Phylotype Analysis of Ralstonia Solanacearum Causing Bacterial wilt in Eggpla...ijtsrd
Eggplant is prone to attack by several pests including bacteria, fungi, nematodes and insects. In this study, we have analyzed phylotype of bacterial wilt Ralstonia solanacearum infection in eggplant plants collected from Bhubaneswar Orissa in India. Bacterial wilt symptomatic five plant samples were collected from brinjal field in Bhubaneswar in 2016. The samples were macerated in sterile distilled water and grown on Kelman's triphenyltetrazolium chloride TZC agar media. Total genomic DNA of the bacterium were extracted and subjected to PCR amplification using the R. solanacearum specific universal primer pair 759 760. An expected single 280 bp fragment amplified in all the samples confirmed the identity of these as Ralstonia. To reconfirmed isolate of bacterium, the amplicon was sequenced in sequencer. In NCBI blast, the nucleotide sequence was 100 similar with Ralstonia solanacearum strain RS lpxC DOB 1 AB910593 and the sequence was submitted in NCBI database under Acc. No. KY393266. To determined phylotype of strain used specific multiplex PCR with phylotype specific primers Nmult 21F1 2, Nmult 22InF, Nmult 23AF, Nmult 22RR revealed that all the five infected samples belonged to phylotype I as a 144 bp amplicon were observed in agarose gel. On the basis of above finding concluded that the bacterial wilt infected eggplant collected from Bhubaneswar was Ralostonia solanacearum, Phylotype I. Rakesh Kumar | Ramachandran, E. | Koteshwar Yadav "Phylotype Analysis of Ralstonia Solanacearum Causing Bacterial wilt in Eggplants in Orissa in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21580.pdf
ABSTRACT: The Study was undertaken with an objective to develop a protocol for micropropagation of Pongamia pinnata pierre through shoot apex segments shoot of 0.5 to 1.0 cm were collected and used as a explant. The treatment of 1.0 NaOCl (Sodium hypochloride) (W/v) solution 1 minute to 10 minute time duration. These treated explant washed trice with double distilled water and cultured in MS (Murashige and skoog) medium. In this experiment auxin 2, 4-D, NAA and cytokinin BAP, Kinetin were used for optimization of maximum callus induction.
Shoot apex explant culturing callus induction maximum callus is produced when MS medium with 3.0 mg/l, 2, 4-D and BAP 0.5 mg/l, the optimized physical condition has to be maintain throughout the experiment. In this study about 30 to 35% mature sotmatic embryos germinated after sub culture from shoot apex. Different concentration and combination of NAA, IAA, IBA and BAP were used to inducted rooting on MS based medium. When the hight in vitro shoot, were reached up to 8 cm with healthy shooted roots, the plants were ready for hardening. The complete protocol for somatic embryogenesis, shoot induction, root induction up to hardening.
Phylotype Analysis of Ralstonia Solanacearum Causing Bacterial wilt in Eggpla...ijtsrd
Eggplant is prone to attack by several pests including bacteria, fungi, nematodes and insects. In this study, we have analyzed phylotype of bacterial wilt Ralstonia solanacearum infection in eggplant plants collected from Bhubaneswar Orissa in India. Bacterial wilt symptomatic five plant samples were collected from brinjal field in Bhubaneswar in 2016. The samples were macerated in sterile distilled water and grown on Kelman's triphenyltetrazolium chloride TZC agar media. Total genomic DNA of the bacterium were extracted and subjected to PCR amplification using the R. solanacearum specific universal primer pair 759 760. An expected single 280 bp fragment amplified in all the samples confirmed the identity of these as Ralstonia. To reconfirmed isolate of bacterium, the amplicon was sequenced in sequencer. In NCBI blast, the nucleotide sequence was 100 similar with Ralstonia solanacearum strain RS lpxC DOB 1 AB910593 and the sequence was submitted in NCBI database under Acc. No. KY393266. To determined phylotype of strain used specific multiplex PCR with phylotype specific primers Nmult 21F1 2, Nmult 22InF, Nmult 23AF, Nmult 22RR revealed that all the five infected samples belonged to phylotype I as a 144 bp amplicon were observed in agarose gel. On the basis of above finding concluded that the bacterial wilt infected eggplant collected from Bhubaneswar was Ralostonia solanacearum, Phylotype I. Rakesh Kumar | Ramachandran, E. | Koteshwar Yadav "Phylotype Analysis of Ralstonia Solanacearum Causing Bacterial wilt in Eggplants in Orissa in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21580.pdf
ABSTRACT: The Study was undertaken with an objective to develop a protocol for micropropagation of Pongamia pinnata pierre through shoot apex segments shoot of 0.5 to 1.0 cm were collected and used as a explant. The treatment of 1.0 NaOCl (Sodium hypochloride) (W/v) solution 1 minute to 10 minute time duration. These treated explant washed trice with double distilled water and cultured in MS (Murashige and skoog) medium. In this experiment auxin 2, 4-D, NAA and cytokinin BAP, Kinetin were used for optimization of maximum callus induction.
Shoot apex explant culturing callus induction maximum callus is produced when MS medium with 3.0 mg/l, 2, 4-D and BAP 0.5 mg/l, the optimized physical condition has to be maintain throughout the experiment. In this study about 30 to 35% mature sotmatic embryos germinated after sub culture from shoot apex. Different concentration and combination of NAA, IAA, IBA and BAP were used to inducted rooting on MS based medium. When the hight in vitro shoot, were reached up to 8 cm with healthy shooted roots, the plants were ready for hardening. The complete protocol for somatic embryogenesis, shoot induction, root induction up to hardening.
Effect of sucrose on inducing in vitro microtuberization in potato without us...Innspub Net
The present in vitro experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the various concentrations of sucrose on potato plantlets growth and microtuberization. It was observed that increasing sucrose level in the media influenced the plant growth negatively. 3% sucrose concentration in the medium showed comparatively early root/shoot emergence and highest mean root and shoot length (6.16 cm and 8.28 cm, respectively) with greater number of nodes (7.90). However, regarding microtubers (Mt) formation, treatment with 8% sucrose concentration has higher microtubers number with larger size (mean diameter 6.84mm). The mean weight of Mt
was also highest (97.0mg) at 8 % sucrose concentration followed by T1 (70.00mg). It has been concluded on the
basis of results that MS medium supplemented with 8% sucrose level and without any growth hormone is the best
for in vitro microtuber formation in potato.
To study of the genetic variations among the Azospirillum lipoferu isolates u...ijsrd.com
Among free-living microorganisms, which can be practically used in agriculture, bacteria from the Azospirillum genus as well as other endophytes are nowadays thought of as the most active component of associative dinitrogen fixation. The investigation was carried out to study the characterization of Azospirillum lipoferu found in the soils of the ten agro-climatic zones which Karnataka, is classified. By using RAPD markers, 75 bands were scored out of which 78.6 % were found to be polymorphic. Statistical analysis of RAPD data enabled the classification of 10 Azospirillum isolates into two major groups. . In this, the cluster analysis based on 75 RAPD bands revealed that the ten A. lipoferu isolates examined clustered at a linkage distance of about 40 units on the dendrogram. There was no correlation between RAPD and geographical origin of isolates.
Assimilation Of Phosphite By A. Stolonifera L. And Its In Vitro Effect On Mic...JJDempsey
Abstract on the research into the assimilation and accumulation of phosphite in A. stolonifera and the in vitro effect phosphite has on the mycelial growth of M. nivale
Screening of resistant Indonesian black rice cultivars against bacterial leaf...UniversitasGadjahMada
Black rice production in Indonesia constrained by the bacterial blight disease (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pathotype IV (Xoo). Breeding of BLB resistant cultivars is considered the most sustainable method for BLB disease control, both from an environmental and agricultural perspective. Indonesia has many local black rice varieties that can be used as genes resource to support breeding program producing resistant cultivars. The present research focuses on screening local Indonesian black rice cultivars for resistance against BLB and analyzing the expression of these resistance genes in black rice after inoculation with Xoo. The black rice cultivars Cempo Ireng, Pari Ireng, Melik, Pendek, and Indmira, were inoculated with Xoo while white rice cv. Conde, IRBB21, IR64, and Java14 were used as controls. We assayed the phenotypic performance of the cultivars samples after Xoo inoculation and analyzed their resistance gene expression at 24 and 96 h after Xoo inoculation semiquantitatively. The cultivar showed the best performance was selected for further analysis of the resistance genes using Realtime quantitative PCR. Cempo Ireng was indicated the most resistant cultivar against BLB disease based on the lowest disease intensity and Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) value. Cempo Ireng expressed resistant genes xa5, Xa10, Xa21 and RPP13-like after inoculation of Xoo. The expression of xa5, Xa10, and Xa21 was up-regulated while that of RPP13-like was down-regulated in Cempo Ireng.
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Antibacterial activity on leaf extracts of Syzgium jambalonamSriramNagarajan15
The purpose of this investigation was to extract the bioactive agents from the Methanol, Acetone extracts were examined for their activities against pathogenic microorganism (Proteus vulgaris, Staphyloccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and E.coli). The most of the incidence of infections caused by pathogenic microorganism in our routine life and the importance of using novel synergistic drug has become important. In the present study enhanced inhibitory effects were achieved by employing solvent extracts of Syzgium jambalonam. These MIC were compared with well known antibacterial plant of Neem extract (Biological source-Azadirachta indica, Family-Meliaceae).
Characterization of post rainy sorghum for cold tolerance in control environm...ICRISAT
Sorghum is sensitive to temperature lower than 15°C, most of the post rainy sorghum growing areas of India coincides with low temperature stress during flowering to seed set stage. In sorghum cold temperature at flowering seem to be more detrimental as it interacts with viable pollen production or pollen shedding which result in low yield. Hence the experiment was conducted to characterize a set of 16 sorghum genotypes which includes nine cultivars and seven hybrid parental lines in a control environment research facility at ICRISAT, India with three different temperature treatments. The three Day/Night temperature treatments were T1 (25°C/10°C), T2 (25°C/5°C) and T3 as control (natural environment).
Characterization of finger millet blast pathogen (Pyricularia grisea) and Its...ILRI
Presented by Getachew Gashaw, Tesfaye Alemu and Kassahun Tesfaye at the First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013
Testing the efficacy of fungicides to control different strains of Phytophtho...UPL
Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is the most important disease in potato production because
of its capacity to destroy foliage very rapidly and its ability to infect tubers. To avoid infection of the foliage,
fungicides are used frequently. In the Netherlands, in some years up to 15 sprays are necessary to prevent
the crop from infection by the pathogen.
Effect of sucrose on inducing in vitro microtuberization in potato without us...Innspub Net
The present in vitro experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the various concentrations of sucrose on potato plantlets growth and microtuberization. It was observed that increasing sucrose level in the media influenced the plant growth negatively. 3% sucrose concentration in the medium showed comparatively early root/shoot emergence and highest mean root and shoot length (6.16 cm and 8.28 cm, respectively) with greater number of nodes (7.90). However, regarding microtubers (Mt) formation, treatment with 8% sucrose concentration has higher microtubers number with larger size (mean diameter 6.84mm). The mean weight of Mt
was also highest (97.0mg) at 8 % sucrose concentration followed by T1 (70.00mg). It has been concluded on the
basis of results that MS medium supplemented with 8% sucrose level and without any growth hormone is the best
for in vitro microtuber formation in potato.
To study of the genetic variations among the Azospirillum lipoferu isolates u...ijsrd.com
Among free-living microorganisms, which can be practically used in agriculture, bacteria from the Azospirillum genus as well as other endophytes are nowadays thought of as the most active component of associative dinitrogen fixation. The investigation was carried out to study the characterization of Azospirillum lipoferu found in the soils of the ten agro-climatic zones which Karnataka, is classified. By using RAPD markers, 75 bands were scored out of which 78.6 % were found to be polymorphic. Statistical analysis of RAPD data enabled the classification of 10 Azospirillum isolates into two major groups. . In this, the cluster analysis based on 75 RAPD bands revealed that the ten A. lipoferu isolates examined clustered at a linkage distance of about 40 units on the dendrogram. There was no correlation between RAPD and geographical origin of isolates.
Assimilation Of Phosphite By A. Stolonifera L. And Its In Vitro Effect On Mic...JJDempsey
Abstract on the research into the assimilation and accumulation of phosphite in A. stolonifera and the in vitro effect phosphite has on the mycelial growth of M. nivale
Screening of resistant Indonesian black rice cultivars against bacterial leaf...UniversitasGadjahMada
Black rice production in Indonesia constrained by the bacterial blight disease (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pathotype IV (Xoo). Breeding of BLB resistant cultivars is considered the most sustainable method for BLB disease control, both from an environmental and agricultural perspective. Indonesia has many local black rice varieties that can be used as genes resource to support breeding program producing resistant cultivars. The present research focuses on screening local Indonesian black rice cultivars for resistance against BLB and analyzing the expression of these resistance genes in black rice after inoculation with Xoo. The black rice cultivars Cempo Ireng, Pari Ireng, Melik, Pendek, and Indmira, were inoculated with Xoo while white rice cv. Conde, IRBB21, IR64, and Java14 were used as controls. We assayed the phenotypic performance of the cultivars samples after Xoo inoculation and analyzed their resistance gene expression at 24 and 96 h after Xoo inoculation semiquantitatively. The cultivar showed the best performance was selected for further analysis of the resistance genes using Realtime quantitative PCR. Cempo Ireng was indicated the most resistant cultivar against BLB disease based on the lowest disease intensity and Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) value. Cempo Ireng expressed resistant genes xa5, Xa10, Xa21 and RPP13-like after inoculation of Xoo. The expression of xa5, Xa10, and Xa21 was up-regulated while that of RPP13-like was down-regulated in Cempo Ireng.
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Antibacterial activity on leaf extracts of Syzgium jambalonamSriramNagarajan15
The purpose of this investigation was to extract the bioactive agents from the Methanol, Acetone extracts were examined for their activities against pathogenic microorganism (Proteus vulgaris, Staphyloccus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and E.coli). The most of the incidence of infections caused by pathogenic microorganism in our routine life and the importance of using novel synergistic drug has become important. In the present study enhanced inhibitory effects were achieved by employing solvent extracts of Syzgium jambalonam. These MIC were compared with well known antibacterial plant of Neem extract (Biological source-Azadirachta indica, Family-Meliaceae).
Characterization of post rainy sorghum for cold tolerance in control environm...ICRISAT
Sorghum is sensitive to temperature lower than 15°C, most of the post rainy sorghum growing areas of India coincides with low temperature stress during flowering to seed set stage. In sorghum cold temperature at flowering seem to be more detrimental as it interacts with viable pollen production or pollen shedding which result in low yield. Hence the experiment was conducted to characterize a set of 16 sorghum genotypes which includes nine cultivars and seven hybrid parental lines in a control environment research facility at ICRISAT, India with three different temperature treatments. The three Day/Night temperature treatments were T1 (25°C/10°C), T2 (25°C/5°C) and T3 as control (natural environment).
Characterization of finger millet blast pathogen (Pyricularia grisea) and Its...ILRI
Presented by Getachew Gashaw, Tesfaye Alemu and Kassahun Tesfaye at the First Bio-Innovate Regional Scientific Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-27 February 2013
Testing the efficacy of fungicides to control different strains of Phytophtho...UPL
Late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, is the most important disease in potato production because
of its capacity to destroy foliage very rapidly and its ability to infect tubers. To avoid infection of the foliage,
fungicides are used frequently. In the Netherlands, in some years up to 15 sprays are necessary to prevent
the crop from infection by the pathogen.
Seed treatment by Muhammed Aslam COH,ThrishurAslam Muhammed
This is a small attempt just to introduce diffenrent types of seed treatments as well as special treatments for the better germination ,vigour and survival of the crops under various adverse climatic conditions..
Does Cryopreservation Stress Impact Genotype Integrity? A Case Study with Ger...apaari
Does Cryopreservation Stress Impact Genotype Integrity? A Case Study with Germplasm of Musa spp - Third International Symposium on Plant Cryopreservation, Asia Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand March 26-28, 2018
Detection of Genetic variation in tissue culture clones of date palm using IS...IJSRD
Date palm is a plant having high nutritional value and long life (yielding up to 100 years). Phoenix dactylifera requires 2-5 males for pollination of 100 females’ plant depending up on genetic and environment factors. Therefore paternity variation expected to very low according to PCR based techniques, Even though we have tried to find out genetic variation among tissue culture cloned plant. Tissue culture technique can be used for genetic improvement of date palm. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the genetic variation in the tissue culture clones of date palm by using ISSR primers among mother and it’s two clones. The plant DNA was extracted and subjected to detection of genetic variation in two groups of date palm using ISSR primers. In this study ISSR primers produced monomorphic bands within group-1 and group-2. Genetic variation in tissue culture clones of date palm was not detecte by UBC primer series.
Eco-friendly Management of fruit fly in Bitter Gourd at Baitadi.pptxSabinKaphle
In this pptx, there is about influence of different control method of fruit fly in bitter gourd and from this research we conclude that the Bt can also control the fruit fly without chemical with greater effectiveness.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Important of green manuring and their effect on soil fertilityJigar Joshi
Important of green manuring and their effect on soil fertility
Green manuring is a practice of ploughing or turning into the soil unrecompensed green plant tissues for improving physical structure as well as fertility soil.
Establishment of an in vitro propagation and transformation system of Balani...PGS
This lecture was a part of Plant Genetics Seminars - PGS 2017/2018 at Assiut University. These seminars organized by Dr. Ahmed Sallam, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University
Abstract
Balanites aegyptiaca is a drought-tolerant but salt-sensitive tree species distributed in the tropical and arid lands in Africa and Asia; the seeds were used in biodiesel production. This study aimed to establish an in vitro propagation system of two B. aegyptiaca provenances from nodal and cotyledon explants. The explants were placed on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA) and thidiazuron (TDZ) for shoot induction. BA was significantly more effective in shoot induction from nodal explants. Three different Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (EHA105, GV3101, and LBA4404) harboring the plasmid pCAMBIA2301 containing the nptII marker and gus reporter genes were used to establish a transformation system in B. aegyptiaca. Strain GV3101 resulted in the highest survival rates and highest number of explants positive in the GUS assay. This selected A. tumefaciens strain was used to introduce pBinAR containing the sequence encoding ERD10 (early responsive to dehydration 10) to produce salt-tolerant B. aegyptiaca plants.
Secondary Metabolites of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Cladosporium cladospori...Premier Publishers
Cladosporium cladosporioides is one of the promising entomopathogenic fungi acting as insect-pathogenic microorganism or can be used as a source of toxins against insect pests. Ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioide was obtained, and its volatile constituents were characterized using GC/MS technique. Also, two major compounds were isolated and identified as 3-phenyl propanoic acid (6) and 3-(4β-hydroxy-6-pyranonyl)-5-isopropylpyrrolidin-2-one (7). It's worthy to mention that this isolated compound (7), is reported from C. cladosporioides for the first time. Also, the toxicity of the ethyl acetate extract of the secondary metabolites of C. cladosporioides against both adults and nymphs of cotton aphid, A. gossypii was determined. Data showed that C. cladosporioides ethyl acetate extract was most effective against nymphs showing LC50 of 24.5827 ppm, LC90 of 128.7385 ppm and toxicity index of 100%, while, it showed LC50 of 36.6959 ppm, LC90 of 154.4394 ppm and toxicity index of 76.69% against adults.
7. Treatments employed T 10 = Chirata extract (1:2) T 9 = Allamanda extract (1:2) T 8 = Bishkatali extract (1:2) T 7 = Neem extract (1:2) T 6 = Garlic extract (1:2) T 5 = Chirata extract (1:1) T 4 = Allamanda extract (1:1) T 3 = Bishkatali extract (1:1) T 2 = Neem extract (1:1) T 1 = Garlic extract (1:1) T 0 = Control
8.
9.
10. Table-1: Germination of the collected samples without treatment RESULTS 80.00 74.33 71.67 S 12 77.00 76.67 69.33 S11 76.33 85.00 77.00 S 10 71.33 81.67 72.33 S 9 58.00 81.00 81.33 S 8 81.67 70.33 71.67 S 7 79.33 69.33 58.80 S 6 77.67 81.33 78.67 S 5 75.67 77.00 75.33 S 4 67.33 54.67 68.67 S 3 78.33 72.67 69.63 S 2 72.33 77.73 75.67 S 1 Pajam (%) BR6 (%) Joya (%) Sample
11.
12. Conidia of Bipolaris Oryzae Conidia of Aspergillus niger Conidia of Curvularia lunata Conidia of Aspergillus flavus Conidia of Fusarium moniliforme Conidia of Fusarium oxysporum Conidia of Nigrospora oryzae Conidia of Penicillium sp. Conidia of Alternaria padwickii Plate-1: Identified species of fungi on rice seeds of three varieties:
13. Table-2 : Effect of variety on percent seed borne infection of rice seeds sample (based on lowest germination and highest prevalence of fungi ) Figure with common letters did not differ significantly at 5% level RESULTS 54.001 4.667 a 8.667 a 4.000 a 6.333 b 4.667 a 4.667 b 11.333 a 3.000 a 6.667 c Pajam 66.334 4.667 a 5.333 b 3.667 a 7.000 ab 6.333 a 11.00 a 13.00 a 2.667 a 12.67 a BR6 56.996 5.000 a 4.667 b 4.000 a 9.333 a 6.333 a 5.333 b 12.33 a 0.000 b 10.00 b Joya Total Penicillium sp. Aspergillus flavus Nigrospora oryzae Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium moniliforme Curvularia lunata Bipolaris oryzae Aspergillus niger Alternaria padwickii Variety
14. Table-3 : Effect of plant extracts (1:1 and 1:2) on germination of rice seeds (Pajam) Figure with common letters did not differ significantly at 5% level RESULTS 60.91 93.33 bc T 10 = Chirata(1:2) 30.46 75.67 f T 9 = Allamanda(1:2) 61.50 93.67 bc T 8 = Bishkatali(1:2) 43.67 83.33 d T 7 = Neem(1:2) 64.36 95.33 ab T 6 = Garlic(1:2) 67.75 97.30 a T 5 = Chirata(1:1) 37.93 80.00 e T 4 = Allamanda(1:1) 58.05 91.67 c T 3 = Bishkatali(1:1) 38.50 80.33 e T 2 = Neem(1:1) 67.81 97.33 a T 1 = Garlic (1:1) 58.00 g T 0 = Control Germination increase over control (%) Seed Germination (%) Treatments
15. Table-4: Effect of plant extracts (1:1 and 1:2) on seed-borne infection of rice seeds (Pajam) Figure with common letters did not differ significantly at 5% level RESULTS 91.30 4.667 0.000 e 0.000 d 0.000 b 1.000 ef 0.000 d 1.667 b 0.333 f 0.000 b 1.667 cd T 10 = Chirata(1:2) 56.52 23.333 1.000 bcd 3.000 b 0.000 b 4.667 b 3.333 b 2.000 b 5.333 b 0.000 b 4.000 b T 9 = Allamanda(1:2) 81.36 10.001 1.667 b 1.000 cd 0.000 b 2.667 cd 0.667 d 0.000 d 2.000 cde 0.000 b 2.000 c T 8 = Bishkatali(1:2) 81.37 10.000 0.000 e 1.000 cd 0.000 b 2.000 de 2.000 c 0.000 d 2.667 cd 0.000 b 2.333 c T 7 = Neem(1:2) 86.96 6.999 0.333 de 0.667 d 0.000 b 1.000 ef 1.333 cd 0.000 d 2.333 cd 0.000 b 1.333 cde T 6 = Garlic(1:2) 93.79 3.334 0.333 de 0.667 d 0.000 b 1.000 ef 0.000 d 0.000 d 0.667 ef 0.000 b 0.667 de T 5 = Chirata(1:1) 73.29 14.334 1.333 bc 2.667 b 0.000 b 3.667 bc 0.000 d 2.000 b 3.000 c 0.000 b 1.667 cd T 4 =Allamanda(1:1) 89.44 5.667 0.667 cde 1.000 cd 0.000 b 1.000 ef 0.000 d 1.000 c 1.333 def 0.000 b 0.667 de T 3 =Bishkatali(1:1) 80.74 10.334 1.333 bc 1.667 c 0.000 b 2.667 cd 0.000 d 0.000 d 2.667 cd 0.000 b 2.000 c T 2 = Neem(1:1) 95.03 2.667 0.333 de 0.667 d 0.000 b 0.667 f 0.000 d 0.000 d 0.667 ef 0.000 b 0.333 e T 1 = Garlic (1:1) 53.668 4.667 a 8.667 a 4.000 a 6.333 a 4.667 a 4.667 a 11.333 a 2.667a 6.667 a T 0 =Control Reduction (%) Total (%) Penicillium sp. Aspergillus flavus Nigrospora oryzae Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium moniliforme Curvularia lunata Bipolaris oryzae Aspergillus niger Alternaria padwickii Treatment
16. Neem 1:1 Neem 1:2 Allamanda 1:1 Allamanda 1:2 Chirata 1:1 Chirata 1:2 Bishkatali 1:1 Bishkatali 1:2 Garlic 1:1 Garlic 1:2 Control Plate -2. Effect of different plant extracts on Pajam seeds
17. Table-5 : Effect of plant extracts (1:1 and 1:2) on germination of rice seeds (BR6) Figure with common letters did not differ significantly at 5% level RESULTS 34.13 73.33 g T 10 = Chirata(1:2) 28.04 70.00 h T 9 = Allamanda(1:2) 39.62 76.33 f T 8 = Bishkatali(1:2) 39.02 76.00 f T 7 = Neem(1:2) 62.19 88.67 b T 6 = Garlic(1:2) 46.94 80.33 d T 5 = Chirata(1:1) 42.67 78.00 e T 4 = Allamanda(1:1) 28.04 70.00 h T 3 = Bishkatali(1:1) 59.74 87.33 c T 2 = Neem(1:1) 67.68 91.67 a T 1 = Garlic (1:1) 54.67 i T 0 = Control Germination increase over control (%) Seed Germination (%) Treatments
18. Table-6 : Effect of plant extracts (1:1 and 1:2) on seed-borne infection of rice seeds (BR6) Figure with common letters did not differ significantly at 5% level RESULTS 83.42 11.000 0.667 cd 1.000 b 2.000 bc 1.000 c 1.000 bc 1.333 bc 2.333 bc 0.000 b 1.667 cde T 10 = Chirata(1:2) 76.38 15.667 1.333 bcd 1.333 b 1.000 cde 2.000 bc 1.667 b 1.667 bc 3.667 b 0.000 b 3.000 b T 9 =Allamanda(1:2) 76.88 15.334 2.667 b 1.333 b 2.667 ab 2.000 bc 0.000 c 2.000 b 3.000 bc 0.000 b 1.667 cde T 8 = Bishkatali(1:2) 80.90 12.667 1.667 bc 2.000 b 1.667 bcd 2.667 b 0.000 c 1.333 bc 2.000 c 0.000 b 1.333 de T 7 = Neem(1:2) 88.44 7.667 1.000 cd 1.333 b 0.000 e 2.000 bc 0.000 c 0.667 c 2.000 c 0.000 b 0.667 e T 6 = Garlic(1:2) 85.43 9.667 1.000 cd 1.000 b 0.667 cde 2.333 bc 1.000 bc 0.667 c 2.000 c 0.000 b 1.000 de T 5 = Chirata(1:1) 83.42 11.000 1.333 bcd 0.333 b 1.000 cde 1.000 c 1.000 bc 1.667 bc 2.667 bc 0.000 b 2.000 bcd T 4 =Allamanda(1:1) 74.37 17.001 1.667 bc 1.000 b 2.000 bc 2.000 bc 2.000 b 2.000 b 3.667 b 0.000 b 2.667 bc T 3 = Bishkatali(1:1) 82.41 11.667 2.000 bc 1.667 b 0.333 de 1.667 bc 0.333 c 1.667 bc 2.667 bc 0.000 b 1.333 de T 2 = Neem(1:1) 91.46 5.667 0.000 d 1.000 b 0.000 e 1.000 c 0.000 c 0.667 c 2.000 c 0.000 b 1.000 de T 1 =Garlic (1:1) 66.337 4.667 a 5.333 a 3.667 a 7.000 a 6.333 a 11.00 a 13.00 a 2.667 a 12.67 a T 0 = Control Reduction (%) Total (%) Penicillium sp. Aspergillus flavus Nigrospora oryzae Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium moniliforme Curvularia lunata Bipolaris oryzae Aspergillus niger Alternaria padwickii Treatment
19. Control Garlic1:1 Garlic 1:2 Neem 1:1 Neem 1:2 Chirata 1:1 Chirata 1:2 Bishkatali 1:1 Bishkatali 1:2 Allamanda 1:1 Allamanda 1:2 Plate-3. Effect of different plant extracts on BR6 seeds
20. Table-7 : Effect of plant extracts (1:1 and 1:2) on germination of rice seeds (Joya) Figure with common letters did not differ significantly at 5% level RESULTS 54.60 89.67 d T 10 = Chirata(1:2) 57.46 91.33 cd T 9 = Allamanda(1:2) 43.67 83.33 e T 8 = Bishkatali(1:2) 61.50 93.67 b T 7 = Neem(1:2) 62.64 94.33 b T 6 = Garlic(1:2) 59.19 92.33 bc T 5 = Chirata(1:1) 62.07 94.00 b T 4 = Allamanda(1:1) 41.38 82.00 e T 3 = Bishkatali(1:1) 66.09 96.33 a T 2 = Neem(1:1) 68.39 97.67 a T 1 = Garlic (1:1) 58.80 f T 0 = Control Germination increase over control (%) Seed Germination (%) Treatments
21. Table-8 : Effect of plant extracts (1:1 and 1:2) on seed-borne infection of rice seeds (Joya) Figure with common letters did not differ significantly at 5% level RESULTS 81.87 10.333 1.000 c 2.333 bc 0.000 c 1.000 c 1.000 b 0.000 c 3.333 bc 0.000 1.667 bcd T 10 = Chirata(1:2) 80.69 11.001 1.667 bc 1.667 bcd 0.000 c 3.000 b 0.000 c 0.000 c 3.000 bc 0.000 1.667 bcd T 9 =Allamanda(1:2) 75.44 14.000 2.333 b 1.667 bcd 0.000 c 3.000 b 0.000 c 1.000 b 3.667 b 0.000 2.333 b T 8 =Bishkatali(1:2) 84.21 9.001 0.667 c 0.667 d 0.667 b 3.333 b 0.000 c 0.000 c 2.667 bc 0.000 1.000 cd T 7 = Neem(1:2) 88.30 6.667 1.000 c 0.667 d 0.000 c 2.000 bc 0.000 c 0.000 c 2.000 bc 0.000 1.000 cd T 6 = Garlic(1:2) 86.55 7.667 1.000 c 1.000 cd 0.000 c 1.000 c 0.000 c 0.000 c 2.667 bc 0.000 2.000 bc T 5 = Chirata(1:1) 83.62 9.334 1.000 c 1.667 bcd 0.000 c 2.000 bc 0.000 c 0.667 bc 3.000 bc 0.000 1.000 cd T 4 =Allamanda(1:1) 73.68 15.001 2.667 b 2.667 b 0.000 c 2.000 bc 1.000 b 1.000 b 3.667 b 0.000 2.000 bc T 3 =Bishkatali(1:1) 81.28 10.668 1.667 bc 1.667 bcd 0.000 c 3.333 b 0.000 c 0.667 bc 2.667 bc 0.000 0.667 d T 2 = Neem(1:1) 88.89 6.334 0.667 c 1.333 bcd 0.000 c 1.000 c 0.333 c 0.667 bc 1.667 c 0.000 0.667 d T 1 = Garlic (1:1) 56.996 5.000 a 4.667 a 4.000 a 9.333 a 6.333 a 5.333 a 12.33 a 0.000 10.00 a T 0 = Control Reduction (%) Total (%) Penicillium sp. Aspergillus flavus Nigrospora oryzae Fusarium oxysporum Fusarium moniliforme Curvularia lunata Bipolaris oryzae Aspergillus niger Alternaria padwickii Treatment
22. Plate- 4. Effect of different plant extracts on Joya seeds Control Garlic1:1 Garlic 1:2 Neem 1:1 Neem 1:2 Allamanda 1:1 Allamanda 1:2 Chirata 1:1 Chirata 1:2 Bishkatali 1:1 Bishkatali 1:2