The document discusses Supreme & Co.'s manufacturing capabilities and products related to transmission line infrastructure. It summarizes their monopole design and manufacturing process, provides comparisons to lattice structures, and outlines specifications, testing, and approvals. Case studies demonstrate the use of emergency restoration towers for transmission line projects in India.
Uses of Larsa 4 d and Lusas 4 D models for Implementation of Cable Stayed ...Rajesh Prasad
The paper deals with how an engineering challenge confronted in a busy yard due to presence of a distressed bridge(ROB) was replaced by a Cable Stayed Bridge by adopting safe practices with proper quality and within the time frame. The paper was presented today ie 18.08.17 in a lecture organised by IIBE at Institution of Engineers, Mumbai
There was a Bridge 2018 Conference on Innovative Technologies of Bridges organised by IIBE at Lucknow. During the conference held on 25.05.18 this paper was presented by Rajesh Prasad, ED Metro RVNL.
Cable Stay Bridge construction at Bardhman using LARSA and LUSAS four dimensi...Rajesh Prasad
For the construction of Cable Stayed Bridge at Bardhman, a simulation model was made using LARSA 4D and accordingly design were concluded considering all the possible situation. At the execution stage the profile/geometry control is very important. Accordingly construction stage analysis along with geometry control is being done using LUSAS software. These software are 4D and the fourth dimension is Time. The said presentation covers the LARSA, LUSAS and few pictures on execution at site along with sample of documentation.
Detailed Power point presentation on Implementation of 4 lane Cable Stayed Road over bridge at Bardhman- a future fast track model for construction over busy and longer Railway yards in India
Uses of special kind of technologies for implementation of special kind of st...Rajesh Prasad
The said technical paper was presented by Rajesh Prasad in IC TRAM 2018 (International Conference- Technological Advancement in Railways and Metro Projects at Manekshaw Centre New Delhi on 04.10.2018
Uses of Larsa 4 d and Lusas 4 D models for Implementation of Cable Stayed ...Rajesh Prasad
The paper deals with how an engineering challenge confronted in a busy yard due to presence of a distressed bridge(ROB) was replaced by a Cable Stayed Bridge by adopting safe practices with proper quality and within the time frame. The paper was presented today ie 18.08.17 in a lecture organised by IIBE at Institution of Engineers, Mumbai
There was a Bridge 2018 Conference on Innovative Technologies of Bridges organised by IIBE at Lucknow. During the conference held on 25.05.18 this paper was presented by Rajesh Prasad, ED Metro RVNL.
Cable Stay Bridge construction at Bardhman using LARSA and LUSAS four dimensi...Rajesh Prasad
For the construction of Cable Stayed Bridge at Bardhman, a simulation model was made using LARSA 4D and accordingly design were concluded considering all the possible situation. At the execution stage the profile/geometry control is very important. Accordingly construction stage analysis along with geometry control is being done using LUSAS software. These software are 4D and the fourth dimension is Time. The said presentation covers the LARSA, LUSAS and few pictures on execution at site along with sample of documentation.
Detailed Power point presentation on Implementation of 4 lane Cable Stayed Road over bridge at Bardhman- a future fast track model for construction over busy and longer Railway yards in India
Uses of special kind of technologies for implementation of special kind of st...Rajesh Prasad
The said technical paper was presented by Rajesh Prasad in IC TRAM 2018 (International Conference- Technological Advancement in Railways and Metro Projects at Manekshaw Centre New Delhi on 04.10.2018
There was a Bridge 2018 Conference on Innovative Technologies of Bridges organised by IIBE at Lucknow. During the conference held on 25.05.18 this paper was presented by Rajesh Prasad, ED Metro RVNL.
Advanced Cable Stayed Bridge Construction Process Analysis with ANSYS IJMER
This paper demonstrates how sophisticated computational techniques can help to
understand better the behaviour of cable-stayed bridges and what kind of tools are available for
bridge engineers to handle even the most extreme situations. Since one of the key elements in the
success of this structural system lies in its construction method, the main focus of this paper is on
the simulation of the free-cantilever construction process and the determination of cable forces
during the phases of the erection in order to achieve the desired shape and internal force
distribution in the final state of the structure. The paper, using ANSYS/CivilFEM, a software
package developed for advanced civil engineering analyses, presents different numerical
techniques (based on both linear and non-linear analysis) to determine the final state of the
bridge and the backward process analysis to conduct a step-by-step analysis of the
construction.Finite Element Analysis can provide engineers with an overwhelming amount of
data therefore the efficient presentation of results (post processing) is of outmost importance
especially for such complex systems as cable-stayed bridges.The paper also demonstrates how the
flexibility of ANSYS/CivilFEM allows the users to find a sensible way to access all the necessary
data and produce both texts based and graphical outputs. A typical example of a cable-stayed
bridge is analyzed by the methods described in the paper and the results are presented using post
processing techniques.Cable stayed bridges have good stability, optimum use of structural
materials, aesthetic, relatively low design and maintenance costs, and efficient structural
characteristics. T
In the present era the technology in communications has developed to a very large extent. The communication industries have seen a tremendous increase in last few years which have resulted in installation of large number of towers to increase the coverage area and network consistency. In wireless communication network these towers play a significant role hence failure of such structure in a disaster is a major concern. Therefore utmost importance should be given in considering all possible extreme conditions for designing these towers. In most of the studies, the researches have considered the effect of wind only on the four legged self-supporting towers. In this dissertation, a four legged lattice tower is analyzed and designed along with foundation details.
I was Visited a Site of Bajaj Engineers Project. We have seen their many problems arise in pile foundation and we think how this Problem Should Be Solved?
We Have Visited This Site And Decided To Do Project To Solve This Problem. Our Problem is pile foundation. According To Our Survey This Problem should be reduced by taking such steps towards this problem. We Make Survey On Whole Site And Find Out Problems And We Should Work On To Find Out Solution To Solve Problems
Remso emergency top purging lance system, One lance carriage driven by chain system, Vertical_swivelling column, Local or remote control System, top lance, Lance storage, Automatic start of gas purging when lowering the lance, Multi Lance Manipulator, Measurement and Control Technology, carbon lance, oxygen lance, lance stirring system, bottom pouring lance, top lance, emergency lance, Multi Lance Manipulator, Temperature and sampler Lance Manipulator,
Temperature and sampler Lance system, Multi-function top-blown oxygen lance for hot metal vacuum refining
The ladles are of completely welded design and reinforced by two stiffener rings with special reinforcement in the area of the trunnions (similar to AISE-Standard No. 9). Ladle shell and Bottom plate are furnished with deOilsing holes so that humidity and Oiles generated during drying of the new lining may escape. The deOilsing holes (Ø10) shall be placed on a grid with approx. 350 mm distance. The forged trunnion pins are welded into the trunnion ring and into the ladle shell. Three ladle feet are welded to the ladle bottom to permit placing on ground floor. A tilting device is provided at the ladle bottom which is designed so that the tilting hook to the crane can be engaged and/or disengaged without manual help. The flat ladle bottom is furnished with an opening for the base plate (by others) for fixing the slide gate.
The ladle is equipped with one bayonet for fixing the porous plugs as well as the piping installation to the porous plugs.
There was a Bridge 2018 Conference on Innovative Technologies of Bridges organised by IIBE at Lucknow. During the conference held on 25.05.18 this paper was presented by Rajesh Prasad, ED Metro RVNL.
Advanced Cable Stayed Bridge Construction Process Analysis with ANSYS IJMER
This paper demonstrates how sophisticated computational techniques can help to
understand better the behaviour of cable-stayed bridges and what kind of tools are available for
bridge engineers to handle even the most extreme situations. Since one of the key elements in the
success of this structural system lies in its construction method, the main focus of this paper is on
the simulation of the free-cantilever construction process and the determination of cable forces
during the phases of the erection in order to achieve the desired shape and internal force
distribution in the final state of the structure. The paper, using ANSYS/CivilFEM, a software
package developed for advanced civil engineering analyses, presents different numerical
techniques (based on both linear and non-linear analysis) to determine the final state of the
bridge and the backward process analysis to conduct a step-by-step analysis of the
construction.Finite Element Analysis can provide engineers with an overwhelming amount of
data therefore the efficient presentation of results (post processing) is of outmost importance
especially for such complex systems as cable-stayed bridges.The paper also demonstrates how the
flexibility of ANSYS/CivilFEM allows the users to find a sensible way to access all the necessary
data and produce both texts based and graphical outputs. A typical example of a cable-stayed
bridge is analyzed by the methods described in the paper and the results are presented using post
processing techniques.Cable stayed bridges have good stability, optimum use of structural
materials, aesthetic, relatively low design and maintenance costs, and efficient structural
characteristics. T
In the present era the technology in communications has developed to a very large extent. The communication industries have seen a tremendous increase in last few years which have resulted in installation of large number of towers to increase the coverage area and network consistency. In wireless communication network these towers play a significant role hence failure of such structure in a disaster is a major concern. Therefore utmost importance should be given in considering all possible extreme conditions for designing these towers. In most of the studies, the researches have considered the effect of wind only on the four legged self-supporting towers. In this dissertation, a four legged lattice tower is analyzed and designed along with foundation details.
I was Visited a Site of Bajaj Engineers Project. We have seen their many problems arise in pile foundation and we think how this Problem Should Be Solved?
We Have Visited This Site And Decided To Do Project To Solve This Problem. Our Problem is pile foundation. According To Our Survey This Problem should be reduced by taking such steps towards this problem. We Make Survey On Whole Site And Find Out Problems And We Should Work On To Find Out Solution To Solve Problems
Remso emergency top purging lance system, One lance carriage driven by chain system, Vertical_swivelling column, Local or remote control System, top lance, Lance storage, Automatic start of gas purging when lowering the lance, Multi Lance Manipulator, Measurement and Control Technology, carbon lance, oxygen lance, lance stirring system, bottom pouring lance, top lance, emergency lance, Multi Lance Manipulator, Temperature and sampler Lance Manipulator,
Temperature and sampler Lance system, Multi-function top-blown oxygen lance for hot metal vacuum refining
The ladles are of completely welded design and reinforced by two stiffener rings with special reinforcement in the area of the trunnions (similar to AISE-Standard No. 9). Ladle shell and Bottom plate are furnished with deOilsing holes so that humidity and Oiles generated during drying of the new lining may escape. The deOilsing holes (Ø10) shall be placed on a grid with approx. 350 mm distance. The forged trunnion pins are welded into the trunnion ring and into the ladle shell. Three ladle feet are welded to the ladle bottom to permit placing on ground floor. A tilting device is provided at the ladle bottom which is designed so that the tilting hook to the crane can be engaged and/or disengaged without manual help. The flat ladle bottom is furnished with an opening for the base plate (by others) for fixing the slide gate.
The ladle is equipped with one bayonet for fixing the porous plugs as well as the piping installation to the porous plugs.
The presentation is intended to give an insight into the overall project and the technical challenges associated with the £3.7million electrical and lighting refurbishment contract at Erskine Bridge:
As an introduction Louis will provide some background into the project and justification for the decision to go ahead with the LED replacement and inclusion of the CMS system.
He will then highlight some of the technical challenges which had to be addressed, the solutions which were developed, and explain the reasoning behind some of the decisions taken. This will include elements of the DSEAR Regulations and the need to consider the internal bridge structure as a hazardous area. He will also discuss elements of the buildability issues which were encountered and the development of bespoke products (column baseplates, Aircraft Navigation Lights etc.) which had to integrate with the existing bridge structure and the importance of consideration of safe methods of working at the design and planning stage, and the benefits of implementing these methods when it came to construction stage.
Louis will then describe and discuss the various elements of the construction and handover phases, leading to successful completion of the project.
Talk by by Louis Fourie BSc (HONS) MIET AMILP, Clayton Fourie Consultancy
IT BECOMES HIGHLY PERTINENT TO UPRATE OR UPGRADE THE ALREADY EXISTING LINE RATHER THAN CONSTRUCTING NEW TRANSMISSION LINE.Since HPC conductors operate at higher temperature, they require special type of hardware accessories. Supreme has developed and conducted electrical tests on conductor fittings, specifically designed for HPC.
Traditionally overhead transmission lines are built on lattice type structures. Significant ROW and aesthetics issues have stalled construction of new transmission line corridors.Replacement of traditional lattice structures with MONOPOLE structures is a significant step in this direction. The advantages of monopoles are significant wind loading capacity, smallest footprint, higher reliability under extreme condition.
Covered conductors consist of a conductor surrounded by a covering made of insulating material as protection against accidental contacts with other covered conductors and with grounded parts such as tree branches, etc.
IT BECOMES HIGHLY PERTINENT TO UPRATE OR UPGRADE THE ALREADY EXISTING LINE RATHER THAN CONSTRUCTING NEW TRANSMISSION LINE.THERE ARE A HOST OF BENEFITS IN DOING SO
These are conductors encased in an insulation to prevent accidents through contact with the conductor. There are different types of covered conductors.
Composite inter phase separators have a great role to play to compact the lines and avoid flash-overs & short circuits resulting from conductor swing and galloping.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
19. 19
EMERGENCY RESTORATION TOWER
If electrical power supply is interrupted due to
damage or destruction of transmission towers,
there will be huge financial loss to the
transmission utilities.
The use of ERS permits restoration of power
transmission in a matter of few hours by creating
a by – pass until the original structure is restored.
When the original towers are restored and
reconnected to the grid, the ERS is dismantled
and stored for future use.
22. • Ghaziabad Development Authority
requested UPPTCL to re-route their
132 kV Transmission Line from Vaishali
to Sahibabad which was a hindrance
for completing their flyover project.
• UPPTCL decided to shift the line and
construct a multi circuit tower in place
of existing tower and also uprate the
line by changing the conductor from
ACSR to ACCC.
CASE STATEMENT
22
23. • Initial and detailed survey were made
before and after the award of contract.
• After detailed survey, the technical
team concluded that 3 ERS tower of
30M high will be required in view of the
multi storey mansions and residential
apartments.
• Erection works began on 21st April and
was finished by 27th April.
SURVEY
23
24. • After erection, we waited for the shutdown of 33kV
Line that was crossing the section between ERS 1
and Multi circuit as well as a 11kV Line that was
crossing the section between ERS 1 & ERS 2.
• In the meantime, stringing works were carried out
between ERS 2 and ERS 3.
• On 30th April, UPPTCL provided a shutdown of 33
kV Line for 2 hours within which the stringing work
between the Multi Circuit tower and ERS 1 was
done.
CHALLENGES
33 kV Line Crossing24
25. • Later on, 1st May, shutdown on 11kV Line
was provided for 2 hours to complete the
stringing between ERS 1 & ERS 2.
• Stringing between ERS 3 and 132 kV tower
was delayed by 5 days due to non-
availability of shutdown.
• After the line is shifted to ERS, UPPTCL
dismantled the existing 132 kV Towers and
replaced them with Multi Circuit Towers.
CHALLENGES
11 kV Line Crossing25
26. Even after installing the ERS, we were not able to
string the line as UPPTCL could not provide
shutdown on the 132kV Line.
This shows how critical that particular line is and
it would have taken years to complete the project
without ERS.
Both the flyover project and line uprating would
have been on hold.
IMPACT
26
27. • No heavy machinery or earth movers were
introduced for execution of above, other
than for transportation.
• It is worthwhile to mention that, after
shifting the line to ERS, there was a
severe hailstorm but the tower withstood
the same without any damage to it.
• The bypass line is in charged state since
then serving utility customers who didn’t
have to undergo suspension of service.
OUTCOME
27
28. Live line from existing
to ERS tower
Live Line between two
ERS Towers
Tower with cross arm
& insulator28
30. • A 400 kV Transmission Line between Atur
and Indira Puram, abandoned since March
2017 and was likely to remain idle for at
least three months, due to a line crossing
over 132 kV Single Circuit Transmission
Line between Loni and Mohan Nagar in
Uttar Pradesh.
• The bottom crossarm of 132 kV Tower was
at a height of 53m which didn’t provide the
necessary clearance required for stringing
the 400kV line.
• The situation was that the height of 132kV
tower has to be reduced and it required a
shutdown for 5 to 7 days which was not
possible.
CASE STATEMENT
30
31. • Our engineering team conducted a
survey and made a detailed report.
• This project was a huge challenge as
the particular corridor contains a
Highway crossing, River crossing and a
Flyover Crossing.
• After analyzing the detailed report, three
locations were chosen for ERS erection.
SURVEY
31
32. • Based on the experience from previous
project, new techniques were followed in
order to fasten the erection time.
• Also as the crew was experienced, the entire
erection was done in 3 days whereas the
previous work took 6 days.
• We did a challenging feat of taking the
bypass line across the highway without any
disruption of highway traffic even for a
minute
EXPERIENCE
Flyover Crossing32
33. • On 7th June, UPPTCL provided a shutdown
for 3 hours within which we carried out the
stringing on ERS and destringing of 132 kV
Line.
• Again after installing the tower, there was
heavy rain and stormy wind but no damage
was made to the ERS.
• No heavy machinery or earth movers were
introduced for execution of above, other than
for transportation.
OUTCOME
River Crossing33
35. • This exercise helped in completing a project which would evacuate 580 MW line where
substantial investment was already made on 98% stretch of the line and associated substation
would have remained idle for indefinite period.
• Benefits of this exercise was higher than cost by exponential proportions.
36.
37. INTRODUCTION
Traditionally overhead transmission lines have
been built on lattice type structures.
Significant ROW and aesthetics issues have
stalled construction of new transmission line
corridors.
Solutions with narrow corridors and smaller
footprints became the crying need of the day for
completion of critical transmission corridors.
Replacement of traditional structures with
monopole kind of structures is a significant step
in this direction.
38. Less right-of-way
Small foundations take less land and
hence reduce the foot-print.
For Example a 132 kV Mono pole
can be erected within a foot print of
2 Mtrs.
Efficiently erected along Highways
and Railway Lines
ADVANTAGES
38
39. Pole type Structure Lattice Structure
Tower Cost Itself More Less
Maintenance Cost Less More
Installation Cost Less More
Design Risk at Joints Less More
Flexibility More Less
Aesthetics Yes --
Land Occupation (ROW) Very Less High
Logistics Less More
Environment friendly Yes --
COMPARISON WITH LATTICE STRUCTURE
39
40. Various structure configuration –
monopoles and frames.
Different voltages and circuits on same
pole.
Distribution under-built.
Multiple circuits in different orientation.
40
41. Consist of tapered steel tubes that fit over each other to form a
stable pole.
May be guyed or self supported and be fitted with climbing
rungs where necessary.
Sections should be made from hollow, heavy duty, thick steel
tubes, flanged steel tubes or low-alloy, high-strength steel.
Shaft section should be a constant-tapered hollow steel section.
Slip joints should be designed with suitable engineering
practices.
Should be made from galvanized hollow steel pipes or high
strength steel
CHARACTERISTICS OF MONOPOLE
41
42. Professional Design Team specializing in Transmission Poles
Expertise of Designing as per all national and international Standards as
Standards for Designing : Guide Line ASCE – 48 - 11
OUR DESIGN CAPABILITIES
42
44. Material :Hot rolled coil from Q235 to Q460, ASTM 573 GR65, GR50,
SS400, SS490, ST52-3
Hot dip galvanized Following BS EN ISO 1461 -1999, ASTM A 123 or
any other standard by client required.
Welding as per IS 813, AWS D 1.1
Base Plate ASTM A 633 GRE
KEY SPECIFICATION
44
45. Steel Monopole sections are easily joined to each other to erect the tower.
STEEL POLE CONNECTION OPTIONS
Slip Joints Flange Joints
45
46. Erection of Steel Monopoles do not need much of foundation work.
We can erect the monopole by
STEEL POLE FOUNDATION OPTIONS
Concrete
foundation with
anchor bolts
Direct
Embedded
Caisson
Foundation
46
47. Load testing can be arranged by the third parties :-
CPRI (Central Power Research Institute)
SERC (Structural Engineering Research Centre)
Richardson & Cruddas
TESTING & VALIDATION
47