IT BECOMES HIGHLY PERTINENT TO UPRATE OR UPGRADE THE ALREADY EXISTING LINE RATHER THAN CONSTRUCTING NEW TRANSMISSION LINE.THERE ARE A HOST OF BENEFITS IN DOING SO
The topic mainly deals about different methods of high power Underground transmission systems currently implemented across the world as well as about the modern GIL systems.
It also explain about the advantages, construction and features of GIL (Gas Insulated Transmission Lines) by highlighting its future scope as well.
The topic mainly deals about different methods of high power Underground transmission systems currently implemented across the world as well as about the modern GIL systems.
It also explain about the advantages, construction and features of GIL (Gas Insulated Transmission Lines) by highlighting its future scope as well.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
mechanical design of overhead transmission line:- we use in insulators, supports, conductors. these are the main component for design of transmission line
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
Electrical Plan Electrical System Electrical Design Marcep Inc.
The electric power in the form of alternating current is
Generated
Transmitted
Distributed.
Produced at the power stations near pitheads in remote areas.
Generating voltage is stepped up to high voltage for transmission.
Power evacuation from generating s/s - the network of transmission & transformation.
Transformation at Various load centers for further distribution/ utilization By assembly of the set of suitable equipment called Substation.
Performance of 400 kV line insulators under pollution | PDF | DOC | PPTSeminar Links
Visit https://seminarlinks.blogspot.com to download.
Outdoor insulators are subjected to nature Polluted environmental contaminants, which may include sea salt, cement dust, fly ash, birds droppings, industrial emissions etc. deposit on their surface With the increasing industrialization not only the degree of pollution but also the type of pollution has an effect on the performance of the insulators.
APPLICATION OF FIBRE IN NUCLEAR ENERGY PLANTAmal Ray
A number of organic materials are used in the field of nuclear power. Fibres are used extensively , not only as the basis for working suits, but also in scientific processing.
For example hollow fibres are an integral part of of the filters usedto purify the reactor’s cooling water.
The problem however is that in radiationenvironment they suffer in their durability and mechanical strength. Composite materials are now being examined, such as Glass fibre. But their behaviour in an ionising radiation flux over a long period is not known.
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domest...maharshi solanki
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domestic installation
Prepared by: Maharshi Solanki
Guided by:Prof. Jaydeep Vanpariya
The wiring is important to every industries and domestic.And how the electrical power comes from transmission line to meter board to our domestic switch board ,switches etc.Here we explain the contents of the domestic wiring and industrial electrification etc.
below shows related documents.
KSRM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,KADAPA.
_________________________
ELECTRIACAL WIRING IN DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIES
Contents :
Introduction
1.Electrical power supply wiring.
2.Domestic electric circuits.
3.Domestic wiring .
4.Sub-circuits in domestic wiring.
5.Methods of wiring.
6.Industrial Electrification .
7.Types of installation.
8.Electrical installation for power circuits.
INTRODUCTION :
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building’s wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. It is necessary to select proper type of wiring scheme for the domestic purpose. Thus a network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices through controlling and safety devices is known as Electrical wiring.
Electrical power supply wiring
Fig(1):Electrical power transmission from electric pole to energy meter to distribution board
Domestic electric circuits:
1.Electric power is usually generated at places which are far away from the places where it is consumed . At the generating station, the electric power is generated at 11KV volts . This voltage alternates at a frequency of 50HZ.
2.The power is transmitted over a long distance at high voltages to minimize the loss of energy in the transmission.
3.The electric power line enter our house through three wires -namely the live wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire.
4.To avoid confusion we follow a colour code for insulating these wires.
5.The ted wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral, the earth wire is given green plastic insulation.
Domestic wiring
1.The live wire has a high potential of 220V whereas the neutral wire has zero potential .Thus the potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire is 220-0=220V.
2.The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it is connected to a copper plate buried deep under the earth. The earth connection is made to the electric meter and then the main switch.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
mechanical design of overhead transmission line:- we use in insulators, supports, conductors. these are the main component for design of transmission line
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
Electrical Plan Electrical System Electrical Design Marcep Inc.
The electric power in the form of alternating current is
Generated
Transmitted
Distributed.
Produced at the power stations near pitheads in remote areas.
Generating voltage is stepped up to high voltage for transmission.
Power evacuation from generating s/s - the network of transmission & transformation.
Transformation at Various load centers for further distribution/ utilization By assembly of the set of suitable equipment called Substation.
Performance of 400 kV line insulators under pollution | PDF | DOC | PPTSeminar Links
Visit https://seminarlinks.blogspot.com to download.
Outdoor insulators are subjected to nature Polluted environmental contaminants, which may include sea salt, cement dust, fly ash, birds droppings, industrial emissions etc. deposit on their surface With the increasing industrialization not only the degree of pollution but also the type of pollution has an effect on the performance of the insulators.
APPLICATION OF FIBRE IN NUCLEAR ENERGY PLANTAmal Ray
A number of organic materials are used in the field of nuclear power. Fibres are used extensively , not only as the basis for working suits, but also in scientific processing.
For example hollow fibres are an integral part of of the filters usedto purify the reactor’s cooling water.
The problem however is that in radiationenvironment they suffer in their durability and mechanical strength. Composite materials are now being examined, such as Glass fibre. But their behaviour in an ionising radiation flux over a long period is not known.
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domest...maharshi solanki
Electrical Wiring:Types of wires and Cables and the circuit control on domestic installation
Prepared by: Maharshi Solanki
Guided by:Prof. Jaydeep Vanpariya
The wiring is important to every industries and domestic.And how the electrical power comes from transmission line to meter board to our domestic switch board ,switches etc.Here we explain the contents of the domestic wiring and industrial electrification etc.
below shows related documents.
KSRM COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ,KADAPA.
_________________________
ELECTRIACAL WIRING IN DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIES
Contents :
Introduction
1.Electrical power supply wiring.
2.Domestic electric circuits.
3.Domestic wiring .
4.Sub-circuits in domestic wiring.
5.Methods of wiring.
6.Industrial Electrification .
7.Types of installation.
8.Electrical installation for power circuits.
INTRODUCTION :
Electrical wiring is an electrical installation of cabling and associated devices such as switches, distribution boards, sockets and light fittings in a structure. Wiring is subjected to safety standards for design and installation. Allowable wire and cable types and sixes are specified according to the circuit operating voltage and electric current capability, with further restriction on environmental conditions ,such as ambient temperature range, moisture levels, and exposure to sunlight and chemicals .
Associated circuit protection, control and distribution devices within a building’s wiring system are subject to voltage, current and functional specification. It is necessary to select proper type of wiring scheme for the domestic purpose. Thus a network of wires connecting various accessories for distribution of electrical energy from the supplier meter board to the numerous electrical energy consuming devices through controlling and safety devices is known as Electrical wiring.
Electrical power supply wiring
Fig(1):Electrical power transmission from electric pole to energy meter to distribution board
Domestic electric circuits:
1.Electric power is usually generated at places which are far away from the places where it is consumed . At the generating station, the electric power is generated at 11KV volts . This voltage alternates at a frequency of 50HZ.
2.The power is transmitted over a long distance at high voltages to minimize the loss of energy in the transmission.
3.The electric power line enter our house through three wires -namely the live wire, the neutral wire and the earth wire.
4.To avoid confusion we follow a colour code for insulating these wires.
5.The ted wire is the live wire, and the black wire is neutral, the earth wire is given green plastic insulation.
Domestic wiring
1.The live wire has a high potential of 220V whereas the neutral wire has zero potential .Thus the potential difference between the live wire and the neutral wire is 220-0=220V.
2.The earth wire is much thicker in size and is made of copper. One end of it is connected to a copper plate buried deep under the earth. The earth connection is made to the electric meter and then the main switch.
New generation of copper conductors for overhead linesLeonardo ENERGY
Transmission network operators are facing substantial and even contradictory challenges. A highly variable renewable energy supply and an increased focus on energy efficiency require a reinforcement of the grid, but the resistance against the construction of new lines has never been so high. The new generation of copper alloy conductors can be part of the solution.
These copper alloys offer outstanding mechanical properties and a high annealing temperature that makes possible to apply affordable and durable hydrophobic coatings. This unique combination makes the new copper conductors highly suitable for severe weather conditions (wind & cold) both in new lines and in refurbishment projects. Additionally, the high conductivity of copper offers a significant reduction of life cycle costs.
This webinar will present the main properties of the new copper alloy conductors and how they allow to respond to the transmission and distribution network new challenges. Also a concrete case study for a 70 km line will be presented, stressing the relevance of the cost of losses and minimizing the total cost of ownership.
New generation of copper conductors for overhead linesLeonardo ENERGY
Transmission network operators are facing substantial and even contradictory challenges. A highly variable renewable energy supply and an increased focus on energy efficiency require a reinforcement of the grid, but the resistance against the construction of new lines has never been so high. The new generation of copper alloy conductors can be part of the solution.
These copper alloys offer outstanding mechanical properties and a high annealing temperature that makes possible to apply affordable and durable hydrophobic coatings. This unique combination makes the new copper conductors highly suitable for severe weather conditions (wind & cold) both in new lines and in refurbishment projects. Additionally, the high conductivity of copper offers a significant reduction of life cycle costs.
This webinar will present the main properties of the new copper alloy conductors and how they allow to respond to the transmission and distribution network new challenges. Also a concrete case study for a 70 km line will be presented, stressing the relevance of the cost of losses and minimizing the total cost of ownership.
Micro-alloyed copper overhead line conductors - Wire & Cable Technology Inter...Leonardo ENERGY
http://www.bluetoad.com/publication/?i=217299&p=90
Overhead line conductors are traditionally a domain for aluminium, using either steel reinforced aluminium or aluminium alloys. Using copper for overhead lines might surprise some people because it is a substantially heavier material. Weight, however, is not the most crucial characteristic of the conductor. Its smaller section and hydrophobic coating reduces the wind and ice loads on the conductors, which makes the overhead line more resistant and resilient to weather conditions.
Also, the higher conductivity of copper reduces the losses and the life cycle cost of the overhead line.
Relong’s RC300E is commercial microwave and RF laminate
material designed with low dielectric constant and very low
loss characteristics. This ceramic-filled, woven fiberglass
reinforced PTFE composite material is use unique chemistry
formulation and processing to offer RF and Microwave
designers an advantage for improving electrical properties
and mechanical performances.RC300E provides a significant
improvement in performance stability over the current
product line and other traditional fluoropolymer-glass
laminates.
Indian Railway S&T,Traction Power,Power Supply,Station Building /Metro Rail/DFCC/Moving Transportation Systems/EPC Contractor/Consultants/Electrical Contractor/ Railway Equipment Manufacturer for S&T Products and Integrated Power Systems
Relong’s RC300C is commercial microwave and RF laminate
material designed with low dielectric constant and very low
loss characteristics. This ceramic-filled, woven fiberglass
reinforced PTFE composite material is use unique chemistry
formulation and processing to offer RF and Microwave
designers an advantage for improving electrical properties
and mechanical performances.RC300C provides a significant
improvement in performance stability over the current
product line and other traditional fluoropolymer-glass
laminates.
Power shunts are large cross-sectional area copper braided connectors designed to meet the current carrying capacity of power distribution applications - designed with multi-layers of flat or round earth braids to achieve sizes up to 1000sqmm and carry currents in excess of 400 amps.
Power shunts are used as an alternative to solid bus bars and power cable assemblies capable of carrying very high currents yet are flexible, robust and easy to install.
Typical power shunt applications : power stations, transformers, motors, generators, switchgear, substations - low and high voltage.
Power Shunts - Large Earth Braid Connectors
T&D UK are established distributors of an extensive range of large braid connectors, also known as "Power Shunt" connectors with cross-sectional areas of up to 1000sqmm and current carrying capacities in excess of 1800amps - larger style earth braid power connectors are designed for heavy-duty power applications as flexible current carrying connectors requiring resistance to vibration. Robust, durable and flexible power shunt braided connectors are specified for power distribution in turbines, HV substations, power stations, distribution grids, electrified trains and rail systems as alternatives to solid bus bars.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Design Approach To High Voltage High Power Steam-Turbine Driven AlternatorIJPEDS-IAES
The paper deals with the design methodology of high voltage high power
alternators driven by steam turbines. These alternators run at a high speed of
3000 rpm in most part of the world (at 3600 rpm in USA) and are of
cylindrical pole construction. The design procedure suggested in the textbooks
of design does not well-suit for large alternators of modern time.
Modern high power alternators are designed with a low value of SCR to
reduce the size, inertia and cost of the rotor. The diameter is limited by the
consideration of centrifugal stresses. The no.of stator slots are determined by
the no. of turns. The ventilating circuit has to be designed for hydrogen as
coolant and in addition with water flowing through hollow conductors, if
required. The data for the design variables and the design constraints are
quite different from those for small power ratings. The materials to be chosen
must be of very high quality. The computer programme has been chalked out
and the case-study has been conducted keeping all these points in view.
1. Introduction
2. Theoretical basics of MSHC materials creating (basics rules, materials hardening methods, alloying rules)
3. Analysis of medium strength high conductivity copper alloys (phase diagrams, requirements, properties, fabrication and exploitation properties, main applications)
Cu-Ag
Cu-Mg
Cu-Sn
Cu-Fe
Cu-Zr
Cu-Ni-Si
other elements
4. Complex comparison analysis of medium strength high conductivity copper alloys vs. copper grade ETP.
5. Trends of medium strength high conductivity copper alloys development, new applications and cost-effectiveness.
6. Conclusions
IT BECOMES HIGHLY PERTINENT TO UPRATE OR UPGRADE THE ALREADY EXISTING LINE RATHER THAN CONSTRUCTING NEW TRANSMISSION LINE.Since HPC conductors operate at higher temperature, they require special type of hardware accessories. Supreme has developed and conducted electrical tests on conductor fittings, specifically designed for HPC.
Traditionally overhead transmission lines are built on lattice type structures. Significant ROW and aesthetics issues have stalled construction of new transmission line corridors.Replacement of traditional lattice structures with MONOPOLE structures is a significant step in this direction. The advantages of monopoles are significant wind loading capacity, smallest footprint, higher reliability under extreme condition.
Covered conductors consist of a conductor surrounded by a covering made of insulating material as protection against accidental contacts with other covered conductors and with grounded parts such as tree branches, etc.
These are conductors encased in an insulation to prevent accidents through contact with the conductor. There are different types of covered conductors.
Composite inter phase separators have a great role to play to compact the lines and avoid flash-overs & short circuits resulting from conductor swing and galloping.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. IT BECOMES HIGHLY PERTINENT TO
UPRATE OR UPGRADE THE ALREADY
EXISTING LINE RATHER THAN
CONSTRUCTING NEW TRANSMISSION
LINE.
3. TECHNICAL
ADVANTAGE
FOOT PRINT
REMAINS THE
SAME*
COST OF
ERECTION IS
MINIMIZED
VISUALLY
AESTHETICS
REDUCE COST
OF
MAINTENANCE
MINIMIZE
ENVIRONMENTAL
RESTRICTION
NO NEW LAND
ACQUISITION
COST
* If the foundation has to be strengthened, there may be a mere increase in foot print.
7. Since HPC conductors operate at
higher temperature, they require special
type of hardware accessories. Supreme
has developed and conducted electrical
tests on conductor fittings, specifically
designed for HPC.
10. START TIME 9:15AM
DATE 02.01.14
END TIME 10:00AM
DATE 04.01.14
CONDUCTOR TEMP. MEASUREMENT POINT- CH-4
11. DEAD END JOINT –A TEMP. MEASUREMENT POINT CH-1,CH-2 & CH-3
START TIME
9:15AM
DATE 02.01.14
END TIME
10:00AM
DATE 04.01.14
12. DEAD END JOINT –B TEMP. MEASUREMENT POINT
CH-5, CH-7 & CH-8
START TIME
9:15AM
DATE 02.01.14
END TIME
10:00AM
DATE 04.01.14
13. 85.2
108.5
117
127.7
135.5
142.7
149.2
158.1 158.6 158.9 159.2
26.3 28.8 30.0 31.4 32.3 33.2 34.0 34.9 35.6 36.4
36.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
TEMP°C
TIME IN HOURS
DEAD END JOINT
A & B
HIGH PERFORMANCE
CONDUCTOR
RESULT
14. Line uprating proves to be a smart
solution to cater the increased loads
on existing transmission lines.
However, this exercise is problematic
as the shutdown required for
reconductoring cannot be provided as
those lines are already critical.
15. USE OF ERS PROVED TO BE A VITAL SOLUTION FOR REDUCING
THE SHUTDOWN TIME DURING RECONDUCTORING.
16. MODULAR AND PORATABLE SECTIONS
MODULAR SECTION: 600X600X3000 mm
MATERIAL: HIGH STRENGTH STEEL
YIELD STRENGTH: 2x HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINIUM
19. UPGRADING
NEED TO REPLACE SUBSTATION
EQUIPMENTS.
INCREASE THE VOLTAGE RATING
OF THE LINE
PROVIDE PROPER ELECTRICAL
CLEARANCE AS PER THE VOLTAGE
RATING
20. CLEARANCE
AC NOMINAL VOLTAGE 220 kV 400 kV
MINIMUM CLEARANCE ABOVE
GROUND
7 m 8.84 m
MINIMUM LIVE METAL
CLEARANCE
2.1 m 2.6 m
MINIMUM PHASE TO PHASE
CLEARANCE
2.1 m 3.9 m
ANGLE OF SHIELD (MAXIMUM) 300 200
MINIMUM MID SPAN CLEARANCE 8.5 m 9 m
21. When upgrading a tower, the new
required clearance will increase the
Right of Way. By making small
modification to the tower, the
required clearance can be obtained
without any change in the RoW.
25. INTER PHASE SPACERS
PREVENTS CONDUCTOR GALLOPING
IN LONG TRANSMISSION LINES
MAINTAIN PHASE TO PHASE
CLEARANCE
REDUCES SHORT CIRCUIT PROBLEMS
ENCOUNTERED IN MANY HIGH
VOLTAGE LINES
26. RESULTS FROM TECHNICAL AND
FINANCIAL EVALUATION
Costs are substantially reduced when compared with the costs of a new line.
No land or right of way acquisition required
Minimum environmental impact.