Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: NepalHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
INTRODUCTION
The concept of “Primary Health Care” came into existence, following a joint WHO-UNICEF International Conference at Alma-Ata, USSR on 12th September 1978.
The governments of 134 Countries and many voluntary agencies at Alma-Ata Conference called for acceptance of WHO goal of “Health for All by 2000 AD” and proclaimed Primary Health Care as a way to achieving Health for All.
This approach has been described as “Health by the people” and “placing people’s health in people’s hand”.
Primary Health Care is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system, where essential health care is provided.
At this level that health care will be most effective within the context of the area’s need and limitations.
DEFINITION
• Primary Health Care is defined as,
“Essential health care based on practical, scientifically, sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-determination.”
• The Alma-Ata Conference defined Primary Health Care as follows: -
“Primary health care is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and acceptable to them, through their full participation and at a cost the community and country can afford.”
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
• It is essential health care, which is based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology.
• It should be rendered universally acceptable to individuals and the families in the community through their full participations.
• Its availability should be at a cost, which the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in a spirit of self-reliance and self-development.
• It requires joint efforts of the health sector and other health related sector like education, food and agriculture, social welfare, animal husbandry, housing, etc.
ELEMENTS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
The Alma-Ata Declaration has outlined 8 essential components of Primary health care,
1. Education concerning prevailing health problems and the methods of preventing and controlling them.
2. Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition.
3. An adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation.
4. Maternal and child health care, including family planning.
5. Immunization against major infectious diseases.
6. Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases.
7. Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries.
8. Provision of essential drugs.
PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
1) Equitable distribution: -
Health service must be shared equally by all people irrespective to their ability to pay.
Primary health care aims to redress ‘Social injustice’ by shifting the centre of gravity of health care system from c
Essential Package of Health Services Country Snapshot: NepalHFG Project
This country snapshot is one in a series of 24 snapshots as part of an activity looking at the Governance Dimensions of Essential Packages of Health Services in the Ending Preventable Child and Maternal Death priority countries. The snapshot explores several important dimensions of the EPHS in the country, such as how government policies contribute to the service coverage, population coverage, and financial coverage of the package. Each country snapshot includes annexes that contain further information about the EPHS.
INTRODUCTION
The concept of “Primary Health Care” came into existence, following a joint WHO-UNICEF International Conference at Alma-Ata, USSR on 12th September 1978.
The governments of 134 Countries and many voluntary agencies at Alma-Ata Conference called for acceptance of WHO goal of “Health for All by 2000 AD” and proclaimed Primary Health Care as a way to achieving Health for All.
This approach has been described as “Health by the people” and “placing people’s health in people’s hand”.
Primary Health Care is the first level of contact of individuals, the family and community with the national health system, where essential health care is provided.
At this level that health care will be most effective within the context of the area’s need and limitations.
DEFINITION
• Primary Health Care is defined as,
“Essential health care based on practical, scientifically, sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost that community and the country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in the spirit of self-determination.”
• The Alma-Ata Conference defined Primary Health Care as follows: -
“Primary health care is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and acceptable to them, through their full participation and at a cost the community and country can afford.”
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
• It is essential health care, which is based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology.
• It should be rendered universally acceptable to individuals and the families in the community through their full participations.
• Its availability should be at a cost, which the community and country can afford to maintain at every stage of their development in a spirit of self-reliance and self-development.
• It requires joint efforts of the health sector and other health related sector like education, food and agriculture, social welfare, animal husbandry, housing, etc.
ELEMENTS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
The Alma-Ata Declaration has outlined 8 essential components of Primary health care,
1. Education concerning prevailing health problems and the methods of preventing and controlling them.
2. Promotion of food supply and proper nutrition.
3. An adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation.
4. Maternal and child health care, including family planning.
5. Immunization against major infectious diseases.
6. Prevention and control of locally endemic diseases.
7. Appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries.
8. Provision of essential drugs.
PRINCIPLES OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
1) Equitable distribution: -
Health service must be shared equally by all people irrespective to their ability to pay.
Primary health care aims to redress ‘Social injustice’ by shifting the centre of gravity of health care system from c
Delivery System of Family Welfare Program in IndiaNeyaz Ahmad
Health is a state subject. Universal Health Coverage ensures health to every Indian citizen, at an affordable price and of assured quality. Since, government is the guaranter and enabler of Health services, it approaches through its various departments, ministries and centres towards public health at different levels. Here is a simplified structure of Delivery System of Family Welfare Program in India from the centre to periphery.
Levels of health care and health care settingsRajdip Majumder
In this slide explain about Levels of health care and health care settings..
References taken from: 1. Text book of Community Health Nursing-I written by Lt. Col. KK Gill 2. Text book of Community Health Nursing written by Keshav Swarnkar
3. revised determinants of health and health care systemDr Rajeev Kumar
This session focuses on the fundamental concepts of health prevention, cure, and promotion. a variety of rehabilitations Palliative care is a term that refers to the treatment of patients who are suffering from life threatening diseases. We discussed the levels of the health care system: health sub centre, PHC, CHC, and tertiary health care system. introduction of Ayushman Bharat.
At the end of this session, you will be able to
1. Describe the delivery of family planning services at various levels of health care delivery
2. Define unmet need of contraception and enumerate it’s reasons
3. List the various evaluations done on family planning services
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. PURPOSE OF HEALTH CARE
• The purpose of the health
care services is to improve the
health status of a population.
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF A
GOOD HEALTH SERVICE
• 1. Comprehensive.
• 2. Accessible.
• 3. Acceptable.
• 4.Provide scope for community
participation.
• 5. Available at a cost the country &
community can afford.
4. HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS
• The health care system is
intended to deliver the health
care services.
• It operates within the context of
the socioeconomic & political
framework of the country.
5. • In India it is represented by five
major sectors or agencies which
differ from each other by the
health technology applied & by
the source of funds for
operation.
6. AGENCIES OF HEALTH CARE
• 1.PUBLIC HEALTH SECTOR.
• 2.PRIVATE SECTOR.
• 3. INDIGENOUS SYSTEM OF
MEDICINE.
• 4. VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES.
• 5. NATIONAL HEALTH
PROGRAMMES.
7. I. PUBLIC HEALTH SECTOR
• 1. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE :
A. Primary Health Centres.
B. Sub Centres.
8. 2. HOSPITALS & HEALTH CENTRES :
A. Community Health Centres.
B. Rural Hospitals.
C. District Hospitals / Health
Centre.
D. Specialist Hospitals.
E. Teaching Hospitals.
15. PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
IN INDIA
• In 1977 the Govt of India
launched a Rural Health Scheme,
based on the principles of
“placing people’s health in
people's hand.
16. • It is a three tier system of health care
delivery in rural areas based on the
recommendation of the Srivatsav
Committee(1975).
• Close on the heels of these
recommendations an International
Conference at Alma Ata (1978), set the
goal of an acceptable level of Health For
All the people of the world by the year
2000 through Primary health care
approach
17. • As a signatory to the Alma Ata
Declaration, the govt of India was
committed to achieving the goal of
Health for All through primary
health care approach which seeks to
provide universal comprehensive
health care at a cost which is
affordable.
18. • Keeping view the WHO goal of
“Health For All” by 2000 AD, the
govt of India evolved a National
Health Policy based on primary
health care approach.
19. • The National Health Policy 1983
laid down a plan of action for
reorienting & shaping the
existing rural health
infrastructure with specific goals
to be achieved by 1985, 1990 &
1995.
20. • National Health Policy 2000,
2002 & National Rural Health
Mission have been recently
introduced to achieve HFA goals.
21. VILLAGE LEVEL
• One of the basic tenets of
primary health care is universal
coverage & equitable
distribution of health resources.
22. • To implement this policy at the
village level, the following
schemes are in operation.
1. Village Health Guide Scheme.
2. Training of Local Dias.
3. ICDS Scheme.
4. Asha Scheme
23. VILLAGE HEALTH GUIDES
• A Village Health Guide is a
person with an aptitude for
social service & is not a full time
government functionary.
• The Village Health Guide Scheme
was introduces on 2 Oct 1977.
24. • The VHG provide the first
contact between the individual
& the health system.
25. The guidelines for their
selection are :
1. They should be a permanent
residents of the local
community, preferable
women.
26. • 2. They should be able to read &
write, having minimum
formal education at least up
to the VI standard.
• 3. They should be acceptable to
all sections of the society.
27. 4. They should be able to spare at
least 2 to 3 hrs every day for
community health work.
5. After selection, the Health
Guides undergo a short
training in primary health
care.
28. 6. The training is arranges in the
nearest PHC,HSc for 200 hrs,
spread over for a period of 3
months.
7. During the training period they
receive a stipend of Rs. 200
per month.
30. 8. On completion of their
training, they receive a
working manual & a kit of
simple medicines belonging to
the modern & traditional
medicine.
9. The VHG are free to attend to
their normal vocation.
31. 10. For their work they are paid a
honorarium of Rs.50 per month &
drugs worth Rs. 600 per annum.
11. At present there are 3.23 lakh
VHG & the national target is to
achieve 1 VHG for each village or
1000 rural population
34. • An extensive programme has been
to undertaken under the Rural
Health Scheme, to train all
categories of local dais in the
country to develop their
knowledge in the elementary
concepts of maternal & child
health & sterilization, besides
obstetric skills.
35. • The training is for 30 working
days.
• Each Dai is paid a stipend of
Rs.300 during her training
period.
36. • Training is given at the PHC, Sub
center or MCH centre for 2
days in a week & on the
remaining 4 days of the week
they accompany the Health
Worker to the villages
preferably in the dai’s own
area.
37. • During her training each dai is
required to conduct at least 2
deliveries under the guidance &
supervision of the HW (F), ANM
or HA(F).
38. • The emphasis during training is on
asepsis so that home deliveries
are conducted under safe
hygienic conditions thereby
reducing the maternal & infant
mortality.
39. • After successful completion of
training, each dai is provided
with a delivery kit & a
certificate.
• These dais are also expected to
play a vital role in propagating
small family norm since they are
more acceptable to the
community.
40. • The national target is to train
one local Dai in each village.
• She undergoes a training in
various aspects of health,
nutrition & child development
for 4 months.
41. • She is a part time worker & is paid
an honorarium of Rs 1500 per
month for the service rendered,
which include health checkup
chart, immunization,
supplementary nutrition, health
education, non formal pre school
education & referral services.
42. ANGANWADI WORKER
• Under ICDS scheme, there is
anganwadi worker for a
population of 1000.
• There are about 100 such
workers in each ICDS project.
44. • As of date over 5959 ICDS blocks
are functioning in the country.
• An anganwadi worker is selected
from the community she is
expected to serve
45. • The beneficiaries are especially
nursing mothers, pregnant
women, other women (15 -45
yrs), children below the age of 6
yrs & adolescent girls.
• Anganwadi workers are the primary
link with the health services & all
other services for young children.
46. ASHA
• Recognizing the importance of health
in the process of economic & social
development & to improve the
quality of life of the citizens, the
govt of India launched “NATIONAL
RURAL HEALTH MISSION” (NRHM)
on 5 April 2005.
47.
48. • The main aim of NRHM is to
provide accessible, affordable,
accountable, effective &
reliable primary health care
through creation of a cadre of
Accredited Social Health
Activist (ASHA).
49. • ASHA must be a resident of the
village.
• A women
(married/widow/divorced)
preferably in the age group of
25-45 years with a formal
education upto 8 class.
50. • The general norm for selection of
ASHA is 1 ASHA/1000 population.
• ASHA will take steps to create
awareness & provide information
to the community on
determinants of health, information
on existing health services, & the
need for timely utilization of health
& family welfare services.
51. • She will counsel women on birth
preparedness, importance of safe
delivery, breast feeding &
complementary feeding,
immunization, contraception &
prevention of common infections
including RTI/STD & care of a
young child.
52. • ASHAS will mobilize the community
& facilitate them in accessing
health & health related services
available in anganwadi/PHC etc.
• She will work with the village health
& sanitation committee of the
gram panchayat to develop a
comprehensive village health plan.
53. • ASHA will provide primary
medical care for minor
ailments such as diarrhoea,
fevers & first aid for minor
injuries etc.
54. • She will also act as a depot
holder for essential provisions
being made available to every
habitation like ORS kit, IFA
tab, disposable delivery kit,
etc.
55. • She will inform about the births
& deaths in her village, any
unusual health problems in the
community to the PHC.
• She will promote the
construction of household
toilets under total sanitation
campaign
56. SUB CENTRE LEVEL
• The sub centre is the peripheral
outpost of the existing health
delivery system in rural areas.
• They are being established on the
basis of 1 HSc for every 5000
population in general & I for
every 3000 population in hilly,
tribal & backward areas.
57. • As on March 2008, 146036 sub
centres were established in the
country.
• A sub centre provides interface with
the community at the grass root
level, providing all the primary
health care services.
58. • The package of services provided
by the HSc include,
immunization, antenatal, natal
& post natal care, prevention
of malnutrition & common
childhood diseases, family
planning services &
counseling.
59. • They also provide elementary drugs
for minor ailments such as ARI,
diarrhoea, fever, worm
infestation etc.
• The government implements several
National Health & Family Welfare
programmes through these
frontline workers.
60. • A HSc is staffed by one Female
Health Worker known as
Auxiliary Nurse Midwife
(ANM) & one Male Health
Worker known as
Multipurpose Worker (Male).
61. • 1 Lady Health Visitor (LHV) & 1
Health Assistant (Male)
located at PHC level are
entrusted with the task of
supervision of six sub centres
under a PHC.
62. PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE
• The Bhore
Committee in 1946
gave the concept of
a primary Health
Centre as a basic
health unit, to
provide primary
health care services.
65. • The health planners in India have
visualized the PHC as a proper
infrastructure to provide
health services to the rural
population.
66. • The National Health Plan 1983
proposed 1 PHC for every
30,000 population in plain
areas & 1 PHC for every
20,000 population in hilly,
tribal & backward areas for
more effective coverage.
67. • As on March 2008, 23,458 PHCs
have been established.
68. FUNCTIONS OF A PHC
1.Medical Care.
2.MCH including family planning.
3.Safe water supply & basic
sanitation.
4.Prevention & control of
communicable diseases.
5.Collection & reporting of vital
statistics.
69. 6.Education about health.
7.National Health Programmes – as
relevant.
8.Refferal services.
9.Training of health guides, health
workers, local dais & health
assistance.
10.Basic laboratory services.