The document discusses concepts and procedures for central sterilization and supply departments (CSSD). It covers general planning concepts like airflow, staff flow and workflow. It also discusses criteria for CSSD areas including changing rooms, wall finishes and lighting. The document then outlines the steps for cleaning, drying, inspecting, packaging, loading and storing sterilized instruments as well as environmental parameters and storage time protocols. The overall goal is to prevent contamination and effectively reprocess reusable medical equipment to maintain sterility.
Laundry services in hospitals –linen handling
During any given hospital stay, patients spend most, if not all, of their time in bed.
•That means they are surrounded all day with hospital linens.
•From their gown to their sheets and blankets patients have more contact with these items than anything else in the hospital.
•Adequatesupplyofcleanlinensufficientforcomfortandsafteyofpatientandpersonalappereance&pleasant,neatlyattiredemployeesattendingpatientsinfreshcrispuniformdomuchsellthehospitaltothepublic
•Thereforeitmakessensetoensurethattheyareproperlycleaned,driedandtransportedtoavoidcrosscontamination
Laundry services in hospitals –linen handling
During any given hospital stay, patients spend most, if not all, of their time in bed.
•That means they are surrounded all day with hospital linens.
•From their gown to their sheets and blankets patients have more contact with these items than anything else in the hospital.
•Adequatesupplyofcleanlinensufficientforcomfortandsafteyofpatientandpersonalappereance&pleasant,neatlyattiredemployeesattendingpatientsinfreshcrispuniformdomuchsellthehospitaltothepublic
•Thereforeitmakessensetoensurethattheyareproperlycleaned,driedandtransportedtoavoidcrosscontamination
Aseptic techniques are employed to provide protection to ophthalmic and parenteral products by preventing the entry of microbial and particulate contamination.
Prevention of microbial contamination is also required to remove pyrogens and toxic bacterial products.
Aseptic Area and Microbial Control. - Pharmaceutical Microbiology (SYBpharm) ...Kiran Shinde
Prof.Mr.Kiran K. Shinde (M.Pharm), Assistant professor (VNIPRC)
Pharmaceutical microbiology (Second year b.pharm) (3rd semester)
Introduction to Aseptic area & room
Designing of Aseptic Room
Laminar Airflow Equipment
Sources of Contamination & Method of Prevention
Classification of Aseptic Area-Room
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Sterile storage and transport. Storage of sterile instrument under control en...Talal Albudayri
Hand wash facilities should be available but segregated to prevent splashing
Quality Assurance Checks
Monitoring the environment temperature up to 24 c, humidity up to 70% and
room pressure regularly + and documenting the results
• Is there a regular schedule cleaning environmental
• ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) units serviced
Airflow at least 4 air exchanges per hour
India Diagnostic Labs Market: Dynamics, Key Players, and Industry Projections...Kumar Satyam
According to the TechSci Research report titled “India Diagnostic Labs Market Industry Size, Share, Trends, Competition, Opportunity, and Forecast, 2019-2029,” the India Diagnostic Labs Market was valued at USD 16,471.21 million in 2023 and is projected to grow at an impressive compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.55% through 2029. This significant growth can be attributed to various factors, including collaborations and partnerships among leading companies, the expansion of diagnostic chains, and increasing accessibility to diagnostic services across the country. This comprehensive report delves into the market dynamics, recent trends, drivers, competitive landscape, and benefits of the research report, providing a detailed analysis of the India Diagnostic Labs Market.
Collaborations and Partnerships
Collaborations and partnerships among leading companies play a pivotal role in driving the growth of the India Diagnostic Labs Market. These strategic alliances allow companies to merge their expertise, strengthen their market positions, and offer innovative solutions. By combining resources, companies can enhance their research and development capabilities, expand their product portfolios, and improve their distribution networks. These collaborations also facilitate the sharing of technological advancements and best practices, contributing to the overall growth of the market.
Expansion of Diagnostic Chains
The expansion of diagnostic chains is a driving force behind the growing demand for diagnostic lab services. Diagnostic chains often establish multiple laboratories and diagnostic centers in various cities and regions, including urban and rural areas. This expanded network makes diagnostic services more accessible to a larger portion of the population, addressing healthcare disparities and reaching underserved populations. The presence of diagnostic chain facilities in multiple locations within a city or region provides convenience for patients, reducing travel time and effort. A broader network of labs often leads to reduced waiting times for appointments and sample collection, ensuring that patients receive timely and efficient diagnostic services.
Rising Prevalence of Chronic Diseases
The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases is a significant driver for the demand for diagnostic lab services. Chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer require regular monitoring and diagnostic testing for effective management. The rise in chronic diseases necessitates the use of advanced diagnostic tools and technologies, driving the growth of the diagnostic labs market. Additionally, early diagnosis and timely intervention are crucial for managing chronic diseases, further boosting the demand for diagnostic lab services.
For those battling kidney disease and exploring treatment options, understanding when to consider a kidney transplant is crucial. This guide aims to provide valuable insights into the circumstances under which a kidney transplant at the renowned Hiranandani Hospital may be the most appropriate course of action. By addressing the key indicators and factors involved, we hope to empower patients and their families to make informed decisions about their kidney care journey.
Trauma Outpatient Center is a comprehensive facility dedicated to addressing mental health challenges and providing medication-assisted treatment. We offer a diverse range of services aimed at assisting individuals in overcoming addiction, mental health disorders, and related obstacles. Our team consists of seasoned professionals who are both experienced and compassionate, committed to delivering the highest standard of care to our clients. By utilizing evidence-based treatment methods, we strive to help our clients achieve their goals and lead healthier, more fulfilling lives.
Our mission is to provide a safe and supportive environment where our clients can receive the highest quality of care. We are dedicated to assisting our clients in reaching their objectives and improving their overall well-being. We prioritize our clients' needs and individualize treatment plans to ensure they receive tailored care. Our approach is rooted in evidence-based practices proven effective in treating addiction and mental health disorders.
The Importance of Community Nursing Care.pdfAD Healthcare
NDIS and Community 24/7 Nursing Care is a specific type of support that may be provided under the NDIS for individuals with complex medical needs who require ongoing nursing care in a community setting, such as their home or a supported accommodation facility.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
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Hypertension is a chronic condition of concern due to its role in the causation of coronary heart diseases. Hypertension is a worldwide epidemic and important risk factor for coronary artery disease, stroke and renal diseases. Blood pressure is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels and is sufficient to maintain tissue perfusion during activity and rest. Hypertension is sustained elevation of BP. In adults, HTN exists when systolic blood pressure is equal to or greater than 140mmHg or diastolic BP is equal to or greater than 90mmHg. The
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
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Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
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Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
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There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
3. General Planning Concepts
SPD is the first line of defense against harmful microorganisms.
Contamination prevention is achieved by closely monitoring
the following elements:
1. Air Flow: To minimize microorganism movement from dirty
to clean areas. In clean areas there is a positive air flow.
2. Staff Flow: Personnel work either on the clean side or the
dirty side of the SPD unit to avoid cross contamination.
3. Work Flow: Refers to the movement of clean (sterile)
supplies and the return of contaminated items for
decontamination and sterilization.
4.
5.
6.
7. Criteria
1. There shall be a changing area include shower facilities, toilet
facilities and lockers in proximity to the decontamination area.
2. Access to the wash room and to the clean room shall be
through separate dedicated gowning rooms provided with
hand hygiene facilities.
3. The finishes on the walls and other surfaces shall be flush,
smooth, non-linting, water resistant and able to withstand
frequent cleaning.
4. Floors shall be covered in a washable non-slip material which is
securely sealed.
8. 7. There shall be adequate lighting.
8. All work surfaces, fittings, fixtures and furniture shall
be made of easily cleanable and disinfected .
9. The workstations shall be of adequate size to
accommodate the wrapping material to be used and
shall be height adjustable.
10. There shall be adequate space between workstations
for equipment and staff movement.
9. The environmental parameters
a) The ACH shall be at least 10 times per hour.
b) The Humidity should be 35-70 %.
c) The temperature should be maximum 18 - 22 °C.
d) The air pressure must be Negative in relation to the
surroundings in Dirty zone and Positive in clean and sterile /
storage zones.
e) The overpressure should be 10 -15 Pa.
f) The overpressure shall be measured at least once a year
10. Point Of Use
Transportation
Initial flushing
soaking
(Pre-Cleaning )
Cleaning
Drying
Inspection
Monitoring &
Packaging
Sterilization
Storage
Transportation
Sterilization
Cycle
11. Transportation
Transport contaminated instruments to the processing area in a
manner that minimizes the risk of exposure to persons and the
environment.
• Use a rigid, leak-proof container.
• Use appropriate personal protective equipment.
14. Principles and methods of cleaning
Factors involved in cleaning action :
1. Chemical energy: detergent , enzymatic detergent
2. Mechanical energy: friction
3. Thermal energy
15. Manual cleaning
Steps: Sorting, soaking, washing, rinsing
Procedure:
a) All items should be dismantled before cleaning.
b) Soaking in detergent for 10 min.
c) Thorough brushing with soft brush with long handle
keeping the brush below the surface of water
d) Rinsing with warm water
16. Disadvantages of manual cleaning
1. Not effective enough.
2. No Standardization.
3. Subject HCWs to injury from handling sharp
Instruments
4. Cause minute scratches to the instruments.
5. Brushes must be disinfected after each use.
17. Ultrasonic cleaning (The microscopic "brush“)
It is like brushing at a speed higher than the vibrations of sound. It
has the advantage that the cleaning action can take place at any
location in or on an instrument where water can reach.
An ultrasonic cleaner works mostly by energy released from the
collapse of millions of microscopic cavitations near the dirty
surface.
The bubbles made by cavitations collapse forming tiny jets
directed at the surface.
18. Never use Ultrasonic cleaner with
Flexible endoscope
Elastic materials: rubber ware and materials of silicon.
Testing performance:
Aluminum foil test or Chemical indicator for checking cavitation
24. Drying of instruments
Drying reduces the risk of re-contamination.
Residual moisture interferes with the sterilization process, and
can damage instruments.
Following any method of cleaning (pre-cleaning, manual,
mechanical and ultrasound) instruments need to be dried.
Drying cabinets should be used for drying instruments
operating temperatures shall be within the range 65°C to 75°C.
Hot air drying may also occur during the last stage of the cycle
of washer/disinfector machines.
25.
26. Instrument inspection
After completion of the cleaning process
instruments must be dried then inspected.
1. Visually to ensure the process of cleaning.
2. Functional Inspection: Instruments must be
inspected for working performance.
27. Packaging of instruments
Packaging materials (e.g., wrapped or container systems)
allow penetration of the sterilization agent and maintain
sterility of the processed item after sterilization.
Materials for maintaining sterility of instruments during
transport and storage include wrapped perforated
instrument cassettes, peel pouches of plastic or paper, and
sterilization wraps (which can be either woven or unwoven).
Packaging materials:
1. Soft/flexible packaging materials /disposable.
2. Rigid packaging systems / reusable either Drums
or Containers
28.
29. Papers
Papers including bleached crepe paper and wraps combining
cellulose and synthetic fibers are commonly used packaging
materials for steam, dry heat and ethylene oxide sterilization.
They are permeable to steam, air and chemical vapors and provide
an effective barrier if the packs are stored in clean, dry conditions.
30. Paper is unsuitable for use in the hydrogen peroxide
plasma method of sterilization as it absorbs the
hydrogen peroxide vapor from the chamber space, thus
interfering with subsequent generation of hydrogen
peroxide plasma during the cycle.
Hydrogen peroxide plasma
Only purely synthetic packaging materials (Tyvec) can be
used in hydrogen peroxide plasma sterilization.
31. Laminated film pouches
Use:
Primary packaging for individual instruments or small
instrument sets.
The pouches consist of a sheet of paper or non-woven and a
sheet of laminated transparent plastic, which are sealed
together.
The film cannot be penetrated by steam or air. Removal of air
and penetration of steam is through the paper/non-woven.
32. Sterilizing containers
1. Air removal and steam access through filters or
valves. They ensure maintenance of sterility
during storage.
2. They provide an effective mechanical
protection during handling and transport
3. Labeling system offers clear identification of
the content, production data etc.
4. A tamper protection device shall give clear
indication whether a container was opened
33. Heat sealer
1. Where heat seal packaging is to be used, a rotary heat
sealer shall be provided.
2. The heat sealer shall be validated and tested daily to
verify the efficacy of the seal.
34.
35. Instrument Loading
Rigid containers should not be stacked.
Trays of surgical instruments should be placed flat on
the sterilizer shelf so that the position of the
instruments within the trays can be maintained.
Textile packs should be placed in the chamber so that
the content folds are at right angles to the sterilizer
shelf to enhance the process of conditioning.
36.
37.
38. Storage
Store instruments in a clean, dry environment in a manner that
maintains the integrity of the package
The physical storage conditions are designed to maintain the
sterility of processed items in relation to temperature, relative
humidity, ACH, and relative pressure
39. Storage shelves: 18 inches from ceiling
8 – 10 inches from the floor
At least 2 inches from outside wall
Storage Time
Time related protocol / (first in, first out )
For many years a sterile storage time of four weeks has been the
tradition, followed by recall, repacking and reprocessing of all
facility manufactured stock not used within four weeks of
sterilization. (1983. )
Event related
The product should remain sterile until some event causes the
item to become contaminated (e.g., a package becomes torn or
wet)
The CDC currently makes no shelf-life recommendations for
sterile packs…
40. “Knowing is not enough; we
must apply.
Willing is not enough; we
must do.”