Hanging Separately: Why China and Africa are unable to meet as equals
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China and Africa have had a long historical relationship dating back to the voyages of Zheng He in the early 15th century, but their modern relationships have been complicated by their differing colonial experiences and development paths. China pursued an anti-colonial foreign policy in the 1950s-60s to gain diplomatic recognition and UN votes from newly independent African nations. In the 1970s-80s, China focused domestically and on conflicts with the Soviet Union. Since the 1990s, China has sought to manage its global image and secure natural resource imports from Africa through rapid economic growth and investment. However, concerns remain about the potential for unequal power dynamics between the rising global power of China and individual African states.
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Hanging Separately: Why China and Africa are unable to meet as equals
- 1. Hanging Separately Why China and Africa are unable to meet as equals
- 2. China and Africa GDP, 1960-2012
- 3. China and U.S. GDP, 1960-2012
- 4. China-Africa Interactions Pre-1950 Zheng He (1371-1433) Muslim Eunuch, commander of Nanjing, fleet admiral, diplomat, mariner.
- 5. Zheng He’s voyages, 1405-1433
- 6. Parallel Histories Africa Pre-Colonial Colonial China Imperial Colonial Influence 1912 Revolution Independence 1949 Revolution
- 7. 1911 Independence Flag Red: Han Yellow: Manchus Blue: Mongols Hui (Muslims): White Black: Tibetans
- 13. Six Decades of PRC-Africa Relations 50s-60s “One China”, UN votes, diplomatic recognition 70s-80s Sino-Soviet conflicts, “One China”, domestic focus 90s-00s “Brand” management, rapid growth, secure supply chain
- 15. African Nations (Ordered by first recognition of the PRC) Egypt Zambia Niger South Africa Morocco Benin Gambia Malawi Algeria Mauritania Botswana South Sudan Sudan Equatorial Guinea Guinea Ethiopia Mozambique São Tomé and Príncipe Swaziland (never recognized) Ghana Nigeria Comoro Islands Mali Cameroon Cape Verde Somalia Sierra Leone Seychelles Democratic Republic of Congo Rwanda Liberia Senegal Libya Mauritius Djibouti Togo Zimbabwe Madagascar Angola Chad Côte d'Ivoire Burkino Faso Lesotho Guinea Bissau Namibia Gabon Eritrea Tanzania Uganda Kenya Burundi Tunisia Congo, Brazzaville Central African Republic
- 16. The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity mutual non-aggression non-interference in each other's internal affairs equality and mutual benefit peaceful coexistence. Originally set forth by Premier Zhou Enlai to the Indian delegation in 1953-1954
- 17. Six Decades of PRC-Africa Relations 50s-60s “One China”, UN votes, diplomatic recognition 70s-80s Sino-Soviet conflicts, “One China”, domestic focus 90s-00s “Brand” management, rapid growth, secure supply chain
- 18. UN recognizes PRC, 1971
- 19. Nixon visits Beijing, 1972
- 20. [The guiding principle of Chinese diplomacy in the 1980s changed from] “ideological idealism to pragmatic idealism and from unconditional internationalism to a priority of national interest." —He Wenping Chinese Africanist
- 21. Six Decades of PRC-Africa Relations 50s-60s “One China”, UN votes, diplomatic recognition 70s-80s Sino-Soviet conflicts, “One China”, domestic focus 90s-00s “Brand” management, rapid growth, secure supply chain
- 22. The Party (Communist Party of China) 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China
- 23. Hu Jintao’s “Four Nos” 1. 2. 3. 4. no hegemonism no power politics no military alliances no arms races 1997 ASEAN Summit
- 25. Trade between Africa and China 19952008
- 28. Egypt Free Officers’ Revolt, 1952 Mubarak deposed, 2011
- 29. Sudan Independence, 1956 Coup d'état, 1969 Coup d'état, 1971 1972, civil war hiatus Coup d'état, 1989 South Sudan separates, 2011
- 30. Burkina Faso Formerly Upper Volta Independence 1984 Coup d'état, 1987
- 31. Ghana Independence 1957 Coup d'état, 1966 Various coups 1966-1981 Elections 1992
- 32. Kwame Nkrumah and Mao Zedong
- 33. Nigeria Independence 1960 Variosu coups, civil war, 1966-1970 Military junta, 1970, coups, junta Elections 1999
- 34. “Chinese citizens found in oil installations will be treated as thieves. The Chinese government by investing in stolen crude places its citizens in our line of fire.” —Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND)
- 35. Equatorial Guinea Independence 1968 Coup d'état, 1979
- 36. Tanzania Independence 1961 Merge with Zanzibar, 1964
- 38. South Africa Independence 1931 Transition to Republic, 1961 First universal elections, 1994
- 39. Zimbabwe Formerly South Rhodesia Declaration of independence, 1964 “Zimbabwe Rhodesia”, 1979 Elections, 1980 Transition to Republic, 1961 First universal elections, 1994
- 45. “It is possible to build an unequal relationship, the kind of relationship that has developed between African countries as colonies. The African continent exports raw material and imports manufactured goods, condemning (it) to underdevelopment” —President Thabo Mbeki, South Africa, 2006