 45 Degrees The loader operator should ensure that the truck is
positioned at an angle of 45 degrees to the face of the material. This is the

51. best possible position of material, truck and loader to ensure minimum loader
movement, resulting in faster cycle times and less fuel consumption.
2. Straight-on Approach The loader should make a straight-on (square)
approach to the face of the material. This ensures that both sides of the
bucket hit the face at the same time for a full bucket. A straight-on approach
also minimizes side forces on the machine – which can cause wear and tear
in the long term.
3. First Gear The loader approaches the face in first gear, at a steady speed.
This low-gear, high torque provides opt.
4. Minimize Ground Contact The cutting edge of the bucket should not touch
the ground more than 15 to 40 centimeters before the face of the material.
This reduces bucket wear and material contamination. It also reduces fuel
consumption since there is no unnecessary friction between bucket and
ground.
5. Keep it Parallel To get a full bucket, the cutting edge should remain parallel
to the ground and just before curling the bucket, the operator should raise it a
little. This avoids unnecessary bucket-material contact, prolonging bucket life
and saving fuel due to less friction.
6. No Spinning Wheel-spinning wears-out expensive tires. It also burns fuel for
nothing. Spinning is prevented when in first gear.
7. Avoid Chasing Instead of chasing the load up the face, penetrate – lift – curl.
This is the most fuel-efficient maneuver.
8. Keep the Floor Clean This will help ensure the best speed and momentum
when approaching the pile. It will also reduce material spillage when reversing
with a full bucket. To help keep the floor clean, avoid tire spinning and avoid
losing material with brutal maneuvers. This will also reduce your fuel
consumption.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: Small Wheel Loader Enhancements
Small wheel loaders have been widely used in the snow and ice industry for many
years. Advanced wheel loaders are being engineered with features and
enhancements, specifically with snow and ice management applications in mind.
Below, we have highlighted some of the most useful features to consider as you
spec machines for purchase or rental this season, as well as seasons to come.
Snow Clearing – Power Train Mode
Some modern front loaders are designed with four power train modes — one of
these being ice mode. When the machine is set to this mode, it will limit the amount
of torque sent to the wheels, regardless of the throttle position, to prevent the wheels
from spinning on icy ground. This mode also changes how the machine slows down

52. when switching between forward and reverse directions in order to maintain good
traction with the ground. In certain snow clearing applications, this intelligent
engineering of the power train modes can allow operators to run on general
construction tires in snow without the need to add expensive tire chains.
Wheel Loader Features for Operator Safety and Comfort
Many small wheel loader enhancements have been designed to improve operator
safety, as well as comfort, in wintry conditions. Many of these features are often
offered as part of the standard machine package, yet some are optional. Therefore,
it’s always a good idea to discuss these configurations with your dealer. We sat
down with Cat® small wheel loader expert Scott Britton who shared some of the
unique machine features that help keep your employees and customers safe,
increase productivity and minimize downtime.
• Large, open pattern heavy grip steps – Believe it or not, most accidents
happen getting on and off the machines. So it’s important to look for wheel
loaders equipped with steps designed to allow you to kick the snow and ice off
of your boots as you enter the cab. A helpful tip: look for steps with equal
spacing from the ground to the cab, which is especially important for early
morning and late-night cab entry and exit.
• Full coverage fenders – Keep your front loader clean with a full coverage
fender that keeps tire spray off the windshield and steps. Additionally, don’t
forget our snow scraper that helps combat dirt build-up on the fender.
• Cold start package – Additional batteries are available for starting your small
wheel loader in freezing temperatures. Having extra batteries on hand will
give you peace of mind, especially as temperatures begin to drop. The engine
block heater is conveniently located by the steps to ensure that you do not
forget to unplug the cord at the back.
• Heated and powered exterior mirrors – Heated exterior mirrors are
especially useful in the winter months to maintain good visibility. Simply press
a button from within the cab, and the heating element will melt away any snow
or ice obstructing your view.
• Under-hood LED lights – With fewer daylight hours in the winter, your work
often begins and/or ends when it’s dark outside. These under-hood LED lights
are positioned to focus on important check points, and will automatically turn
on when the machine service door and DEF tank lid are opened. This allows
you and/or the operator to perform daily maintenance checks or machine
servicing with clear visibility when natural lighting is low.
• Exterior LED lights – Whether you’re roading or working, advanced exterior
LED lights are designed to save you time while keeping you safe. Unlike
typical LED lights, they help melt snow which optimizes your visibility.
• Bluetooth capable radio – With long hours spent in the cab during snow
clearing jobs, Bluetooth capabilities allow you to take calls and run your
business without having to take your hands off the controls.
• Fully integrated dual radar object detection system – This system works
in conjunction with the machine’s rear-view camera, and provides varying
signals based on the distance between the machine and object(s). This is
especially useful when clearing areas where traffic flow is uncontrolled, such
as parking lots. It will signal the operator when cars enter and leave various
spots.

53. Industry Note:
From a fleet management standpoint, an additional feature to look for is a fully
integrated tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS). This system alerts the operator
of low tire pressure immediately so they can respond fast — resulting in reduced
tire wear, reduced fuel burn and no unexpected reduction in machine stability.
An integrated auto-lube system will ensure that the machine stays greased and the
pins and bushes are regularly purged of salt and snow debris. With a run time of
200-250 hours on a full tank, this system provides a huge reduction in daily and
weekly maintenance and keeps your operators out of the weather.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: Protecting Your Machine from Rust Damage
Corrosive environments are NOT friendly to your machines. Below are some tips
and product solution to help you prevent rust, as well as protect your machines, and
their resale value.
Machine protection is especially important in framing, or snow, or ice management.
To avoid machines corrosion, and rust in applications involving salt, brine, and
manure, preventive techniques are applied to avoid this type of damage.
When it comes to rust, it’s less about the hours on the machine and more about the
time exposed to the elements in that application. Whether you’re operating on a dairy
farm or clearing snow and ice in the winter months, your machine is being exposed
to corrosive substances. Manure, fertilizer and brine from the streets can build up on
the interior and exterior of your equipment, ultimately causing premature rust
damage.
How can you protect your machine against rust damage?
There are several solutions on the market today that provide an extra layer of
protection against corrosive environments. Some can be retroactively applied on
your machine; however, it’s recommended to have this layer applied at the factory to
prevent rust damage from the start and keep costs down.
Caterpillar recently started offering a
product called EquipCoat™, a corrosion
inhibiting coating that’s available for all
skid steer and compact track loaders
produced in the Sanford, North Carolina,
plant. Applied at the factory, it
encapsulates all surfaces, providing a
sealed barrier from corrosive substances.
Solutions like EquipCoat not only protect
against rust, but also oxidation and fading
paint.
It is also highly-recommended that, washing your equipment as often as possible to
rinse off any residue that may have built up on components during operation.
However, when time is limited, products like EquipCoat can help prevent corrosive
damage until the next wash. It’s also durable enough to withstand pressure washing.

54. What are the main benefits of applying a protective product, like EquipCoat, to
your machine?
Simply stated; it’s a decreased in downtime, and an increase in resale value.
Fasteners, hydraulic fittings and hoses that are unprotected are at a high risk for
rust. With an extra layer of interior and exterior protection, you don’t have to worry
about rust taking over your machine. Less time repairing surface rust means more
time on the job.
Additionally, the first visible sign of run-down equipment is rust. It signals poor
machine conditions. Not only is rust unattractive, it can raise questions about how
well the machine was maintained. Taking steps to protect your machine from
corrosion, like adding a protective layer at the factory and regular washing, will
ultimately help maintain its value when it comes time to trade-in or sell.
If you’re considering a new Cat skid steer or compact track loader purchase and you
work in a corrosive environment, applying an extra layer of protection provides a
huge return in terms of the machine value and performance over time.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: About Smart Sites, Safe Sites
Technology is not just changing the way you manage productivity and efficiency. It's
also driving big gains in site safety – when it's deployed effectively. Take a minute to
learn how contractors, aggregates producers and other equipment owners are using
Cat®
Technology to enhance safety and manage risk.
Zero
Cat Detect for Personnel users have seen detection-zone intrusion alerts drop to
near 0 within 30 days.

55. Cat Detect for Personnel: Defend the Danger Zone
It's never been easy to prevent contact between equipment and people on the
ground. But now there's technology that can add a layer of protection to your existing
safety processes. With Cat Detect for Personnel, part of Cat Technology, ground
workers or visitors wear safety vests or hard hats equipped with Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) tags. Other assets and potential hazards on the ground can also
be tagged.
5,000
The Driver Safety System (DSS) is installed in more than 5,000 heavy equipment
and light vehicles.
Driver Safety System (DSS): Manage Fatigue and Distraction
Fatigued or distracted operators can make mistakes that have devastating
consequences. But even if your company never experiences an incident that
involves major injuries or loss of life, distraction and fatigue can lead to accidents,
equipment abuse and property damage. Productivity and component life may also
decline. And fuel usage may increase along with absenteeism, health care and
workers' compensation costs.
8 Million
The DSS has logged more than 8 million hours of operating data.
It's Not Just About the Technology
Tools like Cat Detect for Personnel and the DSS give you an unprecedented level of
visibility to risk, putting you in a stronger position to mitigate and manage it. But
they're just one aspect of an effective risk management system. Whether your
priority is reducing contact between people and machines or managing fatigue and
distraction – or both – many other factors affect your ability to succeed.

56. Safety Management Principles
1. Leadership Commitment – Begin the change process with clear, visible
support from leaders at every level of the organization.
2. Site Assessment – Get a baseline against which progress can be made by
completing a comprehensive, data-driven review of current site practices and
risk factors.
3. Specific Improvement Goals – Use precise, measurable targets to guide the
organization forward.
4. Positive Communication – Keep the focus on sending everyone home
safely every day – not finding and punishing offenders.
5. Straight Talk About Technology – De-mystify technology by explaining what
it does, how it works, where it will be installed, who will see the data, and how
it will be used.
6. Defined Protocol – Clarify what happens when events take place. Explain
what operators, and supervisors will be expected to do, when an intervention
will be required, and what will take place after an intervention.
7. Ongoing Education and Support – Teach people to manage their own
safety behaviours through better sleep habits, diet, and exercise, and
responsible use of alcohol, and prescription drugs.
Get Smarter
There’s great potential to use technology in new ways to enhance site safety and
manage potential risks.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: Focus on Caterpillar Safety Services
Forward-thinking organizations know that safety is no longer a box-ticking exercise
but a true measure of employee engagement and operational excellence that can
create a genuine competitive advantage. We work with organizations at every stage
in their journey toward safety excellence, helping them make their workplace safer,
their employees feel more valued, and their operations more effective.
From Safety Fundamentals to Safety Leadership
Whether you’re looking to establish a strong foundation for safety excellence, or are
looking to take your safety to the next level, the following sessions can help.
Safety Fundamentals: In Control of Safety
Having strong fundamentals means your organization is well on the way towards
safety excellence.

57. What are the Safety Fundamentals?
Safety fundamentals are a term for a well-defined set of processes and behaviours
that organizations require to be operating at a strong safety level, beyond basic
safety. At this level, you are no longer struggling to meet compliance requirements
and safety responsibilities are assigned and understood. An organization with good
safety fundamentals has a strong foundation for safety excellence.
Organizations with Good Safety Fundamentals
Organizations with strong safety fundamentals have established and integrated key
safety practices:
• Safety responsibilities are assigned,
understood and observed.
• Safety procedures and policies are
well defined.
• Safety data is recorded and reviewed.
• Regulatory and compliance
obligations are met.
• Incident rates are under control and
not above industry average.
• Management is supportive of safety initiative
Four Key Areas on Safety Fundamentals
1. Easy and Effective Safety Training – Your team should be able to easily
access effective safety training such as compliance-related e-Learning and
technology like Virtual Reality.
2. Safety and Communication Fundamentals – Good safety practices are built
on implementing effective communication skills – those skills can be around
how to effectively speak up when you see something unsafe and / or how to
give positive recognition when you see things being done safely.
3. Perfecting Foundational Safety Processes – Safety processes like Job
Hazard Analysis and Root Cause Analysis are foundational and need to be
done correctly to be effective.
4. Worksite Assessments – Understand the effectiveness of your Safety
Management System and perception of the safety culture in the field.

58. SELF-CHECK NO.: 1 / UC NO.: 1
PERFORM VISUAL CHECK OF EQUIPMENT
Instruction: Choose the correct answer and encircle the letter of your choice.
1. This grapple has relatively long and straight tines that can slide along the
ground so the grapple can be easily filled when loading from stacks and sorting
bunkers. This grapple can also be used for unloading.
A. High-Lift Grapple.
B. Sorting Grapple.
C. Unloading Grapple.
D. Standard Grapple.
2. This is a rigid frame loader with a swinging boom.
A. Swing Loader.
B. Bucket Loader.
C. Front-end Loader.
D. Skid Loader.
3. They are commonly used to remove snow especially from sidewalks, parking
lots, and other areas too small for using snowplows and other heavy
equipment.
A. Skid Loaders.
B. Track Loader.
C. Front-loaders.
D. Armed Wheel Loaders.
4. This is is one of the heavy construction equipment that deals with material
handling.
A. Wheel Loader.
B. Tower Crane Grapples.
C. Material Handling Arm.
D. Bulldozers.
5. A wide range of Loader __________ to be used in a large variety of soil
conditions and for all re-handling, load & carry, levelling or tunnelling jobs.
A. Attachment Brackets.
B. Optimized Forks.
C. Buckets.
D. Material Handling Arm.

59. ANSWER KEY NO.: 1 / UC NO.: 1
PERFORM VISUAL CHECK OF EQUIPMENT
1. B. Sorting.
2. A. Swing Loader.
3. C. Front-loaders.
4. A. Wheel Loaders.
5. C. Buckets.

60. Program/ Course : Heavy-Equipment Operation (Wheel Loader) NC II
Unit of Competency : Perform Pre- and Post-Operation Procedures for
Earth-Moving Equipment
Module : Performing Pre- and Post-Operation Procedures for
Earth-Moving Equipment
Learning Outcome No. 2: Perform “B L O W A F” Check
Assessment Criteria:
2.1 “BLOWAF” check is performed with checklist form and with engine stopped /
not running.
2.2 Deficiencies in fluid levels are identified and if below normal level are refilled /
topped up in accordance with equipment maintenance manual.
2.3 Abnormal conditions are noted in checklist and reported to the authorized
person.
References:
• Huzij, Robert, Spano, Angelo, and Bennett, Sean. Modern Diesel Technology.
Heavy Equipment Systems 3rd
Edition (2019). Cengage Learning, Inc.
• Duffy, Owen C., Heard, Scott A., and Wright, Gus. Fundamentals of Mobile
Heavy Equipment – CDX Learning Systems (2019). Jones & Bartlett Learning
LLC, an Ascend Learning Company.
• Hitachi Reliable Solutions. Operator’s Manual ZW 370-6 Wheel Loader
(2018). Hitachi Construction Machinery Co., Ltd.
• Department of Agriculture and Water Resources-Machinery Team. Machinery
Cleaning Guide – Wheel Loader (2016). Australian Government.
• Nichols, Herbert J., Jr., Day, David A. Moving the Earth-The Workbook of
Excavation 5th
Edition (2016).
• HL757/760-7 Service Guide for Wheel Loaders (2015).
• 21st
Century Skills Library. Cool Careers-Heavy Equipment Operator (2011).
Cherry Lake Publishing.
• WA250PT-5H Wheel Loader Operation and Maintenance Manual (2010).
Komatsu Industries.
• Model AWS36 All-Wheel Loader Operator’s Manual (2009). Gehl Company.
• Wheel Loader WL 50 Operator’s Manual (2009). Wacker Neuson.
• SERV7195-11 New Production Introduction (NPI). Global Service Learning:
950H Wheel Loader, 962HWheel Loader, and IT62H Integrated Tool Carrier
(2005). Caterpillar, Inc.
• Construction Training Group. Front-End Loader Learner Guide (2000).

61. INFORMATION SHEET NO.: 2 / UC NO.: 1
PERFORM “B L O W A F” CHECK
Introduction
Before starting operation you must perform a Battery, Lights, Water, Air, Fuel
check, to ensure that the machine is in functional and in working order.
Industry Standards/Guidelines: Checking Before Starting
Check the bottom and surrounding of the machine to see whether there are lost
bolts, dirt, oil, coolant leak, or broken parts. Check the status of accessories and
hydraulic parts.
Check Before Starting:
• Check the fuel in the fuel tank.
• Check the hydraulic oil in the hydraulic tank.
• Check the engine oil in the engine oil pan.
• Open the water tank cover to check the water
level in the water tank.
• Check the brake oil in the oil bowl of the
brake booster pump.
• Check the seal ability of the oil pipe, water pipe, air pipe and other parts.
• Check the seal ability of the hydraulic pipes and the surrounding pipes.
• Check the wire connection of the storage battery.
• Check the pressure of the tire to see whether it is normal.
• Check the control levers (or handles) to see whether they are sensitive and
in the neutral position.
• Adjust the seat position to sit comfortably.
• Check the safety belt (if assembled) and other safety equipment for good
working order.
• Start the full checking list the engine only after completing.
BATTERIES
Purpose and Application of Batteries
Batteries are the most essential component in a vehicle’s electrical system. Not
only do batteries provide starting power for engines and operating electrical
accessories, they play a critical role in proper operation and longevity of many
other electrical components. The recent development of medium- and heavy-duty
hybrid-drive vehicles adds to the battery’s list of jobs: in addition to their traditional
functions, batteries must now supply energy to electric drive motors and help
recover energy during braking. Today’s technicians need to know more than ever
about the various types of batteries they will encounter and how those batteries
work, as well as how to maintain, test, and work safely with them.
What Is a Battery?
Batteries are not devices that store electricity. In reality, they convert chemical
energy into electrical energy, and vice versa. When connected to an electrical load
such as a light or electric motor, chemical reactions taking place inside the battery
force electrons from the negative to the positive terminal of the battery, through the

62. load. The flow of electricity ends when the electrical loads in the circuit deplete the
battery’s chemical energy. The single direction in which electrons flow during
discharge means a battery is a source of Direct Current (DC).
Battery Classifications
The industry classifies batteries into two basic categories: primary and secondary.
In a primary battery, chemical reactions are not reversible, and the battery cannot
be recharged. In contrast, secondary batteries are rechargeable (figure below).
Secondary batteries can be
repeatedly charged and
discharged.
By reversing the direction of current and pushing electricity back into the battery,
the “galvanic” chemical reactions that originally produced electrical current renew,
allowing the secondary battery to be used over and over again. Secondary
batteries based on the principles of galvanic reaction are the most practical for use
in heavy equipment applications because they can be used repeatedly.
(Technically a galvanic reaction is where the battery generates electricity when
two dissimilar metals are placed in an electrolyte.)
Galvanic Batteries
The term “battery” more accurately refers to a collection of electro-chemical cells
connected together. A medical experimenter named Galvani discovered more than
two hundred years ago that two dissimilar metals placed in electrolytes produce
electricity. Electrolyte refers to any liquid that conducts electric current. For
example, pure water does not conduct current. Tap water, however, does. That’s
because tap water often contains minerals and chlorine, which enable the
movement of electronics, so tap water is an electrolyte. Water containing salt,
acids, or alkaline substances is an even better conductor of electricity. The
dissimilar metals placed in an electrolyte form electrodes, which are the points of
the battery that create the positive and negative electrical poles. The chemical
action between the electrolyte and electrodes strips electrons from one metal
electrode and adds electrons to another electrode. This process develops the
battery’s polarity. After Galvani, another experimenter named Volta built the first
battery when he alternately stacked copper and zinc plates separated with a piece
of saltwater-soaked cardboard. Volta named it a “voltaic pile” after demonstrating
its electrical properties.
A battery consists of two dissimilar metals: an insulator material separating the
metals and an electrolyte, which is an electrically conductive solution. The material

63. from which the electrodes are made and the type of electrolyte determine the
voltage potential of a battery. The area of the plates making up each positive and
negative electrode determines the capacity or amperage of a battery.
The traditional heavy equipment battery type is the lead-acid battery. It is available
in a variety of sizes and designs to meet the requirements for various applications.
For example, the battery for starting a vehicle’s engine is different from the battery
for a bulldozer. Each requires unique design and construction characteristics based
on its applications. Batteries for having equipment using diesel engines supply high
amperage to the starting motor for short periods of time. In contrast, a deep cycle
battery’s current is almost completely depleted, supplying smaller, continuous loads
over longer periods of time.
Industry Note:
You can observe galvanic reactions in many places. Corrosion is one example of
a galvanic reaction. The cooling system of an engine contains water (an
electrolyte) and dissimilar metals like copper injector tubes, cast iron blocks,
aluminum water pump housings, and so on. Metals losing electrons disintegrate
while other metals remain unaffected.
However, one can easily observe the electron transfer between the metals
through coolant if you place a voltmeter with one lead in the coolant and the
other on the engine block or other metal part. (Corrosion inhibitors in the cooling
system work by minimizing the loss of electrons from metals.) Trailer
manufacturers insulate aluminum side plates with a piece of nonconductive nylon
or insulating tape to isolate the plate electrically from steel I-beams supporting
the floor. For the same reason, when manufacturers place aluminum and steel
disc wheels together on the same wheel end, they separate them with a plastic or
nylon gasket to minimize the corrosion galvanic reactions cause.
Maintaining a strong negative ground on a vehicle minimizes chassis corrosion that
galvanic reaction causes. You may notice most corrosion takes place at positive
battery posts and at the end of non-insulated, positively charged wires. This
happens because positively charged wire ends and battery posts are deficient of
electrons.