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Health sub-centre evaluation

Dr. Rizwan S A, M.D.,

1
Outline
• Definitions
• Basic information about SC – Jawan
• Evaluation
–
–
–
–
–

Methodology
Input
Process
Output
Impact

• Conclusions
• Recommendations

2
What is evaluation?
• Process to determine as systematically & objectively as possible

the relevance, effectiveness and impact of activities in light of
their objectives (John M Last)
• Components involved – Input : The sum total of resources & energies purposefully engaged
– Process : Sequence of steps in executing the program
– Output: Immediate results of health care activities
– Outcome/Impact: All identified changes in health status arising as a
consequences of the intervention or program
3
What is supportive supervision?
• A process that promotes quality at all levels of
the health system
– by strengthening relationships within the system
– focusing on identification and resolution of
problems
– optimizing the allocation of resources
– promoting high standards, team work and better
two-way communications.

4
Basic information

5
Basic information
•
•
•
•
•
•

Under PHC Chhainsa, CHC Kurali
Functioning as sub-centre since 1995
Distance from PHC – 12 km
Villages covered – Jawan, Ahmedpur
HW (M) – Mr. Roshan Lal
HW (F) – Mrs. Meena Solanki
Total
Male

3305

Female

2923

Total

6228

Sex ratio

884

Sex ratio at birth

1154

As on September 2011

6
Location of Jawan

7
Methodology
• Design – cross-sectional study
• Reference period – Apr. 2011 to Mar. 2012
• Input & process
–
–
–
–
–
–

Using IPHS 2012
Sub centre visit
Record review
House visits
Interview of HW
Monthly report review

• Output and outcome
– Record review
8
Steps of evaluation

9
Steps of evaluation
INPUT

PROCESS

• Manpower

OUTPUT

• Infrastructure

• Services

• Maternal
Health

• Equipments

• Record keeping

• Child Health

• Drugs

• Quality control

IMPACT

• Family
planning

• Vital
statistics

• Furniture

10
Input
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Manpower
Infrastructure
Equipments
Drugs
Furniture
Funds
11
Manpower – Type A HSC

Staff

Essential

Existing

Health Worker (Female) 1 / 2 (desirable)

1

Health Worker (Male)

1

1

Safai karmachari
(contractual, part time)

1

1

12
Sub-centre layout as per IPHS

• The original building of Jawan sub-centre is not being used
• For the past 3 months the sub-centre is functioning in a single hall (16X20sq.ft)
of a govt. school under the instructions of Panchayat
13
Infrastructure – 1/3
Location of sub centre
Location

On the outskirts of Jawan village

Whether easily accessible?

Yes, but not for Ahmedpur

Distance from the remotest place

Ahmedpur is 5 Km from the SC

Travel time from the remotest place

1 hour (by walk)

Distance from the PHC

12 km

Distance from the CHC

16 km

14
Infrastructure – 2/3
Building ownership

Panchayat

Construction

Complete

Compound wall

All around, no gates

Plaster on walls

Intact everywhere

Ramp

No

Floor

Concrete

Separate toilets for males & females No
Cleanliness

Satisfactory

Complaint box

No

Prominent name board

Yes

Labour room

It is a Type A HSC

Clinic room

Yes

Examination room

Yes
15
Infrastructure – 3/3
Residential facility for staff

No

Does staff stay in SC village

No

Water supply

No

Waste disposal

Garbage – disposal at public dump, or
burnt in the premises.
Needles used in immunization session
sent to PHC

Electricity

No

Telephone

No

Transport facilities

No

Residential facility

No
16
Equipment – 1/3
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1
N/A
1
1
1
N/A
1
N/A
1
N/A
1
17
Equipment – 2/3
1
N/A

1
N/A
1

N/A

1 oral
18
Equipment – 3/3
N/A
1
N/A
1

N/A

19
Consumables – 1/2

Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes

20
Consumables – 2/2
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
N/A
N/A
N/A
Yes
N/A
Yes
No
N/A

21
Furniture
1
1
1
N/A
4
N/A
2
2
2
N/A

1
N/A
1
N/A
* For type B HSC only
22
Sundry articles
1
N/A
1
N/A
1

N/A

* For type B HSC only

23
Drugs – Kit A
Yes

Yes
Yes

Yes
No
Yes
Yes
N/A
Yes
24
Drugs – Kit B
N/A
Yes
N/A
Yes

N/A

25
Other drugs
Name

Availability

Syp. Cotrimoxazole

Yes

Tab. Cotrimoxazole (Adult)

Yes

Syp. Paracetamol

Yes

Tab. Chloroquine

Yes

Syp. Chlorquine

No

Tab. Primaquine

Yes

Tab. DEC

No

Anti-leprosy drugs

No

Anti-TB drugs

Yes, PWB

Inj. Gentamicin

No

Betadine ointment

No
26
Contraceptives
Name

Availability

Condoms

Yes

Oral pills

Yes

Copper T

Yes

Emergency contraceptive pills

Yes

27
IEC materials
• Display boards
Programme

Status

JSSK

Yes

JSY

Yes

Routine Immunisation

No

IMNCI

No

Family Planning

No

28
Funds supply
Source

Availability

Remarks

Untied funds for subcentre

No,
Not av. for study period

Shared with Naryala
SC, no separate fund
received

JSY

Yes

through PHC

Village Level
Committee
(Jawan, Ahmedpur)

Not available in Jawan,
Fund received in 2011
from VLC of Ahmedpur

SMS group

Name board for
immunization session
site was made from
SMS of Ahmedpur
29
Process
1. Services provided
2. Record keeping
3. Quality control

30
Services provided – 1/2
Services
Visit by doctor (at least once a month)

Availability
Yes

Is the day and time of this visit fixed?

Yes
(every wed afternoon)

Are the residents of the village aware of the
timings of the doctor's visit?

Yes

Visit by HA (at least once a week)

Yes

Referral facilities for delivery cases (24 hr)

No

Escorting Delivery Cases by ANM

No

Treatment of minor ailments

Yes

First aid (specify)
Peripheral blood smear in case of fever

No

Is it a DOTS centre?

Yes

Yes
31
Services provided – 2/2
Services

Availability

Disease surveillance by IDSP format

No

Control of local endemic diseases

Yes

Promotion of sanitation

No

Field visits and home care
National Health Programmes

Yes

Traditional birth attendants

Yes (one)

ASHA

Yes (5+1)

Yes

Coordinated services with AWWs, ASHA, Village
Yes
Health and Sanitation Committee, PRIs
Village Health Plan / Sub Centre Plan

No

Watch over unusual health events

Yes
32
Record keeping – 1/2
Registers maintained

Registers not maintained

1. Birth register (includes immunization
details)
2. Death register
3. ANC register
4. Family planning register
5. OPD register
6. TB register
7. Malaria register
8. Visitors register
9. Monthly report register
10. ANC camp register
11. Stock book (Drug register)
12. Equipment , furniture and other
accessories register
13. FRC
14. JSY register

1. Eligible couple register including
contraception
2. Epidemic, communicable, syndromic
surveillance register
3. Register for water quality &
sanitation
4. Under five growth monitoring register
5. Above 5 child immunization register
6. Number of HIV/STI screening and
referral
7. Fund register

33
Record keeping – 2/2
Name of register

Whether
available?

Remarks

ANC record

Yes

Complete

Eligible couple register

No

From work plan

Maternal death record

Yes

Maintained in death
register

Infant and still birth

Yes

Maintained in birth
and death register

IMNCI field visits

Yes

Since sep 2012

Maintenance of PNC visit records

No

From work plan

ANC + immunisation cards

Yes

Given to all

Referral transport voucher book

Yes

Not used since April

IBSY register

Yes

Since oct. 2012

List of severely anaemic children

No

-

Last month monthly report given to PHC

Yes

Complete

34
Skills and training of ANM
Skill

Whether proficient?

SBA trained

Yes

IMNCI trained

Yes

Measuring BP

Yes

Use of Haemoglobinometer

Yes

Use of Uristix

Yes

Giving DPT vaccine

Yes

Danger signs for referring sick child

Yes

Identifying HRP

Yes

Maintaining aseptic precautions during labour

Yes

When not to use vaccine

Yes

Treatment of anaemic pregnant women

Yes

Some skills were observed directly

35
Quality control
Particulars

Availability

Citizen’s charter

No

Internal monitoring

Yes

External monitoring

No

No. of visits by MO in the last month

2

No. of visits by LHV in the last month

3

No. of visits by CMO in last year

0

No. of visits by state official in last year 0

36
Checking by house visits - 1
House 1

House 2

Name of woman

Latha

Krishna

Husband

Vedpal

Krishnapal

First ANC

5th month

2th month

No. of ANC visits at HSC

4

4

Approx. no. of IFA

50

40

Was BP taken

Yes

Yes

Was weight taken

Yes

Yes

Was urine tested

No

No

Was Hb tested

Yes

Yes

Place of delivery

PHC Chhainsa

Home

Was JSY given

Not eligible

Not eligible

No. of PNC visits made by ANM

3

4

Houses in which a child between 1 and 2 months of age was selected for this purpose

37
Checking by house visits - 2
House 1

House 2

House 3

House 4

Name of child

Nanshi

Krishna

Prakash

Manu

Age

6m

3m

7m

3m

Immunisation card?

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Who informs about sessions?

ASHA

ASHA

ASHA

ASHA

Whether immunised appropriately Yes
for age

Yes

Yes

Yes

Whether ANM gave ORS for
diarrhoea

Yes

NA

NA

NA

Whether ANM gave
cotrimaxazole for ARI

NA

NA

Yes

NA

Houses in which a child between 2 months and 1 year of age was selected for this purpose

38
Output
1. Maternal health
2. Child health
3. Family welfare

39
Maternal health – 1/2
Services

Sub centre

Expected

Population covered

6228 (mid year) 5000

New ANC registration

148

131

Registration <12 weeks

134 (90.5%)

100%

High Risk Pregnancy

34

13

40
Maternal health – 2/2
Services

Sub centre

Expected

Remarks

Institutional Deliveries 87/114 (76.3%)

100%

80.2%
MOHFW stats for
2010-11

Home Deliveries

27/114 (23.7%)

0

T Dai is atleast
partly responsible

Deliveries at sub
centre

0

0

It’s a Type A HSC

41
Child Health
Services

Achieved

Expected

Remarks

DPT3 (%)

99.2

100

Haryana (R) –73*

OPV3 (%)

99.2

100

Haryana (R) - 76*

BCG (%)

97.1

100

Haryana (R) –83.2*

Measles (%)

93.6

100

Haryana (R) –
78.7*

No of under five children
with malnutrition

-

-

Not maintained

No of newborns whose
birth weight recorded

104/108 (96.3%)

100

Home deliveries not
measured

Newborns with low birth
weight (< 2500 kg)

18/108
(16.7%)

22% in NFHS 3

*CES 2009
42
Family welfare – 1/2
Services

Achieved*

No. of eligible couples

1184

Tubectomy

523

Vasectomy

10

IUD

51

OCP

50

Condom

200

Total couples protected

634

Parameter

India

Jawan

Couple protection rate

56.0% (All India, NFHS 3)

53.5%

Contraception prevalence
rate for modern methods

55.6% (Rural India , DLHS 3)

70.4%

* As on march 2012

43
Family welfare – 2/2
Monthly target
to be achieved

Achieved

Sterilisation

3

0

IUD

5

1

OCP

2

2

Condom

2

10

Services

* For March 2012

Formulae for calculating target:
1. C = no. of eligible couples – couples who adopted sterilisation
2. Target for IUCD = (C X 30)/400
3. Target for sterilisation = (C X 20)/400
4. Target for CC user = (C X 37.5)/400
5. Target for OCP = (C X 12.5)/400
6. To get Monthly target divide by 12.

44
Impact
1. Vital statistics

45
Vital Statistics
Indicator

Jawan HSC

PHC Chhainsa

Haryana (Rural)

CBR (per 1000
population)

18.3

23.7

22.9**

CDR (per 1000
population)

5.3

6.9

7.0**

IMR (per 1000 live birth)

26.3

52.8

48**

NNMR ( per 1000 live
birth)

8.8

37.0

38*

U5MR (per 1000 live
birth)

43.9

62.0

74.0#

MMR (per lakh live birth)

No maternal death reported in the
study period

212* (2007-09)

For the period 2011-12

** SRS 2012, * SRS(2009), # NFHS 3

46
Conclusion

47
Conclusion
• Overall functioning of Sub-centre was satisfactory
• Visibility of SC to the public needs to be improved, Location outside the
village seems to be a hindrance
• Water supply and power are not available
• Some items like Cu T insertion set, dressing materials, salter weighing
scale, uristix are not available but furniture is adequate
• Most drugs are available in ample amounts, but signage inadequate
• Inadequate funds supple to SC
• Overall record keeping is satisfactory, however under 5 malnutrition status
is not recorded
• ANM is well trained
• Home deliveries conducted by village Dai seems to be a problem
• Family welfare activities, immunization coverage are satisfactory
48
Recommendations

49
Recommendations
• Urgent repair of the building and provision of electricity and water supply

• Making the SC more prominent with signage
• More efforts for surveying under 5 children for nutritional status and
anemia
• Timely release of untied funds will help in procuring items which are not
available
• Village Health Plan and SC plan should be initiated
• More time is spent for records keeping and report preparing

50
Thank you

51

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Health Subcentre evaluation

  • 1. Health sub-centre evaluation Dr. Rizwan S A, M.D., 1
  • 2. Outline • Definitions • Basic information about SC – Jawan • Evaluation – – – – – Methodology Input Process Output Impact • Conclusions • Recommendations 2
  • 3. What is evaluation? • Process to determine as systematically & objectively as possible the relevance, effectiveness and impact of activities in light of their objectives (John M Last) • Components involved – Input : The sum total of resources & energies purposefully engaged – Process : Sequence of steps in executing the program – Output: Immediate results of health care activities – Outcome/Impact: All identified changes in health status arising as a consequences of the intervention or program 3
  • 4. What is supportive supervision? • A process that promotes quality at all levels of the health system – by strengthening relationships within the system – focusing on identification and resolution of problems – optimizing the allocation of resources – promoting high standards, team work and better two-way communications. 4
  • 6. Basic information • • • • • • Under PHC Chhainsa, CHC Kurali Functioning as sub-centre since 1995 Distance from PHC – 12 km Villages covered – Jawan, Ahmedpur HW (M) – Mr. Roshan Lal HW (F) – Mrs. Meena Solanki Total Male 3305 Female 2923 Total 6228 Sex ratio 884 Sex ratio at birth 1154 As on September 2011 6
  • 8. Methodology • Design – cross-sectional study • Reference period – Apr. 2011 to Mar. 2012 • Input & process – – – – – – Using IPHS 2012 Sub centre visit Record review House visits Interview of HW Monthly report review • Output and outcome – Record review 8
  • 10. Steps of evaluation INPUT PROCESS • Manpower OUTPUT • Infrastructure • Services • Maternal Health • Equipments • Record keeping • Child Health • Drugs • Quality control IMPACT • Family planning • Vital statistics • Furniture 10
  • 12. Manpower – Type A HSC Staff Essential Existing Health Worker (Female) 1 / 2 (desirable) 1 Health Worker (Male) 1 1 Safai karmachari (contractual, part time) 1 1 12
  • 13. Sub-centre layout as per IPHS • The original building of Jawan sub-centre is not being used • For the past 3 months the sub-centre is functioning in a single hall (16X20sq.ft) of a govt. school under the instructions of Panchayat 13
  • 14. Infrastructure – 1/3 Location of sub centre Location On the outskirts of Jawan village Whether easily accessible? Yes, but not for Ahmedpur Distance from the remotest place Ahmedpur is 5 Km from the SC Travel time from the remotest place 1 hour (by walk) Distance from the PHC 12 km Distance from the CHC 16 km 14
  • 15. Infrastructure – 2/3 Building ownership Panchayat Construction Complete Compound wall All around, no gates Plaster on walls Intact everywhere Ramp No Floor Concrete Separate toilets for males & females No Cleanliness Satisfactory Complaint box No Prominent name board Yes Labour room It is a Type A HSC Clinic room Yes Examination room Yes 15
  • 16. Infrastructure – 3/3 Residential facility for staff No Does staff stay in SC village No Water supply No Waste disposal Garbage – disposal at public dump, or burnt in the premises. Needles used in immunization session sent to PHC Electricity No Telephone No Transport facilities No Residential facility No 16
  • 24. Drugs – Kit A Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes N/A Yes 24
  • 25. Drugs – Kit B N/A Yes N/A Yes N/A 25
  • 26. Other drugs Name Availability Syp. Cotrimoxazole Yes Tab. Cotrimoxazole (Adult) Yes Syp. Paracetamol Yes Tab. Chloroquine Yes Syp. Chlorquine No Tab. Primaquine Yes Tab. DEC No Anti-leprosy drugs No Anti-TB drugs Yes, PWB Inj. Gentamicin No Betadine ointment No 26
  • 28. IEC materials • Display boards Programme Status JSSK Yes JSY Yes Routine Immunisation No IMNCI No Family Planning No 28
  • 29. Funds supply Source Availability Remarks Untied funds for subcentre No, Not av. for study period Shared with Naryala SC, no separate fund received JSY Yes through PHC Village Level Committee (Jawan, Ahmedpur) Not available in Jawan, Fund received in 2011 from VLC of Ahmedpur SMS group Name board for immunization session site was made from SMS of Ahmedpur 29
  • 30. Process 1. Services provided 2. Record keeping 3. Quality control 30
  • 31. Services provided – 1/2 Services Visit by doctor (at least once a month) Availability Yes Is the day and time of this visit fixed? Yes (every wed afternoon) Are the residents of the village aware of the timings of the doctor's visit? Yes Visit by HA (at least once a week) Yes Referral facilities for delivery cases (24 hr) No Escorting Delivery Cases by ANM No Treatment of minor ailments Yes First aid (specify) Peripheral blood smear in case of fever No Is it a DOTS centre? Yes Yes 31
  • 32. Services provided – 2/2 Services Availability Disease surveillance by IDSP format No Control of local endemic diseases Yes Promotion of sanitation No Field visits and home care National Health Programmes Yes Traditional birth attendants Yes (one) ASHA Yes (5+1) Yes Coordinated services with AWWs, ASHA, Village Yes Health and Sanitation Committee, PRIs Village Health Plan / Sub Centre Plan No Watch over unusual health events Yes 32
  • 33. Record keeping – 1/2 Registers maintained Registers not maintained 1. Birth register (includes immunization details) 2. Death register 3. ANC register 4. Family planning register 5. OPD register 6. TB register 7. Malaria register 8. Visitors register 9. Monthly report register 10. ANC camp register 11. Stock book (Drug register) 12. Equipment , furniture and other accessories register 13. FRC 14. JSY register 1. Eligible couple register including contraception 2. Epidemic, communicable, syndromic surveillance register 3. Register for water quality & sanitation 4. Under five growth monitoring register 5. Above 5 child immunization register 6. Number of HIV/STI screening and referral 7. Fund register 33
  • 34. Record keeping – 2/2 Name of register Whether available? Remarks ANC record Yes Complete Eligible couple register No From work plan Maternal death record Yes Maintained in death register Infant and still birth Yes Maintained in birth and death register IMNCI field visits Yes Since sep 2012 Maintenance of PNC visit records No From work plan ANC + immunisation cards Yes Given to all Referral transport voucher book Yes Not used since April IBSY register Yes Since oct. 2012 List of severely anaemic children No - Last month monthly report given to PHC Yes Complete 34
  • 35. Skills and training of ANM Skill Whether proficient? SBA trained Yes IMNCI trained Yes Measuring BP Yes Use of Haemoglobinometer Yes Use of Uristix Yes Giving DPT vaccine Yes Danger signs for referring sick child Yes Identifying HRP Yes Maintaining aseptic precautions during labour Yes When not to use vaccine Yes Treatment of anaemic pregnant women Yes Some skills were observed directly 35
  • 36. Quality control Particulars Availability Citizen’s charter No Internal monitoring Yes External monitoring No No. of visits by MO in the last month 2 No. of visits by LHV in the last month 3 No. of visits by CMO in last year 0 No. of visits by state official in last year 0 36
  • 37. Checking by house visits - 1 House 1 House 2 Name of woman Latha Krishna Husband Vedpal Krishnapal First ANC 5th month 2th month No. of ANC visits at HSC 4 4 Approx. no. of IFA 50 40 Was BP taken Yes Yes Was weight taken Yes Yes Was urine tested No No Was Hb tested Yes Yes Place of delivery PHC Chhainsa Home Was JSY given Not eligible Not eligible No. of PNC visits made by ANM 3 4 Houses in which a child between 1 and 2 months of age was selected for this purpose 37
  • 38. Checking by house visits - 2 House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 Name of child Nanshi Krishna Prakash Manu Age 6m 3m 7m 3m Immunisation card? Yes Yes Yes Yes Who informs about sessions? ASHA ASHA ASHA ASHA Whether immunised appropriately Yes for age Yes Yes Yes Whether ANM gave ORS for diarrhoea Yes NA NA NA Whether ANM gave cotrimaxazole for ARI NA NA Yes NA Houses in which a child between 2 months and 1 year of age was selected for this purpose 38
  • 39. Output 1. Maternal health 2. Child health 3. Family welfare 39
  • 40. Maternal health – 1/2 Services Sub centre Expected Population covered 6228 (mid year) 5000 New ANC registration 148 131 Registration <12 weeks 134 (90.5%) 100% High Risk Pregnancy 34 13 40
  • 41. Maternal health – 2/2 Services Sub centre Expected Remarks Institutional Deliveries 87/114 (76.3%) 100% 80.2% MOHFW stats for 2010-11 Home Deliveries 27/114 (23.7%) 0 T Dai is atleast partly responsible Deliveries at sub centre 0 0 It’s a Type A HSC 41
  • 42. Child Health Services Achieved Expected Remarks DPT3 (%) 99.2 100 Haryana (R) –73* OPV3 (%) 99.2 100 Haryana (R) - 76* BCG (%) 97.1 100 Haryana (R) –83.2* Measles (%) 93.6 100 Haryana (R) – 78.7* No of under five children with malnutrition - - Not maintained No of newborns whose birth weight recorded 104/108 (96.3%) 100 Home deliveries not measured Newborns with low birth weight (< 2500 kg) 18/108 (16.7%) 22% in NFHS 3 *CES 2009 42
  • 43. Family welfare – 1/2 Services Achieved* No. of eligible couples 1184 Tubectomy 523 Vasectomy 10 IUD 51 OCP 50 Condom 200 Total couples protected 634 Parameter India Jawan Couple protection rate 56.0% (All India, NFHS 3) 53.5% Contraception prevalence rate for modern methods 55.6% (Rural India , DLHS 3) 70.4% * As on march 2012 43
  • 44. Family welfare – 2/2 Monthly target to be achieved Achieved Sterilisation 3 0 IUD 5 1 OCP 2 2 Condom 2 10 Services * For March 2012 Formulae for calculating target: 1. C = no. of eligible couples – couples who adopted sterilisation 2. Target for IUCD = (C X 30)/400 3. Target for sterilisation = (C X 20)/400 4. Target for CC user = (C X 37.5)/400 5. Target for OCP = (C X 12.5)/400 6. To get Monthly target divide by 12. 44
  • 46. Vital Statistics Indicator Jawan HSC PHC Chhainsa Haryana (Rural) CBR (per 1000 population) 18.3 23.7 22.9** CDR (per 1000 population) 5.3 6.9 7.0** IMR (per 1000 live birth) 26.3 52.8 48** NNMR ( per 1000 live birth) 8.8 37.0 38* U5MR (per 1000 live birth) 43.9 62.0 74.0# MMR (per lakh live birth) No maternal death reported in the study period 212* (2007-09) For the period 2011-12 ** SRS 2012, * SRS(2009), # NFHS 3 46
  • 48. Conclusion • Overall functioning of Sub-centre was satisfactory • Visibility of SC to the public needs to be improved, Location outside the village seems to be a hindrance • Water supply and power are not available • Some items like Cu T insertion set, dressing materials, salter weighing scale, uristix are not available but furniture is adequate • Most drugs are available in ample amounts, but signage inadequate • Inadequate funds supple to SC • Overall record keeping is satisfactory, however under 5 malnutrition status is not recorded • ANM is well trained • Home deliveries conducted by village Dai seems to be a problem • Family welfare activities, immunization coverage are satisfactory 48
  • 50. Recommendations • Urgent repair of the building and provision of electricity and water supply • Making the SC more prominent with signage • More efforts for surveying under 5 children for nutritional status and anemia • Timely release of untied funds will help in procuring items which are not available • Village Health Plan and SC plan should be initiated • More time is spent for records keeping and report preparing 50