Hand infection
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Hand infection Hand contains neurovascular bundles, muscles, bones and ligaments. Infection may be due to minor injuries or blood borne.
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Hand infection is the infection caused in hand , since hand contains neurovascular bundles, muscles, bones, and ligaments.
It includes
1. Acute Paronychia
2.Chronic Paronychia
3.Terminal pulp space infection ( felon)
4.subungal infection
5. Web space infecion
6. Mid palmar space infection
7.Thenar space infection
8. Deep palmar abscess
9. Acute suppurative tenosynovitis
11. Chronic Tenosynovitis
12. Lymphangitis of the hand
13. Arthritis of hand joints
14. Subcuticular abscess
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This document summarizes several ulcerative and inflammatory lesions of the oral cavity, including aphthous ulcers, herpesvirus infections, oral candidiasis, and Kaposi sarcoma in AIDS patients. Aphthous ulcers are the most common oral disease, appearing as small, painful ulcers, usually resolving within a few weeks but often recurring. Herpesvirus infections cause cold sores or fever blisters via reactivation from latency in ganglia. Oral candidiasis is caused by overgrowth of the fungus Candida albicans when protective mechanisms are impaired. Kaposi sarcoma associated with AIDS may present as purpuric discolorations or nodular oral masses.
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The document provides a differential diagnosis for various ulcerative and eschar-forming skin lesions. It describes the key clinical features of cutaneous anthrax including a painless ulcer covered by a black eschar surrounded by disproportionate edema. Cutaneous leishmaniasis presents as a slowly evolving papule to ulcerative lesion with possible lymphangitis. Cat-scratch disease causes regional lymphadenopathy after a papule or vesicle at the inoculation site.
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LEPROSY
This presentation is made by Dr Ashok Jaisingani for study purpose if any one like this than please give your comments.
Approach to a child with fever and rash
complete guide to a child with rash.
algorithm of diagnosis.
includes infectious diseases.
final year mbbs pediatric presentation
Psoriasis and Management in Primary Care
1. Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated skin disorder characterized by patches of abnormal skin that are typically red, itchy, and scaly. It occurs worldwide and has various clinical subtypes defined by the appearance of the rashes.
2. The pathogenesis of psoriasis involves an interplay between immune system dysfunction, epidermal keratinocyte hyperproliferation, and vascular changes. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to its development.
3. Psoriasis is associated with increased risks of comorbidities like psoriatic arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. Treatment involves topical agents for mild cases and progresses to phototherapy, systemic drugs, and bi
RAYNAUD'S DISEASE
Raynaud’s Phenomenon used to describe episodic events which represent vasoconstriction of digital arteries, precapillary arterioles and arteriovenous shunts.
O.med الجزء الثانيpdf.pdf
This document discusses cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. It notes that CMV transmission occurs through direct contact with infected white blood cells or blood products. In organ transplant recipients, CMV can be transmitted through the donor organ. CMV infection is usually asymptomatic but can cause mononucleosis-like symptoms. It establishes latency after initial exposure. CMV infection most commonly involves the eyes, gastrointestinal tract, and mucocutaneous sites in immunocompromised people like those with AIDS. Treatment involves antiviral medications like ganciclovir or valganciclovir.
Oral viral infections
- Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 are common oral viral infections, usually transmitted via saliva or direct contact. Both viruses establish latency in ganglia. HSV-1 typically causes oral lesions while HSV-2 typically causes genital lesions.
- Varicella zoster virus causes chickenpox in children and shingles in adults via reactivation. It establishes latency in ganglia.
- Epstein-Barr virus causes infectious mononucleosis, commonly known as "mono" or "kissing disease". It is transmitted through saliva and causes fever, lymphadenopathy and pharyngitis.
Endocarditis
Infective endocarditis is a condition where the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) becomes inflamed due to a bacterial or fungal infection. It often involves the heart valves and can cause growths called vegetations that can break off and travel to other organs. It is classified based on the causative organism (bacteria, fungus) and whether the person has a normal or abnormal heart/valves. Common symptoms include fever, heart murmur, skin lesions, and potential complications involving the brain, lungs, kidneys, and spleen. Diagnosis involves blood cultures, echocardiography, and the modified Duke criteria.
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Ulcerative & inflammatory diseases of oral cavity i
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Urethritis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
URETHRITIS - inflammation of urethra
CAUSES
Gonococcal urethritis.
Nongonococcal urethritis:
Trichomonal urethritis.
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV).
Mycoplasma.
Ureaplasma urealyticum.
Candida.
Trauma
Catheters
Cystoscopes
stones.
Chemical urethritis.
Reiter’s disease: Arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis.
Allergy.
Stricture urethra by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
STRICTURE URETHRA
CLASSIICATION -I
I: Aetiologically.
2. Congenital.
3. Inflammatory:
Post-gonococcal
is most common
Gonococcal stricture occurs one year after infection.
Retention develops only 10–15 years later.
Rupture of urethra by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
Rupture of the anterior urethra is usually caused by a fall astride a projecting object. Clinical features include blood in the urethra, a perineal hematoma, and retention of urine. Treatment involves gentle catheterization in the operating room. If catheterization is not possible, open surgical repair of the tear is performed through a perineal incision. Complications can include infection and stricture formation.
Renal calculus by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
RENAL CALCULUS AETIOLOGY
Males- radio-opaque gall stones
Females - Radiolucent gall stones
Diet:Vitamin A deficiency
it causes desquamation of epithelium
which acts as a nidus for stone formation.
Climate:
In hot climate urinary solutes will increase with decrease in colloids,
Paraphimosis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
PARAPHIMOSIS
DEFINITION
Inability to place back (cover) the retracted prepucial skin over the glans is called as paraphimosis.
It causes ring like constriction proximal to the corona and prepuceal skin.
Hypospadias by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
HYPOSPADIAS
DEFINITION
It is the most common congenital malformation of urethra wherein external meatus is situated proximal than normal, over the ventral (under) aspect of the penis.
Hydronephrosis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
HYDRONEPHROSIS (HN)
DEFINITION
It is an aseptic dilatation of pelvicalyceal system due to partial or intermittent obstruction to the outflow of urine.
AETIOLOGY
unilateral
bilateral.
Epispadias by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
EPISPADIAS
Here the urethra opens on the dorsum of the penis, proximal to the glans.
COMMON SITES
abdominopenile junction.
It is associated with a dorsal chordee, ectopia vesicae, urinary incontinence, separated pubic bones.
It is uncommon in females.
Beningn prostrate Hypertrophy (BPH) by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
This document discusses benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), including its etiology, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. BPH is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that occurs in older men due to an imbalance of hormones. It causes obstruction of the urethra and symptoms like frequent urination, weak urine stream, and retention. Diagnosis involves exams, urine and blood tests, and imaging of the prostate, kidneys, and bladder. Treatment depends on symptoms and complications but may include catheterization, surgery to remove part of the prostate like TURP, or other procedures to relieve blockage.
Bladder tumor by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
BLADDER TUMOURS
They are urothelial tumours.
They are commonly malignant.
Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) is the most common.
Varicocele by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
Varicocele is dilatation and tortuosity of the veins within the scrotum that drain blood from the testicles. It is more common on the left side where the left testicular vein drains directly into the left renal vein. Varicocele can cause increased temperature in the scrotum and impair sperm production. Treatment involves surgical ligation of the affected veins to repair blood flow and potentially improve fertility.
Testicular tumors
TESTICULAR TUMOURS
PREVALANCE
99% of testicular tumours are malignant.
Life time prevalence of getting testicular tumour is 0.2%.
Very common in Scandinavia; least common inAfrica andAsia.
4 times common in whites than blacks.
Orchitis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
ORCHITIS
AETIOLOGY
It is an inflammation of the testis.
It is commonly associated with inflammation ofthe epididymis. Hence, called as epididymo-orchitis.
Orchitis is due to infection through blood, lymphatics or epididymis.
Hydrocele by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
HYDROCELE
DEFINITION
It is the collection of fluid between the two layers of tunica vaginalis of testis.
Epididymitis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
EPIDIDYMITIS,
CAUSES
Inflammation of epididymis is commonly associated with orchitis— epididymo-orchitis.
Nonspecific
viral like mumps.
Bacterial.
Filarial.
Tuberculosis
Perforated peptic ulcer by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
PERFORATED PEPTIC ULCER
PERFORATION
DEFINITION
It is the terminology used for perforation of duodenal ulcer or gastric ulcer or stomal ulcer.
Otherwise all clinical features and management are similar.
Perforation is common in duodenal ulcer
Mortality is more in gastric ulcer perforation and perforation in elderly
Gastric ulcer by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
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AETIOLOGY
It occurs due to imbalance between protective and damaging factors of gastric mucosa.
Atrophic gastritis
duodenogastric bile reflux
gastric stasis
abnormalities in acid and pepsin secretion.
Acid becomes ulcerogenic even to normal gastric mucosa.
Curling ulcer by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
CURLING ULCER
DEFINITION
They are acute ulcers which develop after major burns, presenting as pain in epigastric region, vomiting or haematemesis.
Curling’s ulcer occurs when burn injury is more than 35%.
It is observed in the body and fundus not in antrum and duodenum
Congenital (infantile) hypertrophic pyloric stenosis by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
CONGENITAL (INFANTILE) HYPERTROPHIC PYLORIC STENOSIS
DEFINITION
It is hypertrophy of musculature of pyloric antrum, especially the circular muscle fibres, causing primary failure of pylorus to relax.
Duodenum is normal.
Carcinoma stomach by Dr.K.AmrithaAnilkumar
CARCINOMA STOMACH
INCIDENCE
‘It is the captain of men of death’.
It is more common in Japan—70 per 1,00,000 population.
It is more common in males 2:1.
Decrease incidence in western world
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2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
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2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Hand infection
- 1. en love da Homoeopathy HAND INFECTION
- 3. HANDINFECTION Definition • Hand contains neurovascular bundles, muscles, bones and ligaments. • Infectionmay be due to minor injuries or blood borne. PRICIPITINGCAUSES • Diabetes • Immunosuppression • HIV infection • Vascular diseases COMMONORGANISMS • Staphylococcus aureus- most common – 90% • Gram-negative organisms like • E. coli • Klebsiella • Pseudomonas
- 4. PATHOLOGY Infectionspreads faster ↓ Causes oedema due to lax skin ↓ looks like frog hand ↓ Restricted movements of fingers and hand. ↓ The handfunctions like hook, pinch, grip, graspare lost. SYMPTOMS • Severe pain • Tenderness withfever. • Tender palpable axillary lymphnodes are oftenpresent
- 5. TYPESOF HANDINFECTION 1. Acute paronychia. 2. Chronicparonychia. 3. Terminal pulp space infection(felon). 4. Subungualinfection. 5. Web space infection. 6. Mid-palmar space infection. 7. Thenarspace infection. 8. Deep palmar abscess. 9. Acutesuppurative 10. tenosynovitis. 11. Chronictenosynovitis 12. Lymphangitis of the hand. 13. Arthritis of hand joints. 14. Subcuticular abscess
- 6. INVESTIGATIONS • Pus culture • Blood sugar. • Urine sugar and ketone bodies. • Arterial Doppler of the handif needed. TREAMENT • Antibiotictherapy. • Positionof rest with wrist slightly abductedand extended, thumb and index fingers away (glass- holding position). REFERENCE 1. SRB's Manual of Surgery by SriramBhat M 2. A Manual on Clinical Surgeryby Das 3. A Concise textbookof Surgeryby Das Glass holding position
- 7. A Special Thanks To A Very Special Doctor