1) Navigational aids assist sailors in determining their position and safely navigating hazards. There are fixed structures like lighthouses, beacons, and navigational lights on piers as well as floating aids like lightships and buoys. 2) Lighthouses are tall towers with powerful lights that can be seen from far away. They are often located on shorelines or islands and have lanterns, service rooms, and living quarters. Common components include a lantern room, service room, and lightning protection. 3) Buoys are floating objects that are anchored and use their shape, color, lights, or bells to provide navigational information. Examples are can, nun, and

1. 1)DHRUV JADAV -- 43
3)SHYAM BHARADVA --10
2)CHINTAN KHETARIYA -- 54
4)ANIL BARAD --07
CLASS:- S.S. OF B.E. CIVIL THIRD YEAR
YEAR:- 2017-2018

2. DEFINATION
 The term “aid to navigation” means any object or device, external
to a vessel that is intended to assist a navigator in fixing his position
or determining a safe course past hazards to navigation.
 It includes both fixed and floating objects such as lights, light ships,
buoys, day beacons, and fog signals, plus electronic aids to
navigation such as radio beacons.
 They also serve to warn of hidden dangers and assist in making
landfall when approaching from the high seas. They also provide a
continuous chain of charted marks, showing improved channels
and assisting in coastal piloting.

3. IMPORTANCE OF NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
Enhances safety and can act as good safety
barriers.
Help to improve safety at seas.
Finding and safely navigating a narrow channel in a
wide expanse of water.
Also help mariners in determining their position with
respect to land or any navigational hazard or hidden
danger.

4. TYPES OF NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
 Depending upon structure…………..
There are two types of navigational aids.
1) Fixed structures
2) Floating structures
 Depending upon service and visibility….
There are four types of navigational aids
1)Coast approach light station
2)Obstruction light station
3)Approach channel lighting
4)Harbour light signal

5. FIXED NAVIGATIONAL STRUCTURES
There are following three types of fixed
navigation structures.
1)Navigational lights of piers:-
For the navigational purpose at the
port or harbour locate the light system on
the piers.

6. 2)Beacon lights:-
A beacon is an intentionally conspicuous device
designed to attract attention to a specific location
Beacons can also be combined with semaphoric or
other indicators to Provide important information, such
as the navigation of the ships.
Beacons help guide navigators to their destinators.
Types of navigational beacons:-
1) Radar reflectors
2) Radio beacons
3) sonic and visual signals

7. 1. Radar reflectors:-
Radar reflectors is an object-detection system that uses
radio waves to determine the range, angle or velocity of objects.

RADAR BEACON AT THE
RANGE OF MUMBAI PORT
 RADAR BEACON

8. RADIO BEACON ON THE LAND
RADIO BEACON ON THE SURFACE OF
THE SEA
2. Radio beacons:-
A radio beacon is a transmitter at a known location on
specified radio frequency

9. 3. Sonic and visual signals
 Visual beacons range from small, single-pipe structure to
large lighthouse or light station and can be located on land or
water
 There are also used of lights in navigation of ships at harbour,
like fixed light,Occulting light, Flashing light and coloured light

10. 3)Light house:-
 It is a lofty structure popularly built of masonry or reinforced concrete in the
shape of a tall tower on a high pedestal.
 The tower is divided into convenient number of floors, the topmost floor
containing powerful lighting equipment and its operating machinery.
 The lower floors are used, as stores and living rooms necessary for the
maintenance and working of the light station.
 The main parts of a typical lighthouse tower are illustrated in fig.
 Lighthouses may be located on shore or on islands away from the mainland
as in the case of warning light stations
 In the former case, the lighthouse may be easily connected with the nearest
village or township by proper communications, while in the later situation
it is located far habited area.

11.  In either case as a matter of convenience and urgency, all the requirement
for the efficient and unfailing maintenance and working of the lighthouse
,like stores and staff quarters are provided in the lighthouse shaft.
 Essentially required to assist navigator in conducting the
vessels during night hours. Therefore, the navigator must
have knowledge of the light characteristics of the aids to
navigation. Light house is one of the important lighted
navigational aid, are placed in a height with powerful light to
assist the navigator or wherever a danger requires a warning.

12. LIGHT HOUSE AT PORTUGLE LIGHT HOUSE AT GOA

13. Components
 • Even if lighthouse do vary greatly due to their usage and location,
they also have similar components wherever they may be. Each
structure has a light station that is composed of the tower and all its
underlying buildings like the fuel house, living quarters of the keeper,
fog-signaling building, and boathouse.
 •The Lantern Room is where the lamp and lens are located. It is
usually a glassed-in quarter located at the top of the tower structure
where the light is operated by the keeper. The glasses are storm-
proof and there is also a ventilator for the releasing of the smoke and
heat build up. A grounding system and lightning rod are connected to
the Cupola to provide safety against lightning strikes.
 •Just underneath the Lantern Room is the Service Room or Watch
Room. This is where the keeper prepares the lantern and keeps his
watch for the night. Fuel and other important supplies are also kept in
this room.

14. Dimensions:-
 The heights and dimensions of
lighthouses around the world vary
greatly
depending on their location and
usage.
Light house can be from 80 feet to
200 feet. Depending upon the need
of
the particular space and soil bearing
capacity it very from 50 to 300 feet.
The base of the structure at the
ground level should have a surface
area of not less than four square
meters or 43 square feet.

15. Some facts about light house
 Lighthouses are painted differently to help mariners identify them during
the day. For example, a lighthouse may be painted all white if its
surroundings/background is dark. The red and white stripes help the
mariner identify the lighthouse if it’s up against a white background, such
as cliffs or rocks.
 The height of a lighthouse takes into account the curvature of the earth, so
the higher light above MHW (mean high water), the further away it can be
seen at sea. But the light should not be so high up that local sailors will not
see it. This is why you will frequently get shorter lighthouses on the top of
cliffs and taller lighthouses built nearer the water surface.
 Originally lighthouses were lit with open fires, only later progressing
through candles, lanterns and electric lights.
 These days, lighthouses are run by machines and remote monitoring. The
automatic sensors decide if there is extra moisture in the air, and if so turn
on the fog signals. Radio signals are used to communicate with the ships.
But when the technology was not so advanced the lighthouses were run
by lighthouse keepers.

16. FLOATING NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
There are two types
1. Light ships
2. Buoys

17. 1)Light ships:-
 Lightship is a ship which is act as light house. They are used in waters the are
to deep or unsuitable for lighthouse
 First lightship was posted in 1820 in United States in Elizabeth river.
 Afterward, for a time lightships proliferated; but their number has steadily
decreased Light ships mark the entrances to harbours or estuaries, dangerous
shoals lying in much frequented waters.
 Maintenance cost is very high for Light ships when compare to light house.

18.  BRITISH LIGHT SHIP
• Identification of lights navigator
must be familiar with the lights
and their characteristics printed
in the chart to identify each light
correctly. Each light is assigned
with characteristics of colour and
off-on periods for easy
identification.
• vessel will be mislead when the
navigator fail to identify lights
correctly
• The colour of the light and
flashing characteristics in a full
cycle should be carefully noted
by the navigator.

19. Mooring
 Holding the vessel in position was an important
aspect of lightvessel engineering. Early lightships
used fluke anchors, which are still in use on many
contemporary vessels.
 These were not very satisfactory, since a lightship
has to remain stationary in very rough seas which
other vessels can avoid, and these anchors are
prone to dragging

20. 2)Buoys
 Buoys are floating structures, moored to the
bottom of the sea. Used to mark channels and
fairways, shoals, rocks, wrecks and other
dangers to navigation.
 Buoys are floating objects heavily anchored to
the bottom that are intended to convey
information to a navigator by their shape and
colour, by the characteristics of a visible or
audible signal or a combination of two or more
such features.
 Buoys have top marks and exhibit light. And
they have also fitted with radar reflectors and
audio signals
 Buoys are perhaps the largest category of aids
of navigation and come in many shapes.

21. TYPES OF BUOYS
Can buoy -a buoy with a flat-topped cylindrical shape above
water, marking the left side of a channel leading into a harbour: red
in British waters but green (occasionally black) in US waters

22. Spar Buoys-Upright wooden poles, or tubes of steel
which are often used to mark obstruction

23. Nun buoy-a buoy marks the LEFT side of the
channel leaving a harbour.It will be RED and have
EVEN number on it

24. Lighted buoy-
 Lighted buoys carry batteries or
gas tank and have a framework
that supports a light
 A fixed light may be on either a
green or red channel buoy.
 A regular interval light flashing at
not more than thirty flashes per
minute may be on either a green
or red buoy

25. Bell buoy-
Have flat tops, surmounted
by a framework supporting a
bell
The motion of the sea
sounds older bell buoys
 Newer types are
automatically by compressed
gas or electricity

26. CHART SYMBOL OF BUOY
Lateral marks are generally for well-defined channels and there
are two international Buoyage Regions - A and B - where these
Lateral marks differ.
 Where in force, the IALA System applies to all fixed and floating
marks except landfall lights, leading lights and marks, sectored
lights and major floating lights

27. NAVIGATIONAL AIDS AT COASTAL LINE OF GUJRAT
LIGHTHOUSE
NAVADRA
 It is established in 1986
 Three white flashes every 15 s. 35 m (115
ft)
 round cylindrical concrete tower with
lantern and gallery, painted with horizontal
red and whitebands.
 This lighthouse was built to provide the first
light for the long stretch of coastline
between Porbandar and Dwarka
 Focal plane of this lighthouse is 55m

28. PIROTAN ISLAND
JAMNAGAR
 It is established in
1958
 Its focal plane 26 m (85
ft);
 White flash every 20 s.
21 m (69 ft) round
masonry tower with
lantern and
 gallery, painted with
horizontal black and
white bands

29. Bhadreswar (Nakti Creek)
focal plane 77 m (253 ft);
Three white flashes every 20s.
60 m (197 ft) round concrete
tower with lantern and double
gallery.
Entire lighthouse is white.

30. MANDVI
It is established in 1889
This was a round cylindrical
tower with lantern and gallery
mounted on a
round stone tower 17th century
fortress of Mandvi;
The light was listed with a focal
plane of 35 m (115 ft).

31. VESSEL Length 21 m breadth 6mtr. (Red hull)
HEIGHT ABOVE MSL 12 M
OPTICAL EQUIPMENT DRUM OPTIC
SOURCE OF ENERGY SOLAR POWER
MAIN LIGHT CHARACTER FLASH AT EVERY 10S
LIGHTSHIPS
PERIGEE LIGHTSHIP AT BHAVNAGAR

32.  The Major Port of Kandla, situated about 90
km off the mouth of Gulf of Kutch in the
Kandla Creek at Latitude 23 degree 1 minute
North and Longitude 70 degree 13 minutes
East, is the lone Major Port on the Gujarat
coast line along the West Coast of the
country.
 It is the largest port of India by volume of
cargo handled. Kandla Port. Trust, India's
busiest major port in recent years, is gearing
to add substantial cargo handling capacity
with private sector participation.
KANDLA PORT
LOCATION

33. Navigational facilities at Kandla port
 Round-the-clock
navigation
 Permissible draught 12.6
mtrs.
 Ships with 240 mtrs.
length overall and 65,000
DWT are accommodated
presently.

34.  Safe, protected and vast
anchorage at outer
harbour for waiting and
lighterage purpose.
 22 lighted navigational
buoys with solar lights are
provided in the
navigational channel.
 Light house as an aid for
night navigation.

35. REFERENCE:- WWW.MARITIMEJOURNAL.COM
WWW.FISH4FUN.COM
BOOK:- S.P. BINDRA(DOCKS AND HARBOUR

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