To examine and investigate the impact of nanofluid on heat exchanger performance, including the total heat transfer, the effect of friction factor, the average Nusselt number, and the thermal efficiency, the output heat transfers of a shell and tube heat exchanger using ZnO nanoparticles suspended in water has been conducted numerically. The governing equations were solved using finite volume techniques and CFD simulations with ANSYS/FLUENT Solver 2021. The nanoparticles volume fractions adopted are 0.2% and 0.35% that used in numerical computations under 200 to 1400 Reynolds numbers range. The increasing of temperature is approximately 13% from the bottom to the top of heat exchanger, while the maximum enhancement of Nusselt number is about 10%, 19% for volume fractions 0.2% and 0.35% respectively. The elevated values of the friction factor at the volumetric ratios of 0.2% and 0.35% are 0.25% and 0.47% respectively. The findings demonstrate that the performance efficiency of shell and tube heat exchanger is enhanced due to the increase in Nusselt number.
Effect of nanofluid on heat transfer characteristics of double pipe heat exch...eSAT Journals
Abstract A nanofluid is a mixture of nano sized particles of size up to 100 nm and a base fluid. Typical nanoparticles are made of metals, oxides or carbides, while base fluids may be water, ethylene glycol or oil. The effect of nanofluid to enhance the heat transfer rate in various heat exchangers is experimentally evaluated recently. The heat transfer enhancement using nanofluid mainly depends on type of nanoparticles, size of nanoparticles and concentration of nanoparticles in base fluid. In the present paper, an experimental investigation is carried out to determine the effect of various concentration of Al2O3 nano-dispersion mixed in water as base fluid on heat transfer characteristics of double pipe heat exchanger for parallel flow and counter flow arrangement. The volume concentrations of Al2O3 nanofluid prepared are 0.001 % to 0.01 %. The conclusion derived for the study is that overall heat transfer coefficient increases with increase in volume concentration of Al2O3 nano-dispersion compared to water up to volume concentration of 0.008 % and then decreases. Keywords: Nanofluid, Heat Transfer Characteristics, Double Pipe Heat Exchagner, Al2O3 Nano-dispersion
Enhancement of Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Effectiveness by Using Porous Media...Barhm Mohamad
In this paper, the rate of heat transfer by forced convection in a counterflow heat exchanger, at turbulent flow conditions were investigated experimentally, using
porous media and TiO2 Nanofluid to observe the behaviour of heat transfer with flow rate and volume concentration of nanoparticles t enhance heat transfer through it. 3
mm Steel balls (ε=39.12%) as a porous media completely filled to the inner pipe (core
pipe). The cold and hot water are used as working fluids through the inner and outer
pipes. Then using, the TiO2 nanofluid instead of cold water flowing through the porous
pipe to enhance heat characteristics. The effects of operating parameters include flow rate (4 LPM, 6 LPM, and 8 LPM), Reynolds number between (3000 – 7000), and
nanoparticle volume fraction (0.001, 0.002 and 0.003) on Convective heat transfer co-
efficient and Nusselt number. Effective thermal conductivity is increased when the
nanoparticle volume fraction is increased. The heat transfer coefficient increases with
decreasing nanofluid temperature, but the heating fluid's temperature has no
significant effect on the nanofluid's heat transfer coefficient. The results show that
porous media and TiO2-based nanofluid's improve heat transfer at flow rate of 4 LPM
by 35.4% and improve NTU and effectiveness at flow rate of 4LPM by 12.4%, and 24%,
respectively, when compared to pure water without porous media. This improvement
in thermophysical properties yielded high heat transfer of heat exchangers used in
process industries.
Effect Of Cuo-Distilled Water Based Nanofluids On Heat Transfer Characteristi...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the distilled water and the copper oxide-distilled water based nanofluid flowing in a horizontal circular pipe under constant heat flux condition are studied. Copper oxide nanoparticles of 40nm size are dispersed in distilled water using sodium dodecyl sulphate as surfactant and sonicated the nanofluid for three hour. Both surfactant and sonication increases the stability of the nanofluid. The nanofluids are made in three different concentration i.e. 0.1 Vol. %, 0.25 Vol. % and 0.50 Vol. %. The thermal conductivity is measured by KD2 PRO, density with pycnometer, viscosity with Brookfield LVDV-III rheometer. The results show that the thermal conductivity increases with both temperature and concentration. The viscosity and density increases with concentration but decreases with temperature. The specific heat is calculated by model and it decreases with concentration. The experimental local Nusselt number of distilled water is compared with local Nusselt number obtained by the well known shah equation for laminar flow under constant heat flux condition for validation of the experimental set up. The relative error is 4.48 % for the Reynolds number 750.9. The heat transfer coefficient increases with increase in both flow rate and concentration. It increases from 14.33 % to 46.1 % when the concentration is increased from 0.1 Vol. % to 0.5 Vol. % at 20 LPH flow rate. Friction factor decreases with increase in flow rate. It decreases 66.54 % when the flow rate increases from 10 LPH to 30 LPH for 0.1 Vol. %.
A Review on Study of Heat Transfer Analysis of Helical Coil Heat Exchangersijtsrd
Now a day’s a geometrically modified Helical coil heat exchangers are widely using in industrial applications like cryogenic state processes, air conditioning, thermal nuclear reactors and waste heat recovery due to their compact size and high heat transfer coefficient. Advantage of using helical coils over straight tubes is that the residence time spread is reduced, allowing helical coils to be used to reduce axial dispersion in tubular reactors. In this study, numerical investigation of the influence of geometrical parameters such as tube diameter d , coil radius R , and coil pitch p on overall heat transfer coefficient in helical double tube heat exchangers are performed using a professional CFD software FLUENT. In recent years, numerous styles were introduced for heat exchangers that apply to completely different applications sadly, their heat transfer co efficient wasnt reliable at different operational conditions. the standard of the heat changed rate wasnt optimized and there have been many deficiencies and errors in styles. The heat transfer of the copper material is enhanced in comparison with other material unfortunately thermal resistance is reduced with an increase in pressure drop thus enhancing the heat transfer on the heat exchanger. Helical architecture is often designed with a clear motive of compact size and also address heat transfer co efficient and other ancillary attributes efficiently and effectively. So the better material is suggested for an industrial heat exchanger according to the applications is Copper with the basis of simulation results. The geometry and different dimension parameter of the helical coil show that the proposed study in different material properties and different mass flow rates to heat transfer are maximum in different parameter helical coil heat exchangers. Finally, the heat transfer increase for the copper material compared to another material but with the increase in pressure drop the corresponding thermal resistance decreases which allow the improved heat transfer rate and the rate increases from Aluminum to Bronze to Copper. With the drop in temperature, the thermal resistance is reduced which enhances the heat transfer rate. The simulation results show that the copper has a high heat transfer coefficient than Aluminum and Bronze while operating in identical conditions. Due to the extensive use of helical coils in various applications, knowledge about the flow patterns and heat transfer characteristics are important. Atul Vats | Sunil Kumar Chaturvedi | Abhishek Bhandari "A Review on Study of Heat Transfer Analysis of Helical Coil Heat Exchangers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43650.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/43650/a-review-on-study-of-heat-transfer-analysis-of-helical-coil-heat-exchangers/atul-vats
Experimental Investigation on the Heat Transfer Coefficient of the Thermosyph...IJERA Editor
Two phase closed thermosyphon is a good heat transfer device. A large heat is transferred from evaporator to condenser with relatively a small temperature difference. In the present work, the heat transfer performance of two phase closed thermosyphon is analyzed experimentally with different cross section shape for the thermosyphon tube. A copper thermosyphon has been constructed with three different cross section shape (circular, square and rectangular) having the same hydraulic diameter and length. Methanol is used as the working fluid. The temperature distribution across the thermosyphon outer surface was measured and recorded using thermocouples. The results showed that the heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase of input power, thermal resistance is indirectly proportional to the input power. The maximum heat transfer coefficient (1815 W/m2C) for square cross section at the input power (500 W).
Effect of nanofluid on heat transfer characteristics of double pipe heat exch...eSAT Journals
Abstract A nanofluid is a mixture of nano sized particles of size up to 100 nm and a base fluid. Typical nanoparticles are made of metals, oxides or carbides, while base fluids may be water, ethylene glycol or oil. The effect of nanofluid to enhance the heat transfer rate in various heat exchangers is experimentally evaluated recently. The heat transfer enhancement using nanofluid mainly depends on type of nanoparticles, size of nanoparticles and concentration of nanoparticles in base fluid. In the present paper, an experimental investigation is carried out to determine the effect of various concentration of Al2O3 nano-dispersion mixed in water as base fluid on heat transfer characteristics of double pipe heat exchanger for parallel flow and counter flow arrangement. The volume concentrations of Al2O3 nanofluid prepared are 0.001 % to 0.01 %. The conclusion derived for the study is that overall heat transfer coefficient increases with increase in volume concentration of Al2O3 nano-dispersion compared to water up to volume concentration of 0.008 % and then decreases. Keywords: Nanofluid, Heat Transfer Characteristics, Double Pipe Heat Exchagner, Al2O3 Nano-dispersion
Enhancement of Double-Pipe Heat Exchanger Effectiveness by Using Porous Media...Barhm Mohamad
In this paper, the rate of heat transfer by forced convection in a counterflow heat exchanger, at turbulent flow conditions were investigated experimentally, using
porous media and TiO2 Nanofluid to observe the behaviour of heat transfer with flow rate and volume concentration of nanoparticles t enhance heat transfer through it. 3
mm Steel balls (ε=39.12%) as a porous media completely filled to the inner pipe (core
pipe). The cold and hot water are used as working fluids through the inner and outer
pipes. Then using, the TiO2 nanofluid instead of cold water flowing through the porous
pipe to enhance heat characteristics. The effects of operating parameters include flow rate (4 LPM, 6 LPM, and 8 LPM), Reynolds number between (3000 – 7000), and
nanoparticle volume fraction (0.001, 0.002 and 0.003) on Convective heat transfer co-
efficient and Nusselt number. Effective thermal conductivity is increased when the
nanoparticle volume fraction is increased. The heat transfer coefficient increases with
decreasing nanofluid temperature, but the heating fluid's temperature has no
significant effect on the nanofluid's heat transfer coefficient. The results show that
porous media and TiO2-based nanofluid's improve heat transfer at flow rate of 4 LPM
by 35.4% and improve NTU and effectiveness at flow rate of 4LPM by 12.4%, and 24%,
respectively, when compared to pure water without porous media. This improvement
in thermophysical properties yielded high heat transfer of heat exchangers used in
process industries.
Effect Of Cuo-Distilled Water Based Nanofluids On Heat Transfer Characteristi...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the distilled water and the copper oxide-distilled water based nanofluid flowing in a horizontal circular pipe under constant heat flux condition are studied. Copper oxide nanoparticles of 40nm size are dispersed in distilled water using sodium dodecyl sulphate as surfactant and sonicated the nanofluid for three hour. Both surfactant and sonication increases the stability of the nanofluid. The nanofluids are made in three different concentration i.e. 0.1 Vol. %, 0.25 Vol. % and 0.50 Vol. %. The thermal conductivity is measured by KD2 PRO, density with pycnometer, viscosity with Brookfield LVDV-III rheometer. The results show that the thermal conductivity increases with both temperature and concentration. The viscosity and density increases with concentration but decreases with temperature. The specific heat is calculated by model and it decreases with concentration. The experimental local Nusselt number of distilled water is compared with local Nusselt number obtained by the well known shah equation for laminar flow under constant heat flux condition for validation of the experimental set up. The relative error is 4.48 % for the Reynolds number 750.9. The heat transfer coefficient increases with increase in both flow rate and concentration. It increases from 14.33 % to 46.1 % when the concentration is increased from 0.1 Vol. % to 0.5 Vol. % at 20 LPH flow rate. Friction factor decreases with increase in flow rate. It decreases 66.54 % when the flow rate increases from 10 LPH to 30 LPH for 0.1 Vol. %.
A Review on Study of Heat Transfer Analysis of Helical Coil Heat Exchangersijtsrd
Now a day’s a geometrically modified Helical coil heat exchangers are widely using in industrial applications like cryogenic state processes, air conditioning, thermal nuclear reactors and waste heat recovery due to their compact size and high heat transfer coefficient. Advantage of using helical coils over straight tubes is that the residence time spread is reduced, allowing helical coils to be used to reduce axial dispersion in tubular reactors. In this study, numerical investigation of the influence of geometrical parameters such as tube diameter d , coil radius R , and coil pitch p on overall heat transfer coefficient in helical double tube heat exchangers are performed using a professional CFD software FLUENT. In recent years, numerous styles were introduced for heat exchangers that apply to completely different applications sadly, their heat transfer co efficient wasnt reliable at different operational conditions. the standard of the heat changed rate wasnt optimized and there have been many deficiencies and errors in styles. The heat transfer of the copper material is enhanced in comparison with other material unfortunately thermal resistance is reduced with an increase in pressure drop thus enhancing the heat transfer on the heat exchanger. Helical architecture is often designed with a clear motive of compact size and also address heat transfer co efficient and other ancillary attributes efficiently and effectively. So the better material is suggested for an industrial heat exchanger according to the applications is Copper with the basis of simulation results. The geometry and different dimension parameter of the helical coil show that the proposed study in different material properties and different mass flow rates to heat transfer are maximum in different parameter helical coil heat exchangers. Finally, the heat transfer increase for the copper material compared to another material but with the increase in pressure drop the corresponding thermal resistance decreases which allow the improved heat transfer rate and the rate increases from Aluminum to Bronze to Copper. With the drop in temperature, the thermal resistance is reduced which enhances the heat transfer rate. The simulation results show that the copper has a high heat transfer coefficient than Aluminum and Bronze while operating in identical conditions. Due to the extensive use of helical coils in various applications, knowledge about the flow patterns and heat transfer characteristics are important. Atul Vats | Sunil Kumar Chaturvedi | Abhishek Bhandari "A Review on Study of Heat Transfer Analysis of Helical Coil Heat Exchangers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43650.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/43650/a-review-on-study-of-heat-transfer-analysis-of-helical-coil-heat-exchangers/atul-vats
Experimental Investigation on the Heat Transfer Coefficient of the Thermosyph...IJERA Editor
Two phase closed thermosyphon is a good heat transfer device. A large heat is transferred from evaporator to condenser with relatively a small temperature difference. In the present work, the heat transfer performance of two phase closed thermosyphon is analyzed experimentally with different cross section shape for the thermosyphon tube. A copper thermosyphon has been constructed with three different cross section shape (circular, square and rectangular) having the same hydraulic diameter and length. Methanol is used as the working fluid. The temperature distribution across the thermosyphon outer surface was measured and recorded using thermocouples. The results showed that the heat transfer coefficient increases with the increase of input power, thermal resistance is indirectly proportional to the input power. The maximum heat transfer coefficient (1815 W/m2C) for square cross section at the input power (500 W).
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Mixed Convection of Variable Properties Al2O3-EG-Water Nanofluid in a Two-Dim...A Behzadmehr
In this paper, mixed convection of Al2O3-EG-Water nanofluid in a square lid-driven enclosure is investigated numerically. The focus of this study is on the effects of variable thermophysical properties of the nanofluid on the heat transfer characteristics. The top moving and the bottom stationary horizontal walls are insulated, while the vertical walls are kept at different constant temperatures. The study is carried out for Richardson numbers of 0.01–1000, the solid volume fractions of 0–0.05 and the Grashof number of 104. The transport equations are solved numerically with a finite volume approach using the SIMPLER algorithm. The results show that the Nusselt number is mainly affected by the viscosity, density and conductivity variations. For low Richardson numbers, although viscosity increases by increasing the nanoparticles volume fraction, due to high intensity convection of enhanced conductivity nanofluid, the average Nusselt number increases for both constant and variable cases. However, for high Richardson numbers, as the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases heat transfer enhancement occurs for the constant properties cases but deterioration in heat transfer occurs for the variable properties cases. The distinction is due to underestimation of viscosity of the nanofluid by the constant viscosity model in the constant properties cases and states important effects of temperature dependency of thermophysical properties, in particular the viscosity distribution in the domain.
Study on Thermal and Hydrodynamic Indexes of a Nanofluid Flow in a Micro Heat...A Behzadmehr
The paper numerically presents laminar forced convection of a nanofluid flowing in a duct at microscale.
Results were compared with both analytical and experimental data and observed good concordance with
previous studies available in the literature. Influences of Brinkman and Reynolds number on thermal and
hydrodynamic indexes have been investigated. For a given nanofluid, no change in efficiency (heat dissipation
to pumping power) was observed with an increasing in Reynolds number. It was shown that the pressure was
decrease with an increase in Brinkman number. Dependency of Nu increment changes with substrate material.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM CIRCULAR CYL...IAEME Publication
In the present work, the enhancement of natural convection heat transfer utilizing nanofluids as working fluid from horizontal circular cylinder situated in a square enclosure is investigated numerically. The type of the nanofluid is the water-based copper Cu. A model is developed to analyze heat transfer performance of nanofluids inside an enclosure taking into account the solid particle dispersionrs on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The study uses different Raylieh
numbers (104 , 105 , and 106 ), different enclosure width to cylinder diameter ratios W/D (1.667, 2.5 and 5) and volume fraction of nanoparticles between 0 to 0.2. The work included the solution of the governing equations in the vorticity-stream function formulation which were transformed into body fitted coordinate system
Increasing Thermal Conductivity of a Heat Exchanger Using Copper Oxide Nano F...IJERA Editor
A Nano fluid is the evolving concept which is very rarely used in the many core industries. Nano fluids have
found a great application in heat exchangers by increasing the thermal conductivity. We have aimed to
increasing the heat transfer co-efficient by using copper oxide Nano fluid. The Nano particles are formed by
using precipitation method and their fluids are formed by adding surfactants to the base fluid. The comparative
study on the Heat exchanger is made by using the CuO Nano Fluid and Hot water. The analysis and the results
shows that the overall heat transfer rate increases when subjected to Nano Fluids. The ethylene glycol fluid used
along with copper oxide Nano fluid will offer resistance to fouling.
THE EFFECT OF GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS ON HEAT TRANSFER AND HYDRO DYNAMICAL CHA...ijmech
Compact size and high heat transfer coefficient of helical coil heat exchangers causes them to have an
important role in various industrial applications. This paper investigate numerically on the influence of
different parameters such as coil radius, coil pitch and diameter of tube on the hydrodynamic and
heat transfer characteristics of helical double tube heat exchangers using the CFD software which is
based on the principles of heat transfer, fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. The results indicated that
heat transfer augmentation occurs by increasing of the inner Dean Number, inner tube diameter, curvature
ratio and by the reduction of the pitch of heat exchanger coil. By increasing the radius of coils, the
secondary flow effects due to centrifugal forces diminishes and flow of fluid through the coils tends to flow
in a straight path and as a result, the friction coefficient decreases consequently.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM CIRCULAR CYL...IAEME Publication
In the present work, the enhancement of natural convection heat transfer utilizing nano fluids as working fluid from horizontal circular cylinder situated in a square enclosure is investigated numerically. Different types of nano particles were tested. The types of the nano fluids are Cu, Al2O3 and TiO3 with water as base fluid. A model is developed to analyze heat transfer performance of nano fluids inside an enclosure taking into account the solid particle dispersionrs on the flow and heat
transfer characteristics.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Investigation of fracture behavior and mechanical properties of epoxy composi...Barhm Mohamad
Adding of a multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to epoxy resin has shown
promising results in improving fracture toughness in bulk epoxy and carbon fiber-reinforced
epoxy composites (CFRP). using a hand layup proceeding followed by the so called vacuum
bagging process method, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer multi-wall carbon nanotubes
(MWCNTs) was added to an epoxy resin with a weight percentage mixing of 1% wt., 1.25% wt.,
and 1.5 % wt. MWCNTs. Furthermore, the specimen underwent analysis via Fourier-Transform
Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, the composites were
subjected to a microscopic examination using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). FTIR and
XRD verified the folding and unfolding of the polymer, in addition, the mechanical properties
including tensile strength, bending stress, and impact behavior were investigated as well as the
hardness test. The obtained results showed a significant improvement of about (40 %) in tensile
strength, (53 %) in bending stress at 1 % wt. MWCNTs, and (70 %) percentage increment in the
strength of Impact at 1.25 % wt. MWCNTs. And the gained hardness was about 40.5 HV which
were compared with a reference substance named Carbon Fiber (CF) without any addition of nano
materials. Carbon nanotubes have demonstrated their potential to enhance the mechanical
properties of fiber-reinforced polymers, so this investigative study employs comprehensive
characterization techniques, and demonstrates significant improvements in mechanical properties
for the modified polymeric composite materials supported with nano materials.
Characterization of a flat plate solar water heating system using different n...Barhm Mohamad
Flat-plate solar collectors (FPSCs) are the most effective and environmentally friendly heating systems available. They are frequently used to convert solar radiation into usable heat for a variety of thermal applications. Because of their superior thermo-physical features, the use of Nano-fluids in FPSCs is a useful technique to improve FPSC performance. Nano-fluids are advanced colloidal suspensions containing Nano-sized particles that have been researched over the last two decades and identified a fluid composed of strong nanoparticles with a diameter of smaller than (100 nm). These micro-particles aid in improving the thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer of liquids when mixed with the base fluid. The current study provides an in-depth review of the scientific advances in the field of Nano-fluids on flat-plate solar collectors. Previous research on the usage of Nano-fluids in FPSCs shows that Nano-fluids can be used successfully to improve the efficiency of flat-plate collectors. Though several Nano-fluids have been reviewed as solar collector operatin fluids. Nano-fluids have greater pressure drops than liquids, and their pressure drops andhence pumping power rise as the volume flow rate increases. Additionally, the article discusses the concept of Nano-fluids, the different forms of nanoparticles, the methods for preparing Nano-fluids, and their thermos-physical properties. The article concludes with a few observations and suggestions on the usage of Nano-fluids in flat-plate solar collectors. This article summarizes the numerous research studies conducted in this region, which may prove useful for future experimental studies.
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Mixed Convection of Variable Properties Al2O3-EG-Water Nanofluid in a Two-Dim...A Behzadmehr
In this paper, mixed convection of Al2O3-EG-Water nanofluid in a square lid-driven enclosure is investigated numerically. The focus of this study is on the effects of variable thermophysical properties of the nanofluid on the heat transfer characteristics. The top moving and the bottom stationary horizontal walls are insulated, while the vertical walls are kept at different constant temperatures. The study is carried out for Richardson numbers of 0.01–1000, the solid volume fractions of 0–0.05 and the Grashof number of 104. The transport equations are solved numerically with a finite volume approach using the SIMPLER algorithm. The results show that the Nusselt number is mainly affected by the viscosity, density and conductivity variations. For low Richardson numbers, although viscosity increases by increasing the nanoparticles volume fraction, due to high intensity convection of enhanced conductivity nanofluid, the average Nusselt number increases for both constant and variable cases. However, for high Richardson numbers, as the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases heat transfer enhancement occurs for the constant properties cases but deterioration in heat transfer occurs for the variable properties cases. The distinction is due to underestimation of viscosity of the nanofluid by the constant viscosity model in the constant properties cases and states important effects of temperature dependency of thermophysical properties, in particular the viscosity distribution in the domain.
Study on Thermal and Hydrodynamic Indexes of a Nanofluid Flow in a Micro Heat...A Behzadmehr
The paper numerically presents laminar forced convection of a nanofluid flowing in a duct at microscale.
Results were compared with both analytical and experimental data and observed good concordance with
previous studies available in the literature. Influences of Brinkman and Reynolds number on thermal and
hydrodynamic indexes have been investigated. For a given nanofluid, no change in efficiency (heat dissipation
to pumping power) was observed with an increasing in Reynolds number. It was shown that the pressure was
decrease with an increase in Brinkman number. Dependency of Nu increment changes with substrate material.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM CIRCULAR CYL...IAEME Publication
In the present work, the enhancement of natural convection heat transfer utilizing nanofluids as working fluid from horizontal circular cylinder situated in a square enclosure is investigated numerically. The type of the nanofluid is the water-based copper Cu. A model is developed to analyze heat transfer performance of nanofluids inside an enclosure taking into account the solid particle dispersionrs on the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The study uses different Raylieh
numbers (104 , 105 , and 106 ), different enclosure width to cylinder diameter ratios W/D (1.667, 2.5 and 5) and volume fraction of nanoparticles between 0 to 0.2. The work included the solution of the governing equations in the vorticity-stream function formulation which were transformed into body fitted coordinate system
Increasing Thermal Conductivity of a Heat Exchanger Using Copper Oxide Nano F...IJERA Editor
A Nano fluid is the evolving concept which is very rarely used in the many core industries. Nano fluids have
found a great application in heat exchangers by increasing the thermal conductivity. We have aimed to
increasing the heat transfer co-efficient by using copper oxide Nano fluid. The Nano particles are formed by
using precipitation method and their fluids are formed by adding surfactants to the base fluid. The comparative
study on the Heat exchanger is made by using the CuO Nano Fluid and Hot water. The analysis and the results
shows that the overall heat transfer rate increases when subjected to Nano Fluids. The ethylene glycol fluid used
along with copper oxide Nano fluid will offer resistance to fouling.
THE EFFECT OF GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS ON HEAT TRANSFER AND HYDRO DYNAMICAL CHA...ijmech
Compact size and high heat transfer coefficient of helical coil heat exchangers causes them to have an
important role in various industrial applications. This paper investigate numerically on the influence of
different parameters such as coil radius, coil pitch and diameter of tube on the hydrodynamic and
heat transfer characteristics of helical double tube heat exchangers using the CFD software which is
based on the principles of heat transfer, fluid mechanics and thermodynamics. The results indicated that
heat transfer augmentation occurs by increasing of the inner Dean Number, inner tube diameter, curvature
ratio and by the reduction of the pitch of heat exchanger coil. By increasing the radius of coils, the
secondary flow effects due to centrifugal forces diminishes and flow of fluid through the coils tends to flow
in a straight path and as a result, the friction coefficient decreases consequently.
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER FROM CIRCULAR CYL...IAEME Publication
In the present work, the enhancement of natural convection heat transfer utilizing nano fluids as working fluid from horizontal circular cylinder situated in a square enclosure is investigated numerically. Different types of nano particles were tested. The types of the nano fluids are Cu, Al2O3 and TiO3 with water as base fluid. A model is developed to analyze heat transfer performance of nano fluids inside an enclosure taking into account the solid particle dispersionrs on the flow and heat
transfer characteristics.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Investigation of fracture behavior and mechanical properties of epoxy composi...Barhm Mohamad
Adding of a multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to epoxy resin has shown
promising results in improving fracture toughness in bulk epoxy and carbon fiber-reinforced
epoxy composites (CFRP). using a hand layup proceeding followed by the so called vacuum
bagging process method, carbon fiber-reinforced polymer multi-wall carbon nanotubes
(MWCNTs) was added to an epoxy resin with a weight percentage mixing of 1% wt., 1.25% wt.,
and 1.5 % wt. MWCNTs. Furthermore, the specimen underwent analysis via Fourier-Transform
Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, the composites were
subjected to a microscopic examination using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). FTIR and
XRD verified the folding and unfolding of the polymer, in addition, the mechanical properties
including tensile strength, bending stress, and impact behavior were investigated as well as the
hardness test. The obtained results showed a significant improvement of about (40 %) in tensile
strength, (53 %) in bending stress at 1 % wt. MWCNTs, and (70 %) percentage increment in the
strength of Impact at 1.25 % wt. MWCNTs. And the gained hardness was about 40.5 HV which
were compared with a reference substance named Carbon Fiber (CF) without any addition of nano
materials. Carbon nanotubes have demonstrated their potential to enhance the mechanical
properties of fiber-reinforced polymers, so this investigative study employs comprehensive
characterization techniques, and demonstrates significant improvements in mechanical properties
for the modified polymeric composite materials supported with nano materials.
Characterization of a flat plate solar water heating system using different n...Barhm Mohamad
Flat-plate solar collectors (FPSCs) are the most effective and environmentally friendly heating systems available. They are frequently used to convert solar radiation into usable heat for a variety of thermal applications. Because of their superior thermo-physical features, the use of Nano-fluids in FPSCs is a useful technique to improve FPSC performance. Nano-fluids are advanced colloidal suspensions containing Nano-sized particles that have been researched over the last two decades and identified a fluid composed of strong nanoparticles with a diameter of smaller than (100 nm). These micro-particles aid in improving the thermal conductivity and convective heat transfer of liquids when mixed with the base fluid. The current study provides an in-depth review of the scientific advances in the field of Nano-fluids on flat-plate solar collectors. Previous research on the usage of Nano-fluids in FPSCs shows that Nano-fluids can be used successfully to improve the efficiency of flat-plate collectors. Though several Nano-fluids have been reviewed as solar collector operatin fluids. Nano-fluids have greater pressure drops than liquids, and their pressure drops andhence pumping power rise as the volume flow rate increases. Additionally, the article discusses the concept of Nano-fluids, the different forms of nanoparticles, the methods for preparing Nano-fluids, and their thermos-physical properties. The article concludes with a few observations and suggestions on the usage of Nano-fluids in flat-plate solar collectors. This article summarizes the numerous research studies conducted in this region, which may prove useful for future experimental studies.
A review of aerodynamic analysis of commercial automotive-materials and methodsBarhm Mohamad
This paper explores the role of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling technique in the aerodynamic design and propulsion system of the formula 1 car. It provides a study of Reynolds number influences on the state of the boundary layer, unstable and steady flow, time-dependent wake structure, interacting shear layer and separate flows through literature review. As pointed out in is paper, the aerodynamics analysis is conducted to decrease the drag force. Using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, the analysis was carried out. The major objective of this review article will be to increase the car stability and reduce drag. The efficiency of the track would also increase the air resistance of the vehicle. The ideas of dimensional analysis and uniformity of flows are used to demonstrate that commercial ground cars' aerodynamics are only dependent on the transitional and trans-critical flow regimes.
Book of Abstracts from 9th International Scientific Conference on Advances in...Barhm Mohamad
The 9th International Scientific Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ISCAME, November 9-10, 2023, Debrecen, Hungary) was organized by the Department of Mechanical Engineering (Faculty of Engineering, University of Debrecen) and the Working Commission of Mechanical Engineering (Specialized Committee in Engineering, Regional Committee in Debrecen, Hungarian Academy of Sciences). The main goal of ISCAME is to yearly bring together engineers, scientists, researchers, practitioners from academia and industry to present their original works and share experiences regarding all aspects of mechanical engineering sciences.
A REVIEW OF AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL AUTOMOTIVE-MATERIALS AND METHODS Barhm Mohamad
This paper explores the role of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling technique in the aerodynamic design and propulsion system of the formula 1 car. It provides a study of Reynolds number influences on the state of the boundary layer, unstable and steady flow, time-dependent wake structure, interacting shear layer and separate flows through literature review. As pointed out in is paper, the aerodynamics analysis is conducted to decrease the drag force. Using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools, the analysis was carried out. The major objective of this review article will be to increase the car stability and reduce drag. The efficiency of the track would also increase the air resistance of the vehicle. The ideas of dimensional analysis and uniformity of flows are used to demonstrate that commercial ground cars' aerodynamics are only dependent on the transitional and trans-critical flow regimes.
An Experimental Artificial Neural Network Model: Investigating and Predicting...Barhm Mohamad
The present study establishes a new estimation model using an artificial neural network (ANN) to predict the mechanical properties of the AISI 1035 alloy. The experiments were designed based on the L16 orthogonal array of the Taguchi method. A proposed numerical model for predicting the correlation of mechanical properties was supplemented with experimental data. The quenching process was conducted using a cooling medium called “nanofluids”. Nanoparticles were dissolved in a liquid phase at various concentrations (0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 % vf) to prepare the nanofluids. Experimental investigations were done to assess the impact of temperature, base fluid, volume fraction, and soaking time on the mechanical properties. The outcomes showed that all conditions led to a noticeable improvement in the alloy's hardness which reached 100%, the grain size was refined about 80%, and unwanted residual stresses were removed from 50 to 150 MPa. Adding 5% of CuO nanoparticles to oil led to the best grain size refinement, while adding 2.5% of Al2O3 nanoparticles to engine oil resulted in the greatest compressive residual stress. The experimental variables were used as the input data for the established numerical ANN model, and the mechanical properties were the output. Upwards of 99% of the training network's correlations seemed to be positive. The estimated result, nevertheless, matched the experimental dataset exactly. Thus, the ANN model is an effective tool for reflecting the effects of quenching conditions on the mechanical properties of AISI 1035.
Experimental study of nano-composite materials on vibration responsesBarhm Mohamad
This paper present of experimental and numerical study of nano Al2O3 cantilever beam for forced vibration, addressing an unexplored area in the existing literature. The proposed nano composite cantilever beam is modeled with hole and crack. The study is based on history loading calculation and composite morphology a global parameter, the transverse crack in nano composite cantilever beam was studied and analyzed experimentally using a four-channel dynamic signal acquisition (NI 9234) module for making high-accuracy measurements and its ideal for vibration applications. The relationship between the dispersion and interaction of the alumina nanoparticles within the cantilever beam and morphology of the solid, hole and crack composite has been identified. Furthermore, the influence of particles Al2O3 at different concentrations (0%, 1%, 3% and 4%) have been studied respectively. Supporting results proved that the crack and hole depth increases with increases of history loading. Nanoparticles dispersed within the specimen can increase energy dissipation during vibration, leading to improved damping characteristics. For future work, it is recommended to utilize statistical frequency domain input, such as Power Spectral Density (PSD), for assessing the structural response instead of employing time history loading.
Entropy generation and heat transfer rate for MHD forced convection of nanoli...Barhm Mohamad
In this paper, magnetohydrodynamic laminar forced convection of nanoliquid in a rectangular channel with an extended surface, top moving wall and three cylindrical blocks is numerically studied. The Lattice Boltzmann method is used for the resolution of the governing equations. Validity of the numerical home elaborated FORTRAN code was made and good agreement was found with published results. It is interspersed in this work by the effects of the following parameters: Reynolds number (50≤Re≤200), Hartmann number (0≤Ha≤50), nanoparticles volume fraction (0≤φ≤4%) and Eckert number (0.25≤Ec≤1). The numerical solution shows that the local and average Nusselt numbers ameliorate when the value of Reynolds number, Eckert number, and the nanoparticles volume fraction are enhanced. But decreases when the Hartmann number is increased. The impacts of viscous dissipation on heat transfer rate and entropy generation are more noticeable in the presence of a magnetic field. The addition of 4% of nanoparticles enhances the local Nusselt number by about 7%.
ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DATE SEED POWDER-BASED COMPOSIT...Barhm Mohamad
Composites with fiber reinforcement are often a popular lightweight option. Due to their unique qualities, fiber-reinforced composites are the best alternative to traditional materials. Mechanical parameters of a carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin (CFRE) composite reinforced with date seed granulated powder (DSGP) were examined at the room temperature. The mechanical qualities included tensile, flexural, and impact strength. Enhanced mechanical properties were noticed compared to carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composite produced using the hand lay-up method and vacuum bag. The DSGP-reinforced CFRE with weight ratios of 0%, 15%, 25%, and 35% were considered. The test results revealed the maximum values of breaking force, maximum bending force, energy absorption capacity, and hardness number for 15%, 35%, 25%, 25% Wt DSGP samples. The results show that the optimal composition for carbon fiber reinforced epoxy with date seed granules is in the range from 15% to 25% wt. GDS. This study reveals that carbon fiber-date seed-reinforced composites are excellent substitutes for carbon fiber composites since they offer better mechanical properties at a lower cost.
Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of flat plate solar collector using T...Barhm Mohamad
Solar energy's efficiency and environmental benefits attract academics. In Kirkuk, Iraq, the thermal efficiency, exergy, and entropy of solar collectors were calculated. The experiment involved two glass-topped collectors, fluid transfer tubes, and aluminum heat-absorbing plates. Glass wool insulation minimized heat loss. A 0.5% TiO2/Water nanofluid was created using a mechanical and ultrasonic stirrer. Results showed that solar radiation increased thermal efficiency until midday, reaching 48.48% for water and 51.23% for the nanofluid. With increasing mass flow rates from 0.0045 kg/s to 0.02 kg/s, thermal efficiency improved from 16.26% to 47.37% for water and from 20.65% to 48.76% for the nanofluid. Filtered water provided 380W and 395W of energy in March and April, while the nanofluid increased it to 395W and 415W during these months. Mass flow generated energy, and the Reynolds number raised entropy. The noon exergy efficiency for nanofluids was 50-55%, compared to 30% for water. At noon, the broken exergy measured 877.53 Watts for the nanofluid and 880.12 Watts for water. In Kirkuk, Iraq, the 0.5% TiO2/Water nanofluid outperformed water in solar collectors.
MODELLING AND TESTING OF ADVANCED INTAKE AND EXHAUST SYSTEM COMPONENTS FOR RA...Barhm Mohamad
In this research, it hasibeen shownithat the gas flow iniintake system effects on the FS
engineiperformance and acousticibehaviour. The proposedicalculationimethodsiare tested
numericallyiand byimeasurements. The team fromiUniversity of Miskolc improvedithe
car’s air intakeisystem usingi1D-AVL Boostiwithinithe parametric Fireisoftware
Workbenchienvironment. FS regulationsilimit the minimumidiameter of the restrictor to
20 mm, whichiregulatesithe maximumiintake mass flowirate. The plenum, downstreamiof
theirestrictor, directly influencesithe amount of freshiair reaching theicylinders. A plenum
that isitooilargeicausesithe motorito reactitoo slowlyito the acceleratoriand, in combination
withishortisuctionipipes, triggersithe engine to developisufficientitorqueionly atihigh
rotationispeeds. A too small plenumibehaves oppositely. Usingithe equationifor the intake
runnerilength, the lengthiof the idealirunner was determinedito be approximatelyi 250 mm
andiwith aidiameteriof 32 mm. Hence,idesign II of FormulaiStudent Racingi is aibetteri
choice.
Several calculation techniques were done to calculate transmission loss in different cases
for the muffler, white planewaveipropagationiwas applied from generator using two-load
method for transmission loss result validation of muffler. Theseican beiconsideredias an
accurateicheckiof theianalysisicarried out in thisiwork. It is worthipointingioutithatithis
workimayialso serve as aibenchmarkisolutioniforiapproximateiand numericalitechniques
used foridealing withihybrid muffleriproblems.
REMAPPING AND SIMULATION OF EFI SYSTEM FOR SI ENGINE USING PIGGYBACK ECUBarhm Mohamad
Electronic fuel injection (EFI) is a complex system comprising many parts, both mechanical and electronic, controlling an internal combustion engine. It carries out many different tasks. In motorsport, the most important thing to achieve is power optimisation. High power and engine responsiveness are often desired to gain a competitive edge. Usually, motorsport enthusiast will upgrade their stock vehicle with aftermarket components, such as higher rating turbo, longer duration camshafts, and exhaust system. These are difficult to carry out, time-consuming, and expensive tasks compared to the ECU calibration method. In Vietnam, most customers who want to change their vehicle's performance choose the Remap method on Factory ECU. By using the vehicle performance regulation method with a piggyback ECU, it is easier for the user to adjust the power than by the popular Remap method, the advantages being, for example, low cost and easy installation. Currently, there are very few documents describing and evaluating the effectiveness of a piggyback ECU installed in a vehicle. So, in this paper, an experimental reconstruction of an electronic fuel injection system with a piggyback ECU was performed, then the control algorithms of the electronic fuel injection system were simulated in LabVIEW, and the results were compared with the experiment, based on the simulation model of the control algorithm of the EFI system with many modes with different engine loads and speeds. The simulation results are used to evaluate the algorithm for the piggyback ECU.
In many cases, the drying of mater
ials is the fina l operation i n manufac turing process
carried out immediately prior to pack ag ing and dispatch . Drying refer s to final
removal o f water, and the operation follow s e vapo ration , filtration or crystallization .
Gas absorption in packed tower with Raschig rings packingsBarhm Mohamad
Gas absorption is mass transfer operation where one or more species is removed from
a gaseous stream by dissoluti on in a l iquid. Packed tower with Raschig Rings
packings is used in the experiment The component that is extracted from the gaseous
stream is known as solute and the component that extracting the solute is known as
solvent. Packed column is one of the com m only use d gas absorption equipment.
Packed column can be operated in co current as well as counter currently.
Counter current flow is preferable since the contact time between the liquid and gas is
greater. This equipment usually consists of a cylindrical column c ontaining a gas inlet
and distributing space at the bottom, a liquid inlet and a packing or filing in the tower.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdf
Evaluation of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Performance by Using ZnO/Water Nanofluids
1. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)
Received 2023-01-07.
*Corresponding author. Barhm Mohamad ,Ph.D, Lecturer, E-mail:pywand@gmail.com
Citation: Hussein Hayder Mohammed Ali, Adnan M Hussein, Kadum Mohammed Hussain Allami, et al. Evaluation
of shell and tube heat exchanger performance by using ZnO/water nanofluids. Journal of Harbin Institute of
Technology(New Series). DOI:10.11916/j.issn.1005-9113.2023001
Evaluation of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Performance by Using
ZnO/Water Nanofluids
Hussein Hayder Mohammed Ali1
, Adnan M Hussein1
, Kadum Mohammed Hussain Allami2
, Barhm
Mohamad3*
(1.Technical Engineering College/ Kirkuk, Northern Technical University, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq;
2. Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk 36001, Iraq;
3.Department of Petroleum Technology, Koya Technical Institute, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil
44001, Iraq)
Abstract: To examine and investigate the impact of nanofluid on heat exchanger performance,
including the total heat transfer, the effect of friction factor, the average Nusselt number, and the
thermal efficiency, the output heat transfers of a shell and tube heat exchanger using ZnO nanoparticles
suspended in water has been conducted numerically. The governing equations were solved using finite
volume techniques and CFD simulations with ANSYS/FLUENT Solver 2021. The nanoparticles
volume fractions adopted are 0.2% and 0.35% that used in numerical computations under 200 to 1400
Reynolds numbers range. The increasing of temperature is approximately 13% from the bottom to the
top of heat exchanger, while the maximum enhancement of Nusselt number is about 10%, 19% for
volume fractions 0.2% and 0.35% respectively. The elevated values of the friction factor at the
volumetric ratios of 0.2% and 0.35% are 0.25% and 0.47% respectively. The findings demonstrate that
the performance efficiency of shell and tube heat exchanger is enhanced due to the increase in Nusselt
number.
Keywords: CFD; Reynold number; thermal efficiency; Nusselt number; nanofluid; heat exchanger
CLC number:TK11 Document code: A
0 Introduction
Researchers have been concentrating on
the use of nanofluids to improve convective
heat transfer performance recently. Heat
exchangers are used to transmit heat while
preventing the mixing of fluids with different
surface temperatures [1-2]
. Heat exchangers (heat
pipes, shell tubes, dual pipes, etc.) and
vehicular ventilation systems are two examples
of the many applications for thermofluidic
systems (radiator in a vehicle).
2. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)
Large volumes of heat can be transferred
efficiently, affordably, and effectively with
shell and tube heat exchangers. Shell and tube
heat exchangers exist in several sizes and
designs, and they can accept a wide range of
flow rates while minimizing pressure loss, as
opposed to other types of exchangers like flat
plate and pressured heat exchangers. Metallic
and non-metallic particles that disperse in a
liquid, such as glycerol, ethylene glycol, water,
or oil, and have a diameter of 1 to 100
nanometers are defined nanofluids [3-5]
. The
characteristics of nanocomposites have been
studied by several authors in recent years, and it
is believed that the next generation of heat
transfer technology will be the best because of
these studies.
The features of nanocomposites have
been studied by several authors in recent years,
and it is believed that the next generation of
heat transfer technology will be the best
because of its higher thermal efficiency than
traditional heat transfer fluids [6-9]
. One of the
factors contributing to the widespread use of
nanoscale materials is that they have different
thermophysical and mechanical properties from
basic materials [10-12]
.
Numerous numerical studies have been
conducted on improving the performance of the
shell-and-tube heat exchanger by using
nanofluids. One of these studies was done by
the researcher Hussein et al. [13]
conducted a
numerical study using the simulation program
to improve the heat transfer in the shell and
tube exchanger by using Al2O3/water
nanofluids as a cooling medium instead of
distilled water and by volume ratios (0.3%,
0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 2%). Where this research
study was conducted to study the effect of
Pecklet number and the type of particles and
volumetric ratios on heat transfer. The results
showed that adding nanoparticles to distilled
water leads to an improvement in heat transfer
properties. The results also showed that the
Nusselt number increases as the nanoparticles
concentration and Peclet number increase. The
results also showed that the pressure drop
increases more than when using distilled water.
Saberi et al. [14]
used single-phase and batter
models to compare the effects of three
nanofluids exposed to forced thermal transfer in
a horizontal tube under constant wall
temperature circumstances. According to the
findings, the two-stage mixture model matched
better, and as particle concentration rises, so
does the heat transmission coefficient, and heat
transmission is increased by increasing the
Peclets number.
Kalteh et al. [15]
performed a
computational study of forced convection to
transfer heat of copper-aqueous nanofluid
inside a thermally heated nanotube under a
laminar flow condition. By using a bimodal
Eulerian fluid, the heat transmission property of
the nanofluid was simulated. According to the
results, as the Reynolds number and particle
3. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)
concentration increase, the heat transfer
efficiency increases. Heat transmission on the
other hand upsurges as the diameter of the
nanoparticle's reduction and the decrease in
pressure of nanofluids was also marginally
greater than that of basic liquids. Banka et al.
[16]
conducted a theoretical study on the laminar
flow system, through the thermal transfer of
nanofluid flow via a straight round when the
boundary conditions are constant of the heat
flow. The findings showed that the
concentration of nanoparticles and Brownian
motion are significant sources for improving
heat transmission performance, while the
diameter of the nanoparticles has an adverse
effect on the thermal transfer efficiency.
Raja et al. [17]
studied thermal analysis in
a shell and tube heat exchanger by using
Titanium Carbide, Titanium Nitride, and Zink-
Oxide Nanofluids. When compared to other
fluids in CFD simulation, Titanium Nitride
nanofluids with copper tubes produce a greater
heat flux. Experimental approaches were used
to analyze the convective transport coefficient
for nanoparticles of aluminum oxide and
transformer oil flowing through a dual pipe heat
exchanger in a laminar flow state (Chun et al.
[18]
). The results revealed that as the
concentration of nanofluid upsurges, the
convection coefficient upsurges. Furthermore,
Nanoparticle surface properties, particle
loading, and particle shape all play a role in
improving nanofluid heat transport properties.
Esfahani [19]
investigated the impact of various
factors on the thermal efficiency of grapheme
oxide nanofluids in a shell and tube heat
exchanger using exergy analysis. The findings
revealed that graphene oxide nanofluids
improve heat transmission in both laminar and
turbulent flow regimes. Akhtari et al. [20]
investigated the heat transfer properties of
Al2O3/water nanofluids in a shell and tube, as
well as in a twin pipe heat exchanger by using
experimental and CFD analysis. At a volume
concentration of 0.5 %, they discovered a
substantial increase in heat transfer coefficient
of up to 23.9%.
Sajjad et al. [21]
conducted numerical
calculations using Al2O3/water nanofluids to
optimize the heat exchange of the shell and tube
heat exchanger at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% as volume
ratios. The results showed that there is a good
agreement between the numerical data for water
and the results obtained from the Gnielinski
correlation with a maximum deviation of about
3%. The calculation also showed that at iRe =
7500 and 4% concentration, there was an
increase in Nusselt number and convective heat
transfer coefficient by 9.5% and 13.5%,
respectively.
Previous works treated the improvement
of performance of the shell-and-tube heat
exchanger by using various nanofluids, but
little has been done by researchers in the field
of using nanofluids in improving the heat
transfer properties. In this research work, the
4. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)
effectiveness of this material and how to
improve the performance of the shell and tube
heat exchanger will be demonstrated. In the
present work, consideration was given to the
effect of nanofluids on the rate of heat transfer,
the coefficient of friction and the Nusselt
number in the condition of laminar flow, the
Reynolds number and nanoparticle
concentration ranged from 200 - 1400, 0.2%
and 0.35%, respectively. Constant entry
temperature, entry velocity, and exit pressure
are part of the simulation's boundary
conditions. For the heat exchanger applications
in this analysis, potential convection stimulated
heat transfer while increasing the thermal
properties and thermal energy efficiency of the
nanofluid.
1 Nanofluid's Physical Properties
Physical properties of distilled water and
ZnO nanofluid (viscosity (𝜇𝑛𝑓), density (ρnf),
thermal conductivity (knf), specific heat (Cpnf))
are shown in Table 1. To extract the theoretical
values for the properties of the nanofluids, the
forms below are used [22]
.
𝜇!" = 𝜇#"(1 + 2.5∅) (1)
𝜌!" = (1 − ∅)𝜌" + ∅𝜌$ (2)
𝑘!" =
%!&'%"&'(%!)%"*∅
%!&'%")(%!)%"*∅
𝑘, (3)
𝐶-#$
=
(/)∅)(12!*
$
&∅(12!*
!
(/)∅)1$&∅×1!
(4)
where kp and kw are the thermal conductivity of
solid and water respectively; 𝜌 is the density;
Cp ,the specific heat capacity; ρf , the density of
the base fluid; ρp , the nanomaterial density.
Based on the density of the base fluid (ρf)
and nanomaterial density (ρp) at 293.15 K, Eq.
(5) was used to calculate the concentration, ,
of the nanofluid [23]
.
(5)
where mp is the mass of solid nanoparticles; mf
is the mass of base fluid.
In this study, ZnO nanoparticles of (20-
30) nm are used and mixed at a concentration of
(0.2%, 0.35%) with pure water as a basic liquid.
Table 1 demonstrates the characteristics of pure
water and nanoparticles.
Table 1 Characteristics of water and nanomaterial at temperature of 293.15 K
Medium Viscosity (Pa‧s)i Thermal conductivity (W/m‧k)i Density (kg/m3
)i T (K)
Water 0.001 0.6 998.2 293.15
ZnO [20]
- 24 1125 293.15
1.1 CFD Analysis
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a
technique for predicting fluid movement, heat
and mass transfer, chemical reactions, and a
variety of other engineering problems involving
fluid flow. The specific problem is expressed in
the form of a mathematical model that controls
the physical equation. This is accomplished
f
( )
p
p f
100
æ ö
ç ÷
= ´
ç ÷
+
è ø
f
m
m m
5. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)
using numerical techniques. In this paper, we
seek to optimize the heat exchanger of shell and
tube performance by reaching the optimum
design by means of computer modeling [24]
.
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
technique, which contains different numerical
methods and several computer algorithms, has
been used to solve and analyze problems that
concern fluid flow.
This technique allows the researcher to
know the enthalpy distribution, the entropy
distribution, kinetic energy, turbulence
intensity, density, and other parameters, but in
our study, we will be satisfied with the
distribution of pressure, temperature, and
velocity. The calculations required to simulate
fluid-flow with surfaces defined by boundary
conditions, and the initial conditions were done
by ANSYS/FLUENT 2020R1 Solver. The
Navier-Stokes equations form the primary basis
for solving fluid dynamics problems. The
Continuity equation, Energy equation and the
Navier-Stokes equation govern the fluid flow
within the exchanger [25]
.
1.2 Numerical Procedure
The numerical procedures of the program
are divided into four main parts, namely: First,
drawing the geometric shape of the laboratory
space that is shown in Fig. 1 with real
dimensions and determining the direction of
flow. Secondly, the distribution of the network
of points on all parts of the space is decreed, as
the optimal distribution of points must be
chosen, and at this stage, the optimal network is
tested (Grid Independent Test). Third,
controlling and choosing the governing
equations, as the program contains equations
covering most types of heat transfer and flow,
determining the type of fluid used and the
mineral, establishing the studied space's
boundary conditions (wall, velocity inlet, axis,
pressure outlet) and choosing the solution
method. Fourth, the final step is to check the
results of this solution, with the experimental
data or the correlation equations.
The results should be close to the
theoretical or experimental values. The grid
independence test of the network was
conducted, which increased the size of the
divisions in the arithmetic field, and then
repeated the loop until convergence.
In the simulation of the search model, the
model was divided into seven values
represented by the number of elements
according to the following (2000000, 4000000,
6000000) and dependent on the Reynolds
number with the range between Re = 200 and
Re=650. Fig. 2 shows the grid of the heat
exchanger test bench at the tetrahedral element.
In the test, a maximum Nusselt number of
6000000 has been recorded and the test results
show that all elements are proper for employing
in this study. Last values obtained as shown in
Fig. 3. The dimensions and details of the
physical geometry are summarized in Table 2.
6. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)
(a) Isometric view
(b) Side view
Fig. 1 Heat exchanger geometry
(a) Heat exchanger meshing
(b) Mesh of shell
(c) Mesh of tubes
Fig. 2 Grid of heat exchanger test bench at
tetrahedral element
Fig. 3 Grid independent test
Table 2 Geometric dimensions of the heat
exchanger
Parameters Measurement
Length of shell 980 mm
Length of tube 900 mm
Number of tubes 5
Number of baffles 13
Inlet diameter (inner tube) 8 mm
Outlet diameter (inner tube) 10 mm
Inlet shell diameter 50 mm
Outlet shell diameter 60.5 mm
Picth tube 21 mm
Surface area 0.11
Buffle cut 25 %
1.3 Data Collection
In this work, ZnO nanoparticles are
dispersed in pure water to examine the
efficiency of nanofluids as well as the
coefficient of thermal convection and Nusselt
number. Therefore, the equations below can be
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 200 400 600 800
Nusselt
number
Reynolds number
Mesh=2
000000
7. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)
used in the calculation. The base fluid's and
nanofluid's heat transport rates can be computed
using the formula below:
𝑄 = 𝑚̇ ⋅ 𝐶$Δ𝑇 (6)
where Q is rate of heat transfer, W; m is mass
flowrate, kg/s; T is temperature, K.
The Nusselt number (Nu) equation and
thermal convection coefficient of the base fluid
and nanofluids can be determined using the
expression below:
Nu=hD/k (7)
ℎ =
5
6(7")7,&*
(8)
𝑇" =
7in & Tout
'
(9)
where Nu represents the Nusselt number; h is
convective heat transfer coefficient, W/m2
‧K; D
is diameter, m; k is thermal conductivity,
W/m‧K; A is area of heat transfer, m2
; Tw is
wall temperature, K; Tf is fluid temperature, K;
Tin is inlet temperature, K; Tout is outlet
temperature, K; Tb is the bulk temperature (o
C).
To compute the nanofluids' total heat
transmission coefficient within the tube, the
following formula is used [25]
.
/
8'
=
/
9'
+
:';<
()
('
'%*
+
:'
:)
+
/
9)
(10)
where Ui is represented the inlet velocity; hi and
ho are represented the heat transfer coefficient
at the inner and outer tubes; kw is the thermal
conductivity of water; Di and Do are
represented the inner and outer diameter.
According to the nanofluids and base
fluid used, the percentage of efficiency is
calculated using the following equation for
laminar flow [26]
.
𝜂 = 8
=>#$
=>$
9 / 8
"#$
"$
9
+
,
(11)
where 𝜂 is the effeciency; Nunf and Nuf are the
Nusselt number of nanofluid and basefluid
respectively; fnf and ff are the friction factor of
nanofluid and basefluid respectively.
To calculate the Nusselt number
theoretically using different correlation, we
used the definition of Shah London [27]
, Sieder-
Tate [28]
, and the new correlation developed in
Ref. [29], respectively, and compared with
CFD results:
Nu= 4.364 + 0.0722 8Re?-
Pr
:-
;
9 for
( Re‧Pr‧ 𝐷@/𝐿) < 33.33 (12a)
Nu= 1.953 8Re?-
Pr
:-
;
9
+
,
for (Re‧Pr‧𝐷@/𝐿) >= 33.33 (12b)
𝑁> = 0.4381ReA.CD
PrA.E'
(13)
Nu= 3.66 +
A.ADFGH‧-I
(
.
/&A.AEJGHK7
(
.
L
//, (14)
where Re represents Reynold number; ReDh is
the hydraulic diameter; Pr is Prandtl number;
Dh is Hydraulic diameter, m; L is length, m; P
is density, kg/m3
.
2 Results and Discussion
The heat transfer augmentation, when
using nanofluids, was investigated in a counter
flow of shell and tube heat exchanger using
nanopowder ZnO with a base fluid of deionized
the water with two volume fractions of (0.2%
8. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)
and 0.35%) and four Reynolds numbers of
(200, 600, 1000, 1400). The convergence of
governing equations is conducted to allow
recording all results.
2.1. Validation of Current Data
To validate the results of the current
study, corrected equations from Nusselt number
are used to find out the extent of the matching
between the extracted results and the corrected
equations. The numerical results were
compared with those obtained from the
theoretical equation, Eq. (14). As shown in
Fig.4, it was found that there is a good
agreement between the current study and those
of the theoretical equations used.
Fig. 5 depicts a standard example of
water and nanofluid temperature distribution
with (Re =200) 0.2%, 0.35% vol, respectively.
The temperature distribution through the heat
exchanger is depicted on the color diagram. It
can be seen that the color of the temperature
contour is changing from blue at the bottom to
red at the top. This means the liquid
temperature is increasing from the bottom to the
top of heat exchanger. The increasing of
temperature is approximately 13% due to loss
of large quantities of liquid temperature [26]
.
Fig. 4 Validation with base fluid
(a) Pure water
(b) Nanofluid
Fig. 5 Contours of temperatures distribution
As shown in Fig. 6, it indicates the
velocity flow line along the heat exchanger, and
the velocity is gradually distributed from entry
to and during entry into the pipes.
9. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)
Fig. 6 Streamline of velocity
2.2 Nusselt Number
Fig. 7 shows the variation in Nusselt number
with different Reynolds number for tube side in
the case of counter flow, and with different
volume fractions of nanofluids (ZnO/water),
(0.2%, 0.35%). Based on the results obtained, it
can be noticed that the Nusselt number
increases as the particle concentration and the
Reynolds number increase. The maximum
enhancement of the nanofluids Nusselt number
was determined to be about 10% and 19% at
0.2% and 0.35%, respectively. The reason for
these increases is due to the different thermal
characteristics of the nanofluids from the
distilled water. The findings of this research are
similar in terms of the principle of the increase
in Nusselt number with the researchers of Ref.
[26-30].
Fig. 7 Various Reynolds numbers with
Nusselt number
2.3 Friction Factor
Fig. 8 shows the variation in the friction
factor value with different Reynolds number at
the volume fractions (0.2%, 0.35%) for the
nanofluid. It was observed that the coefficient
of friction decreases with increasing Reynolds
number, while it increases with increasing
concentration of nanoparticles in the base-fluid,
and this is consistent with most researchers.
The decrease in the coefficient of friction was
attributed to the increase in the density and
viscosity of the nanofluid when nanoparticles
were added to the base fluid (pure water). The
increase in the friction coefficient at the
volumetric ratios of 0.2% and 0.35% was
0.25% and 0.47%, respectively. The study’s
friction factor results agreed with those in Refs.
[28-30].
10. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology(New Series)
Fig. 8 Friction factor at different Reynolds
numbers
3 Conclusions
Convective heat transfers and flow
properties through nanofluid in STHE have
been investigated numerically. ZnO
nanoparticles of about 30 nm diameter were
used under conditions of laminar-flow in
counter-flow heat exchanger of shell and tube.
The following conclusions were made based on
the findings.
1) When a nanofluid was used, a higher
Nusselt number and total heat transmission
coefficient were observed, with the
reinforcement of the Reynolds number. It was
also found that at certain Reynolds numbers,
the two factors above increased when using
nanofluid at a higher concentration.
2) Adding ZnO nanoparticles to the base
liquid augmented its thermal conductivity. The
heat transmission can be influenced by friction
between fluid and nanoparticles, Brownian
Nano particulate movement, and decreasing
border layer thickness.
3) As for the coefficient of friction, it was
observed that there was a slight increase when
using the nanofluid.
4) It was noticed through the results that a
high improvement was obtained in the
performance of heat transfer when using the
nanofluid, and the maximum improvement
factor was at a concentration of 0.35%,
reaching approximately 12%.
5) The recommended future work is to use
different nanofluid by changing type,
concentration and diameter.
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