A proposed system for combining pulse oximeter and blood pressure measuring apparatus to a single novel device. System will be using optical method, photoplethysmography (PPG) for taking the measurement, thus foolproof and hazard free method introduced.
Wearable photoplethysmographic SensorsV!vEk@nAnD S
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical technique used to detect blood volume changes in the microvascular tissue bed. PPG sensors use light to detect changes in blood flow by either transmitting light through tissues (transmissive mode) or detecting reflected light (reflective mode). The PPG waveform contains information about heart rate and blood flow. PPG is inexpensive, portable, and can be used to develop wearable sensors. It has advantages for ambulatory monitoring and obtaining clinically relevant parameters from the PPG signal.
Blood flow measurement involves quantifying the factors influencing blood pressure and flow. It aids in diagnosing and managing critically ill patients. There are invasive and non-invasive methods to measure blood flow in single vessels or tissue. Common techniques include electromagnetic flow meters, ultrasonic Doppler and transit-time flow meters, which use principles like electromagnetic induction or ultrasound to determine flow rate. Precise blood flow measurement is important for understanding cardiovascular conditions.
Transducers convert one form of energy into another. There are various types of transducers classified based on the energy conversion process, physical principles, and application. Key factors in choosing a transducer include the quantity to be measured, required accuracy, dynamic characteristics of the process, cost, and other performance characteristics. Common transducers used in medicine include those that utilize variable resistance, capacitance, inductance, piezoelectricity, thermistors, and thermocouples to measure parameters like pressure, temperature, displacement, and flow.
Blood gas analyzers measure pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), and partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in blood. Changes in these values can cause cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular hypotension, and death. The analyzers measure pH using a glass electrode, pCO2 using an electrode with a plastic cover and bicarbonate buffer, and pO2 using a platinum cathode, silver-silver chloride anode, and sodium chloride electrolyte. A complete blood gas analyzer can measure all three values from a single blood sample.
This document discusses electrical safety in medical environments. It outlines several hazards posed by electricity in these settings, including fire, hazardous substances, waste products, sound, electricity, and disasters. It then examines the physiological effects of electric current on the human body, such as stimulation of nerves and muscles, heating of tissues, and electrochemical burns. Threshold currents for perception, involuntary muscle contractions, respiratory paralysis and ventricular fibrillation are provided. The document also discusses electric power distribution, isolation systems, emergency power systems, electric faults in equipment, microshocks, and conductive paths to the heart in clinical devices.
Medical instrumentation- patient monitoring systems Poornima D
Patient monitoring systems continuously measure important physiological parameters of critically ill patients. They display this medical data to care providers to help detect medical issues. A typical patient monitoring system uses sensors to measure values like ECG, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and respiration rate. It then sends this data to a bedside monitor or central monitoring station for clinicians to view. Modern systems use microcomputers and touchscreens instead of traditional devices. They organize data to improve patient care, set alarms, and help ensure patients receive better treatment with fewer medical staff.
This document discusses blood pumps used during heart surgery. It describes the ideal properties of a blood pump, such as being able to pump large volumes of blood at low velocities while having smooth surfaces. It then covers the most common types of blood pumps, including centrifugal and positive displacement pumps. The two most commonly used today are the roller pump and centrifugal pump, with each having advantages and disadvantages. The document also discusses pulsatile versus non-pulsatile blood flow.
Wearable photoplethysmographic SensorsV!vEk@nAnD S
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a non-invasive optical technique used to detect blood volume changes in the microvascular tissue bed. PPG sensors use light to detect changes in blood flow by either transmitting light through tissues (transmissive mode) or detecting reflected light (reflective mode). The PPG waveform contains information about heart rate and blood flow. PPG is inexpensive, portable, and can be used to develop wearable sensors. It has advantages for ambulatory monitoring and obtaining clinically relevant parameters from the PPG signal.
Blood flow measurement involves quantifying the factors influencing blood pressure and flow. It aids in diagnosing and managing critically ill patients. There are invasive and non-invasive methods to measure blood flow in single vessels or tissue. Common techniques include electromagnetic flow meters, ultrasonic Doppler and transit-time flow meters, which use principles like electromagnetic induction or ultrasound to determine flow rate. Precise blood flow measurement is important for understanding cardiovascular conditions.
Transducers convert one form of energy into another. There are various types of transducers classified based on the energy conversion process, physical principles, and application. Key factors in choosing a transducer include the quantity to be measured, required accuracy, dynamic characteristics of the process, cost, and other performance characteristics. Common transducers used in medicine include those that utilize variable resistance, capacitance, inductance, piezoelectricity, thermistors, and thermocouples to measure parameters like pressure, temperature, displacement, and flow.
Blood gas analyzers measure pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), and partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in blood. Changes in these values can cause cardiac arrhythmias, ventricular hypotension, and death. The analyzers measure pH using a glass electrode, pCO2 using an electrode with a plastic cover and bicarbonate buffer, and pO2 using a platinum cathode, silver-silver chloride anode, and sodium chloride electrolyte. A complete blood gas analyzer can measure all three values from a single blood sample.
This document discusses electrical safety in medical environments. It outlines several hazards posed by electricity in these settings, including fire, hazardous substances, waste products, sound, electricity, and disasters. It then examines the physiological effects of electric current on the human body, such as stimulation of nerves and muscles, heating of tissues, and electrochemical burns. Threshold currents for perception, involuntary muscle contractions, respiratory paralysis and ventricular fibrillation are provided. The document also discusses electric power distribution, isolation systems, emergency power systems, electric faults in equipment, microshocks, and conductive paths to the heart in clinical devices.
Medical instrumentation- patient monitoring systems Poornima D
Patient monitoring systems continuously measure important physiological parameters of critically ill patients. They display this medical data to care providers to help detect medical issues. A typical patient monitoring system uses sensors to measure values like ECG, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and respiration rate. It then sends this data to a bedside monitor or central monitoring station for clinicians to view. Modern systems use microcomputers and touchscreens instead of traditional devices. They organize data to improve patient care, set alarms, and help ensure patients receive better treatment with fewer medical staff.
This document discusses blood pumps used during heart surgery. It describes the ideal properties of a blood pump, such as being able to pump large volumes of blood at low velocities while having smooth surfaces. It then covers the most common types of blood pumps, including centrifugal and positive displacement pumps. The two most commonly used today are the roller pump and centrifugal pump, with each having advantages and disadvantages. The document also discusses pulsatile versus non-pulsatile blood flow.
The 10-20 system is an internationally recognized method for standardizing EEG electrode placement on the scalp. It is based on the relationship between electrode positions and the underlying areas of the cerebral cortex. Electrodes are placed at fixed locations based on percentages of the total front-to-back or right-to-left distance of the head. Letters and numbers identify the hemisphere and lobe locations of the electrodes. The system allows for reproducible positioning of scalp electrodes across patients and research studies.
ECG machines -Operation and Maintenanceshashi sinha
ECG (or Electrocardiographs) machines are used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart and display it on a small screen or record it on a piece of paper. The recordings are used to diagnose the condition of the heart muscle and its nerve system.
its about the CT scan and generations in the form of PPT explaining each of first generation , second generation, third generation, fourth generation, fith generation and sith generation
1.Bioelectric signals and their characteristics
2.Structure of heart
3.ECG Lead System Configuration
4.ECG Waveform
5.ECG Recording system – Block diagram
6.Analysis of ECG waveform
Learn from our Slideshare about the differences between ultrasound transducers. We also cover tips on how to treat your probes and how to select the right one.
Infusion Pump - Medical instrumentationgoverdhan765
The document discusses medical infusion pumps, which are devices used to deliver fluids, drugs, or other substances into a patient's body in a controlled manner. It describes different types of infusion pumps, including positive displacement pumps, volumetric pumps, syringe pumps, multichannel pumps, and ambulatory pumps. It provides examples of specific infusion pump models and discusses key features like flow rates, accuracy, and alarm functions. The document also outlines policies for appropriate use of infusion pumps in a healthcare setting and references designs of programmable volumetric infusion pumps.
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT ELECTRODES IN BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION, TYPES OF ELECTRODES, BODY SURFACE ELECTRODES, NEEDLE ELECTRODE, MICRO ELECTRODE, APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRODES
This document discusses different types of transducers. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another. Transducers are then classified based on the type of energy conversion and whether they require an external power source. Examples of common transducers are given, such as resistance temperature detectors, thermistors, LVDTs, and strain gauges. Criteria for selecting transducers as well as their basic construction and applications are outlined. Advantages like low power requirements and ability to remotely monitor signals are contrasted with disadvantages such as cost, measurement accuracy, and vibration.
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into another. Common transducers include thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors that convert temperature into electrical signals. Piezoelectric transducers use crystals to convert mechanical stress into electrical voltages. Pressure transducers specifically measure pressure by converting the amount of pressure on a gas or liquid into an electrical signal. These can generate electricity from the force of vehicles. Temperature transducers measure temperature and convert it into electrical or other forms of energy. Ultrasound transducers send and receive ultrasound waves to measure distances that are difficult to access through conventional means.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive technique that measures the magnetic fields generated by neuronal brain activity. MEG uses very sensitive magnetometers to record these natural magnetic fields produced by the brain's electrical currents. Though brain signals appear irregular, they may be generated by deterministic nonlinear systems. MEG provides both high temporal resolution and excellent spatial resolution of brain function without exposure to radiation or invasive procedures.
Medical thermography uses infrared cameras to detect differences in surface temperature that can help diagnose medical conditions. It is non-invasive and non-contact. The camera detects infrared radiation emitted from the body and creates images showing temperature variations. Areas of higher or lower temperature compared to surrounding tissues may indicate problems like breast cancer, blood vessel diseases, or nerve and muscle issues. Thermography provides visual and digital images for analysis and can scan large areas quickly to help identify potential health problems for further examination.
This document discusses various medical devices and technologies that use sensors. It describes sensors that measure bioelectric signals, technologies like X-rays and ultrasounds, and how computers helped make complex medical sensors feasible. It also discusses different types of biomedical sensors and provides examples like pacemakers, ECGs, and blood glucose meters. Overall, the document outlines the important role sensors play in various medical applications and technologies that have helped improve human health and care.
A medical equipment that provides Cardiopulmonary bypass, (temporary mechanical circulatory support) to the stationary heart and lungs)
Heart and Lungs are made “functionless temporarily” , in order to perform surgeries
CABG
Valve repair
Aneurysm
Septal Defects
Pyrometers are devices that measure the temperature of an object through detecting the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the object without having to contact it. There are two main types of pyrometers: optical pyrometers which work by comparing the brightness of the object to a calibrated light source, and radiation pyrometers which measure the heat radiation directly and convert it to a temperature reading. Pyrometers are useful for measuring very high temperatures and moving objects and are commonly used in industrial applications like furnaces and boilers.
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. The document discusses different types of transducers including active and passive transducers. It describes various transducers such as thermocouples, LVDTs, RVDTs, and capacitive transducers. Capacitive transducers can be used to measure variables like pressure, displacement, force, and liquid level by detecting changes in capacitance. The document provides details on the operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages of these transducers.
This document provides an overview of transducers for biomedical applications. It defines transducers as devices that convert one form of energy into another for measurement purposes. It classifies transducers as active or passive, analog or digital, and primary or secondary. It also discusses various transducer principles including capacitive, inductive, resistive, and piezoelectric. The document then focuses on specific biomedical applications, describing transducers used to measure electrical activity, blood pressure, blood flow, temperature, respiration, and pulse. Common transducer types for these applications include electrodes, strain gauges, inductive sensors, capacitive sensors, thermistors, and fiber optic sensors.
This document discusses patient monitoring systems and biotelemetry. It describes electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure monitoring in hospitals. Intensive care unit (ICU) monitoring instruments that continuously measure vital signs are discussed. Biotelemetry systems that remotely transmit physiological data via radio frequency are then outlined, including the components of transmitters and receivers. Design considerations for biotelemetry systems using amplitude or frequency modulation are presented. Finally, both single-channel and multichannel biotelemetry systems are described.
This is a brief description of how defibrillator work. It is especially talking about AED (automatic external defibrillator). It explains how it works and mechanism behind its easy but effective result.
Types of Transducers
Analog and Digital Transducer
Characteristic of Transducer
Selection factor of Transducer
Measurement of Displacement
LVDT and RVDT
Different types of strain Gauges
Manometers
Pressure Measuring Elements
Hall Effect
Thermocouple
Measurement of blood pressure is one of the oldest physiological measurements. It originates from the heart and depends on three factors: cardiac output, artery diameter, and blood quantity. Normal values are below 120/80 mmHg. Indirect non-invasive methods like auscultation and oscillometry use an occlusive cuff on the brachial artery. Direct invasive methods involve catheter insertion but are needed for continuous accurate readings in dynamic situations. Both methods rely on measuring pressures as a cuff is inflated and deflated over the artery.
This document describes a low-cost portable device called Alchemist PVC that allows doctors to monitor patients' vital body parameters remotely. The device measures blood pressure, ECG, heart rate, temperature, and blood oxygen levels using non-invasive sensors. It uses photoplethysmography and ECG sensors along with signal processing techniques to extract parameters and predict health metrics like blood pressure. The data can be accessed online through a website to enable remote consultations. The goal is to make healthcare more affordable and accessible for rural areas.
IRJET- The Multiphysiological Parameter Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed multiparameter physiological monitoring system that can continuously monitor glucose, carbon dioxide, and hemoglobin levels in a non-invasive manner. The existing patient monitoring systems can measure ECG, heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and temperature but do not continuously monitor these additional important parameters. The proposed system uses near-infrared spectroscopy powered by an Arduino microcontroller to non-invasively estimate glucose, carbon dioxide, and hemoglobin levels. This would provide continuous monitoring of these parameters while improving patient comfort by eliminating invasive monitoring techniques.
The 10-20 system is an internationally recognized method for standardizing EEG electrode placement on the scalp. It is based on the relationship between electrode positions and the underlying areas of the cerebral cortex. Electrodes are placed at fixed locations based on percentages of the total front-to-back or right-to-left distance of the head. Letters and numbers identify the hemisphere and lobe locations of the electrodes. The system allows for reproducible positioning of scalp electrodes across patients and research studies.
ECG machines -Operation and Maintenanceshashi sinha
ECG (or Electrocardiographs) machines are used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart and display it on a small screen or record it on a piece of paper. The recordings are used to diagnose the condition of the heart muscle and its nerve system.
its about the CT scan and generations in the form of PPT explaining each of first generation , second generation, third generation, fourth generation, fith generation and sith generation
1.Bioelectric signals and their characteristics
2.Structure of heart
3.ECG Lead System Configuration
4.ECG Waveform
5.ECG Recording system – Block diagram
6.Analysis of ECG waveform
Learn from our Slideshare about the differences between ultrasound transducers. We also cover tips on how to treat your probes and how to select the right one.
Infusion Pump - Medical instrumentationgoverdhan765
The document discusses medical infusion pumps, which are devices used to deliver fluids, drugs, or other substances into a patient's body in a controlled manner. It describes different types of infusion pumps, including positive displacement pumps, volumetric pumps, syringe pumps, multichannel pumps, and ambulatory pumps. It provides examples of specific infusion pump models and discusses key features like flow rates, accuracy, and alarm functions. The document also outlines policies for appropriate use of infusion pumps in a healthcare setting and references designs of programmable volumetric infusion pumps.
YOU CAN LEARN ABOUT ELECTRODES IN BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION, TYPES OF ELECTRODES, BODY SURFACE ELECTRODES, NEEDLE ELECTRODE, MICRO ELECTRODE, APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRODES
This document discusses different types of transducers. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another. Transducers are then classified based on the type of energy conversion and whether they require an external power source. Examples of common transducers are given, such as resistance temperature detectors, thermistors, LVDTs, and strain gauges. Criteria for selecting transducers as well as their basic construction and applications are outlined. Advantages like low power requirements and ability to remotely monitor signals are contrasted with disadvantages such as cost, measurement accuracy, and vibration.
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into another. Common transducers include thermocouples and resistance temperature detectors that convert temperature into electrical signals. Piezoelectric transducers use crystals to convert mechanical stress into electrical voltages. Pressure transducers specifically measure pressure by converting the amount of pressure on a gas or liquid into an electrical signal. These can generate electricity from the force of vehicles. Temperature transducers measure temperature and convert it into electrical or other forms of energy. Ultrasound transducers send and receive ultrasound waves to measure distances that are difficult to access through conventional means.
Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a non-invasive technique that measures the magnetic fields generated by neuronal brain activity. MEG uses very sensitive magnetometers to record these natural magnetic fields produced by the brain's electrical currents. Though brain signals appear irregular, they may be generated by deterministic nonlinear systems. MEG provides both high temporal resolution and excellent spatial resolution of brain function without exposure to radiation or invasive procedures.
Medical thermography uses infrared cameras to detect differences in surface temperature that can help diagnose medical conditions. It is non-invasive and non-contact. The camera detects infrared radiation emitted from the body and creates images showing temperature variations. Areas of higher or lower temperature compared to surrounding tissues may indicate problems like breast cancer, blood vessel diseases, or nerve and muscle issues. Thermography provides visual and digital images for analysis and can scan large areas quickly to help identify potential health problems for further examination.
This document discusses various medical devices and technologies that use sensors. It describes sensors that measure bioelectric signals, technologies like X-rays and ultrasounds, and how computers helped make complex medical sensors feasible. It also discusses different types of biomedical sensors and provides examples like pacemakers, ECGs, and blood glucose meters. Overall, the document outlines the important role sensors play in various medical applications and technologies that have helped improve human health and care.
A medical equipment that provides Cardiopulmonary bypass, (temporary mechanical circulatory support) to the stationary heart and lungs)
Heart and Lungs are made “functionless temporarily” , in order to perform surgeries
CABG
Valve repair
Aneurysm
Septal Defects
Pyrometers are devices that measure the temperature of an object through detecting the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the object without having to contact it. There are two main types of pyrometers: optical pyrometers which work by comparing the brightness of the object to a calibrated light source, and radiation pyrometers which measure the heat radiation directly and convert it to a temperature reading. Pyrometers are useful for measuring very high temperatures and moving objects and are commonly used in industrial applications like furnaces and boilers.
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. The document discusses different types of transducers including active and passive transducers. It describes various transducers such as thermocouples, LVDTs, RVDTs, and capacitive transducers. Capacitive transducers can be used to measure variables like pressure, displacement, force, and liquid level by detecting changes in capacitance. The document provides details on the operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages of these transducers.
This document provides an overview of transducers for biomedical applications. It defines transducers as devices that convert one form of energy into another for measurement purposes. It classifies transducers as active or passive, analog or digital, and primary or secondary. It also discusses various transducer principles including capacitive, inductive, resistive, and piezoelectric. The document then focuses on specific biomedical applications, describing transducers used to measure electrical activity, blood pressure, blood flow, temperature, respiration, and pulse. Common transducer types for these applications include electrodes, strain gauges, inductive sensors, capacitive sensors, thermistors, and fiber optic sensors.
This document discusses patient monitoring systems and biotelemetry. It describes electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure monitoring in hospitals. Intensive care unit (ICU) monitoring instruments that continuously measure vital signs are discussed. Biotelemetry systems that remotely transmit physiological data via radio frequency are then outlined, including the components of transmitters and receivers. Design considerations for biotelemetry systems using amplitude or frequency modulation are presented. Finally, both single-channel and multichannel biotelemetry systems are described.
This is a brief description of how defibrillator work. It is especially talking about AED (automatic external defibrillator). It explains how it works and mechanism behind its easy but effective result.
Types of Transducers
Analog and Digital Transducer
Characteristic of Transducer
Selection factor of Transducer
Measurement of Displacement
LVDT and RVDT
Different types of strain Gauges
Manometers
Pressure Measuring Elements
Hall Effect
Thermocouple
Measurement of blood pressure is one of the oldest physiological measurements. It originates from the heart and depends on three factors: cardiac output, artery diameter, and blood quantity. Normal values are below 120/80 mmHg. Indirect non-invasive methods like auscultation and oscillometry use an occlusive cuff on the brachial artery. Direct invasive methods involve catheter insertion but are needed for continuous accurate readings in dynamic situations. Both methods rely on measuring pressures as a cuff is inflated and deflated over the artery.
This document describes a low-cost portable device called Alchemist PVC that allows doctors to monitor patients' vital body parameters remotely. The device measures blood pressure, ECG, heart rate, temperature, and blood oxygen levels using non-invasive sensors. It uses photoplethysmography and ECG sensors along with signal processing techniques to extract parameters and predict health metrics like blood pressure. The data can be accessed online through a website to enable remote consultations. The goal is to make healthcare more affordable and accessible for rural areas.
IRJET- The Multiphysiological Parameter Monitoring SystemIRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed multiparameter physiological monitoring system that can continuously monitor glucose, carbon dioxide, and hemoglobin levels in a non-invasive manner. The existing patient monitoring systems can measure ECG, heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and temperature but do not continuously monitor these additional important parameters. The proposed system uses near-infrared spectroscopy powered by an Arduino microcontroller to non-invasively estimate glucose, carbon dioxide, and hemoglobin levels. This would provide continuous monitoring of these parameters while improving patient comfort by eliminating invasive monitoring techniques.
Patient monitoring system to monitor physiological parameters.pptxRevathiJ10
Physiological monitoring systems continuously measure vital signs like ECG, heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and respiration. Parameters are monitored to assess patient condition during surgery or illness. Modern monitors display over 10 parameters on easy-to-use interfaces and can sound alarms for abnormal readings. Key components include ECG electrodes, pressure transducers, and pulse oximetry to measure electrical heart activity, blood pressure, and blood oxygen levels. This provides surgeons and doctors continuous updates on patient status.
This document proposes a policy-based runtime verification framework for hypertension monitoring using electrocardiogram (ECG) sensing. Key aspects include:
1) A decision tree model is implemented using timed ECG features to extract patterns/policies related to hypertension.
2) The extracted ECG policies are formally specified as timed automata to synthesize a runtime verification monitor.
3) The monitor continuously verifies the ECG policies and provides a verdict on whether hypertension is present or not based on ECG events.
The framework aims to provide explainable, non-invasive hypertension monitoring using a formal methods-based approach.
This document summarizes a project report on developing a real-time pulse detector. It introduces the components of the heart and how blood flows through it. The project uses a fingertip sensor with an infrared LED and photodiode to detect changes in blood volume and flow. An ATmega32 microcontroller processes the sensor signals and displays the measured heart rate on a 16x2 LCD display. The circuit diagram and code implementation are described. Test results on 10 subjects show an average error rate of 1.414% between the device's measured heart rate and a measurement using an oscilloscope. The conclusion discusses how the infrared sensor provides a more stable output signal than pressure sensors and how the device can help monitor heart rate during exercise or
This document describes the design and development of a non-invasive blood pressure monitoring instrument based on microcontroller and Bluetooth transmission. It uses photoplethysmography (PPG) technique with an infrared light sensor to continuously measure blood pressure signals from the fingertip over long periods of time. The signals are amplified using an active bandpass filter and interfaced with a microcontroller. Calculated systolic and diastolic blood pressure readings are transmitted wirelessly via Bluetooth and displayed on an LCD screen and computer. The results are compared to a sphygmomanometer for accuracy verification of the developed instrument.
IRJET- R–Peak Detection of ECG Signal using Thresholding MethodIRJET Journal
This document presents a method for detecting R-peaks in an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal using thresholding to measure heart rate. The method analyzes ECG data from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database using MATLAB. It detects R-peaks by applying amplitude thresholds to identify peaks above neighboring samples and a minimum amplitude. Detected R-peaks are used to calculate the average RR interval and classify heart rate as normal, bradycardia (slow), or tachycardia (fast). The method is tested on several ECG records and can approximate results quickly but has limitations and is not intended for diagnosis due to potential missed detections of flattened R-peaks.
Integrating all the devices into one which costs around 2000/- and making it available for poor people. Done it under the guidance of IITM Ph.D scholar Balamurugan.
This document provides information about treadmill exercise stress testing. It discusses the indications, protocols, measurements, and interpretation of treadmill stress tests. Key points include: treadmill stress testing evaluates the cardiovascular system's response to exercise; the Bruce and modified Bruce protocols are most commonly used; measurements include ECG changes, symptoms, heart rate and blood pressure response, and functional capacity; ST segment depression greater than 1mm is considered abnormal.
This document summarizes principles and techniques of intracranial pressure (ICP) measurement and waveform interpretation. It discusses the history of ICP monitoring, indications for monitoring, invasive and non-invasive monitoring techniques, optimal sensor locations, ICP waveform analysis in both time and frequency domains, and guidelines for ICP monitoring in traumatic brain injury. The key points covered include different invasive sensor types, complications of external ventricular drainage, interpreting mean ICP and waveform trends, and using indices like pressure reactivity and variability for management.
The document summarizes various monitoring devices used during anesthesia, including essential monitors like ECG, non-invasive blood pressure, pulse oximetry, capnography, and vapor concentration analyzers. It also discusses immediately available monitors like peripheral nerve stimulators and temperature monitors. Additional monitors that may be required in some cases include invasive blood pressure, urine output, central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and cardiac output, which can be measured using a pulmonary artery catheter.
This document discusses various techniques used to monitor brain function during anesthesia, including:
1. Intracranial pressure monitoring via an intraventricular catheter, which is the gold standard. Normal ICP is 10-15 mmHg in adults and waveforms can indicate increased ICP.
2. Transcranial Doppler measures blood flow velocity in cerebral arteries to monitor for vasospasm.
3. EEG, evoked potentials, brain tissue oxygen monitors, microdialysis, and near infrared spectroscopy provide additional insights into brain activity, oxygenation, and metabolism. EEG changes with anesthesia and can detect ischemia. Bispectral index monitors depth of anesthesia.
Monitoring in anaesthesia is important to assess the patient's physiological status and response to interventions. Basic monitoring includes clinical assessments while advanced monitoring uses instruments. Instrumental monitoring can assess the cardiovascular, respiratory, temperature, central nervous, and neuromuscular systems. Electrocardiography, blood pressure monitoring, capnography, pulse oximetry, and central nervous system monitors like the bispectral index and entropy are commonly used advanced monitoring methods. Each method has advantages and limitations that should be considered during anaesthesia.
Design and development of electro optical system for acquisition of ppg signa...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes the design and development of an electro-optical photoplethysmography (PPG) system for acquiring PPG signals to assess the cardiovascular system. The system uses a light emitting diode and photodetector in a finger probe to non-invasively measure blood volume changes with each heartbeat. The acquired PPG signals are digitized and wirelessly transmitted using ZigBee technology. Preliminary testing on normal subjects found the pulse rates measured by the developed system to be accurate and in good agreement with a standard pulse oximeter system. The wireless PPG system allows for remote monitoring of cardiovascular parameters and has potential applications in ambulatory monitoring and postoperative care.
This document discusses parameters that are routinely monitored during surgical procedures, including electrocardiography (ECG), blood oxygen saturation levels (SpO2), blood pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide (EtCO2), and temperature. Key parameters like ECG, SpO2, and blood pressure must be monitored throughout surgery. Precise measurement requires properly attaching sensors and being aware of potential errors from issues like loose or misplaced sensors. Monitoring continues in recovery to track patient status after the procedure.
This document presents the design and development of a portable system to simultaneously record seismocardiography (SCG) and electrocardiography (ECG) signals. The system aims to provide an affordable option for research and clinical use. It describes the motivation, objectives, hardware implementation, and signal analysis using MATLAB. Key aspects include using instrumentation amplifiers to measure SCG and ECG signals, active filters to preprocess the signals, and an Arduino with MATLAB for data collection and analysis. The document discusses the experimental process, limitations faced, and plans for future improvements to the system.
CARDIO VASCULAR ALERTING SYSTEM FOR POST – OP CABG PATIENTSIRJET Journal
This document describes a cardiovascular alerting system for post-operative coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients. The system aims to continuously monitor vital signs like ECG, blood pressure, and pulse to detect any abnormalities and alert nurses. It uses sensors connected to an ESP32 microcontroller to measure these parameters. If any values exceed thresholds, an alarm will sound to notify healthcare providers. The system is intended to reduce monitoring workload for nurses and help catch potential issues earlier to prevent health complications in post-op CABG patients.
Cardiac output monitoring provides important information about a patient's hemodynamic status. There are several invasive and non-invasive methods to measure cardiac output. Invasive methods include thermodilution, Fick method, lithium dilution. Thermodilution, using a pulmonary artery catheter, is considered the clinical gold standard but has fallen out of favor due to risks. Non-invasive options include esophageal Doppler, bioreactance, pulse contour analysis, and partial CO2 rebreathing. Choice of monitoring method depends on the patient's condition and goals of therapy.
The document describes implementing pulse oximetry using a GreenPAK SLG46140 mixed-signal array device. It discusses driving red and infrared LEDs with pulse-width modulation to illuminate a finger, acquiring the signal from an infrared sensor using the device's ADC, and extracting blood oxygen saturation measurements from the signal based on light absorption properties. The implementation includes circuitry for the finger probe, programming the GreenPAK for LED control, ADC sampling and basic processing to transmit data for further processing. Extensions mentioned include integrating the GreenPAK with a microcontroller and improving signal processing for more accurate measurements.
This document describes the development of an electro-optical photoplethysmography (PPG) system to noninvasively monitor blood volume changes. The system uses an infrared light emitting diode as the light source, a photodiode sensor, and filter circuits to extract the pulsatile PPG signal related to heartbeats from noise. Experimental results show the PPG waveform obtained from a finger with characteristic peaks corresponding to heartbeats. The developed system provides a simple, effective method for monitoring blood volume changes using PPG.
Similar to Heamodynamic Monitoring System Using Photoplethysmography (20)
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
Heamodynamic Monitoring System Using Photoplethysmography
1. Development of Heamodynamic
Monitoring System Using
Photoplethysmography
Prepared by Abhijith Prabha, L8A, ECE Dept.
Sree Narayana Gurukulam College of engineering, Kadayiruppu.
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heamodynamic
SpO2
Pulse Oximeter
Photoplethysmography
TERMINOLOGY
3. OBJECTIVE
Pulse
Oximeter
Blood
Pressure
Novel
device
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Pulse Oximeter is a device widely used equipment in the hospitals. By
introducing a new technology to measure Blood Pressure to pulse
Oximeter, a new novel device can be developed with more functionality
and better user interface. Through this paper is actually try to illustrate
how this can be done.
4. Overview
• Heamodynamic monitoring is one of the vital requirement in bio-
medical field.
• Basically it is the measurement of following cardiovascular
parameters;
⮚Blood pressure (BP)
⮚Pulse rate (PR)
⮚Blood oxygen saturation (spO2).
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5. Applications of heamodynamic monitoring
Intensive care units
Postanesthesia care units
Ambulances
Endoscopy suites
Cardiac catheterization laboratories
Sleep laboratories
Endoscopy suites
and so on…
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6. Available devices*
DEVICES BP SPO2 PR MAJOR LIMITATIONS
Infinity® Delta yes yes yes Discontinuity in readings.
CNAP™ monitor yes no yes Uncomfortable attachments to body.
CMS 50 DL no yes yes No graphical display.
CMS 50 D PLUS no yes yes Not suitable for laboratory use.
Infinity® HemoMed™ Pod yes No no Invasive method
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* Draeger Medical Systems, Inc., MedicalTestSupply.com
7. Introduction of proposed method
• Main objective : To overcome the limitations of conventional
methods.
• It utilises the principle of photoplethysmography
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8. Features of this system:
⮚Non-invasive, Continuous and viable for long term use
⮚Precise and graphical display availability
⮚Provision for storage of readings
⮚Comfortable for user (unlike sphygmomanometer).
⮚Suitable for domestic, hospitals and laboratories
⮚Alarm facility
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9. Features of this method
• No hazards to user
• Less interference with other equipment (unlike MRI).
• Low levels of energy is applying to subject (unlike defibrillator) .
• Implemented as portable equipment (similar to ECG).
• Indication for proper working of sensor.
• Leads can be attached to finger tip, toes, ear lobes, lips etc.
• Indication of health conditions from heamodynamic parameters
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10. What is photoplethysmography (PPG)?
• Photoplethysmography is the volumetric measurement of blood flow
• It is an optical and non invasive method.
• Using a light source and a photo detector the electric signal equivalent
of blood flow is obtained
• Two types of PPG are;
A. reflectance PPG
B. transmittance PPG
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Body parts where PPG
signal can be obtained
?
For adults: the
finger tip, toe,
pinna (top),lips or
lobe of the ear
For infants: the
foot, palm of the
hand, toe or thumb
12. Measurement of spO2
It is the measure of percentage value of Oxygen in blood.
Normal value of spO2 is 90-100%.
Haemoglobin: the protein in blood for O2 transport.
Oxyhaemoglobin: haemoglobin bounded with oxygen
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• Oxyhaemoglobin absorbs RED light (850-1000 nm) light and IR (600-
750 nm) light more.
• There by using 2 LEDs and photo detectors spO2 in blood can be
measured.
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Let the output of
photo detectors
corresponding to
the LEDs Red and
Infra-Red are R
and IR
Then spO2 can
be derived
from the ratio
R/IR.
This is ratio is
compared with
calibrated
‘look-up’ table
the, % value of
spO2 can be
determined.
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spO2 (%) Condition
>=94 Adequate level
90-94 Moderate level
90-75 Inadequate but allowed for a short
period
<75 Tissue hypoxia and cardiac
dysrhythmia are expected
Table: health condition at different spO2 readings
16. Measurement of Pulse Rate
• Pulse rate or heart rate is the number of contractions or relaxation of
heart per minute.
• Normal value is 72 bpm.
• It is measured by counting the number of peaks of PPG signal for 10
seconds and multiply it with 6.
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Heart rate Condition
<60 Bradycardia
60-100 Normal
>100 Tachycardia
Table: health condition at different PR readings
• Therefore PR value of subject updates automatically
in every 10 sec.
18. Measurement of Blood Pressure
• Arterial blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood on the wall of
a blood vessel as the heart pumps (contracts) and relaxes.
• Systolic and diastolic blood pressures.
• The conventional methods for BP measurements are;
i. Electronic Palpation method
ii. Volume Oscillometric (VO) method
iii. Volume Compensation (VC) method.
iv. Arterial Tonometry method etc.
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The limitations of currently existing methods are;
• Some of them are invasive methods
• high risks of embolism, arrhythmia, heart attack in malfunction.
• Discontinuous measurements
• May cause damage to muscles and arteries.
• Cuff should detach and re-attach periodically.
Using PPG technology most of these limitations can
be resolved.
20. Calibration process
• Challenge in design
• Two types calibration procedure :vertical and horizontal calibration.
• According to [1]a combination of vertical and horizontal calibration is
adapted in this system.
• Horizontal calibration: it is perform operation on independent axis of
PPG signal (time).
• Vertical calibration: PPG pulse height is considered.
• The PPG signal has a rising portion (AP) and falling portion (CP).
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Fig: PPG signal showing AP and CP, with time instances T1,
T2 and T3.
The time taken from T1 to T2 is called
Anacrotic phase (AP), corresponds to
systolic blood pressure.
The time taken from T2 to T3 is called
catacrotic phase (CP), corresponds to
diastolic blood pressure.
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Along with measuring of the maximum and
minimum ac voltage of PPG signal, AP and CP values
are also measured.
[2] By comparing this values with predetermined
look-up table corresponding Blood Pressure can be
determined.
By the combination of vertical and horizontal
calibration greater accuracy can be obtained.
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SBP DBP CONDITION
<100 <65 HYPOTENSION
100-120 65-80 NORMAL
120-139 80-89 PREHYPERTENSION
140-159 90-99 HYPERTENSION
STAGE 1
160-200 100-110 HYPERTENSION
STAGE 2
>200 >110 HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS
Table: health conditions at different blood pressures
24. miscellaneous
• Warning facility
• To notify any of the parameter has crossed threshold.
• The priority of warning can be set by using more than one frequencies of a
buzzers.
• Lead fault detector
• If the difference between 2 analog inputs are zero, sensor is not connected
to subject.
• Using this property lead fault can be detected.
• Health condition analyser
• The readings of parameters are compared to predefined table of health
conditions and it is displayed.
E.g.: if BP is 150/95; “hypertension stage 1” will displayed.
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26. Design aspects
• PPG sensor:
• Red and Infrared LEDs, photo detectors and an amplifier stage.
• An indicator LED is also can be designed.
• Signal conditioning:
• BPF (0.75 Hz- 4.17 Hz)
• Amplifier
• Subtractor (optional)
• Impedance matching (buffer)
• ADC:
• Resolution must below 10 mV.
• 12 bit ADC is preferable (1.22 mV)
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27. Design aspects
• Processor:
• 2 channels of in-built ADC.
• At least 3 timers
• RTC and watchdog timer
• Sufficient memory availability, I/O channels, interrupt sources.
• Buzzers:
• 2 buzzers is preferable.
• Both of different frequencies which will help to provide 2 types of
warning.
• Control switches:
• For control of operations
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28. Design aspects
• Display unit:
• Graphical display
• Use either GLCD, GLED or OLED
• By using OLED overall power consumption of system can be reduced.
• Power unit:
• Either battery operated or plug-in mode.
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29. Design of sensor clamp
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Fig: circuit of sensor clamp
RED
INFRA RED
30. requirements in sensor clamp
LED sources and photo detectors:
Red (900 nm),
Infrared (700 nm)
Phototransistors (PT)
are preferable,
because it provide
amplification also.
The sensitivity of PT
must be high for
better accuracy.
Amplifier stage:
Using MCP series
opamp we can get
better frequency
response.
Output voltage
shouldn’t exceed
+5V.
Indicator:
Indication of
insertion of finger
or proper working
of sensor.
Others:
Select wire in
between clamp and
device, to ensure
min parasitic
capacitance.
The body of clamp
must block external
light.
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31. Limitations and troubleshooting
Limitation Troubleshooting
Shivering or shaking of subject Proper machine design of sensor clamp
External light sources Covering of clamp with opaque material
Nail polish or dyes in blood Use 8 wavelength technic in PPG
Lead failure Introducing Lead fault detector
Complexity in calibration nil
Abnormalities during Anaemia nil
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32. Results
• Operating pulse rate range: 45-250 bpm
• Frequency range of signals: 0.75-4.17 Hz
• spO2 range: >70%
• Blood Pressure range: Depending on calibration.
• Interval for PR reading is 10 seconds.
• Maximum length of wire should less than 100 cm.
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34. Reference
[1] Nivedita Daimiwal, M. Sundhararajan and Revati Shriram, “Respiratory Rate, Heart Rate and
Continuous Measurement of BP Using PPG”, International Conference on Communication and
Signal Processing, April 3-5, 2014, India.
[2] Md. Manirul Islami, Fida Hasan Md. Rafii, Abu, Farzan Mitull and Mohiuddin Ahmadl, M. A.
Rashid, Mohd Fareq bin Abd Malek, “Development of a Non-invasive Continuous Blood Pressure
Measurement and Monitoring System”, IEEE/OSA/IAPR International Conference on Infonnatics,
Electronics & Vision.
[3] Wei Chen1, Idowu Ayoola, Sidarto Bambang Oetomo, Loe Feijs, “Non-invasive Blood Oxygen
Saturation Monitoring for Neonates Using Reflectance Pulse Oximeter”.
[4] “Non-invasive Pulse Oximeter Utilizing Skin Reflectance Pho toplethy smog mphy”, IEEE
TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, VOL. 35, NO. 10, OCTOBER 1988
SREE NARAYANA GURUKUKULAM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING 34
35. Reference
[5] Jasper Truijen, Johannes J. van Lieshout, Wilbert A. Wesselink, Berend E. Westerhof, „
Noninvasive continuous hemodynamic monitoring”, Springerlink.com
[6] Hayato Fukushima, Haruki Kawanaka, Md. Shoaib Bhuiyan and Koji Oguri, “Cuffless Blood
Pressure Estimation using only Photoplethysmography based on Cardiovascular parameters”, 35th
Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Osaka, Japan, 3 - 7 July, 2013
[7] P. Shaltis, A. Reisner, H. Asada, “Calibration of the Photoplethysmogram to Arterial Blood
Pressure: Capabilities and Limitations for Continuous Pressure Monitoring”, Proceedings of the 2005
IEEE , Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference Shanghai, China, September 1-
4, 2005
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