Hammer Toes: American college of foot and ankle surgeons. An insight into what a hammertoe is and possible treatments for hammertoes including hammertoe correction surgery. via American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons
The Ilizarov apparatus is a type of external fixation used in orthopedic surgery to lengthen or reshape limb bones; as a limb-sparing technique to treat complex and/or open bone fractures; and in cases of infected nonunions of bones that are not amenable with other techniques. It is named after the orthopedic surgeon Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov from the Soviet Union, who pioneered the technique.
Hallux rigidus:
A condition characterized by loss of motion of first MTP joint in adults due to degenerative arthritis
second most common condition affecting the big toe after hallux valgus
most common arthritic condition in the foot.
This document provides an overview of hemiarthroplasty, which involves replacing the femoral head with a prosthesis while retaining the natural acetabulum. It discusses the history and types of prostheses used in hemiarthroplasty. The indications, surgical procedure, postoperative care, and possible complications of hemiarthroplasty are described. A case example of a 78-year-old female undergoing cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty for a fractured neck of femur is presented.
This document provides an overview of hallux valgus, including its anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Key points include:
- Hallux valgus is a lateral deviation of the great toe and medial deviation of the first metatarsal. It can cause pain over the bunion.
- Risk factors include heredity, footwear, ligament laxity, and pes planus. Diagnosis involves examining range of motion, deformity, and taking x-rays to measure angles.
- Treatment progresses from footwear modifications and stretching to various surgical procedures depending on severity, including distal soft tissue procedures, osteotomies, and joint fusion or replacement in severe cases.
Mallet finger, or drop finger, is a deformity of the finger caused by damage to the extensor tendon below the DIP joint, preventing straightening of the fingertip. It most commonly occurs in the long, ring, or small finger of the dominant hand in young males after the fingertip is forcibly bent backwards. Treatment depends on the severity of the injury but generally involves splinting the finger to keep the DIP joint straight as the tendon heals, usually for 6-8 weeks. Surgery may be needed for open injuries, large bone fragments, or if non-surgical treatment is unsuccessful. Complications can include an extensor lag deformity or swan neck deformity if not properly
This document discusses several foot conditions including pes planus (flat foot), pes valgus, flexible flat foot, congenital vertical talus, tarsal coalition, and posterior tibial tendon disorder. It provides details on the anatomy of the foot arches, clinical features, causes, treatments and imaging findings for each condition. Common causes of flat foot discussed include flexible flat foot in children, congenital vertical talus, tarsal coalition, and posterior tibial tendon insufficiency in adults. Imaging can help evaluate the degree of deformity and guide treatment, which may include orthotics, casting, or surgery depending on the condition.
Perthes disease is avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children caused by interrupted blood supply. It typically affects children ages 4-8 years old. Presentation includes limping and hip pain. Treatment depends on the stage and aims to contain the femoral head through casting, bracing, or surgery. Containment redirects forces on the femoral head to allow remodeling. Late treatment focuses on improving range of motion and reshaping deformities through osteotomies or salvage surgery. The long term goal is to produce a normal hip joint and prevent arthritis.
The normal foot has an arch that allows it to bend and flex during walking or running. In contrast, vertical talus is a rare birth defect where the foot is rigid with no arch and the heel and front of the foot point upwards instead of flat on the ground. This makes walking difficult without special braces or surgery to reconstruct the arch and tendons.
The Ilizarov apparatus is a type of external fixation used in orthopedic surgery to lengthen or reshape limb bones; as a limb-sparing technique to treat complex and/or open bone fractures; and in cases of infected nonunions of bones that are not amenable with other techniques. It is named after the orthopedic surgeon Gavriil Abramovich Ilizarov from the Soviet Union, who pioneered the technique.
Hallux rigidus:
A condition characterized by loss of motion of first MTP joint in adults due to degenerative arthritis
second most common condition affecting the big toe after hallux valgus
most common arthritic condition in the foot.
This document provides an overview of hemiarthroplasty, which involves replacing the femoral head with a prosthesis while retaining the natural acetabulum. It discusses the history and types of prostheses used in hemiarthroplasty. The indications, surgical procedure, postoperative care, and possible complications of hemiarthroplasty are described. A case example of a 78-year-old female undergoing cemented bipolar hemiarthroplasty for a fractured neck of femur is presented.
This document provides an overview of hallux valgus, including its anatomy, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Key points include:
- Hallux valgus is a lateral deviation of the great toe and medial deviation of the first metatarsal. It can cause pain over the bunion.
- Risk factors include heredity, footwear, ligament laxity, and pes planus. Diagnosis involves examining range of motion, deformity, and taking x-rays to measure angles.
- Treatment progresses from footwear modifications and stretching to various surgical procedures depending on severity, including distal soft tissue procedures, osteotomies, and joint fusion or replacement in severe cases.
Mallet finger, or drop finger, is a deformity of the finger caused by damage to the extensor tendon below the DIP joint, preventing straightening of the fingertip. It most commonly occurs in the long, ring, or small finger of the dominant hand in young males after the fingertip is forcibly bent backwards. Treatment depends on the severity of the injury but generally involves splinting the finger to keep the DIP joint straight as the tendon heals, usually for 6-8 weeks. Surgery may be needed for open injuries, large bone fragments, or if non-surgical treatment is unsuccessful. Complications can include an extensor lag deformity or swan neck deformity if not properly
This document discusses several foot conditions including pes planus (flat foot), pes valgus, flexible flat foot, congenital vertical talus, tarsal coalition, and posterior tibial tendon disorder. It provides details on the anatomy of the foot arches, clinical features, causes, treatments and imaging findings for each condition. Common causes of flat foot discussed include flexible flat foot in children, congenital vertical talus, tarsal coalition, and posterior tibial tendon insufficiency in adults. Imaging can help evaluate the degree of deformity and guide treatment, which may include orthotics, casting, or surgery depending on the condition.
Perthes disease is avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children caused by interrupted blood supply. It typically affects children ages 4-8 years old. Presentation includes limping and hip pain. Treatment depends on the stage and aims to contain the femoral head through casting, bracing, or surgery. Containment redirects forces on the femoral head to allow remodeling. Late treatment focuses on improving range of motion and reshaping deformities through osteotomies or salvage surgery. The long term goal is to produce a normal hip joint and prevent arthritis.
The normal foot has an arch that allows it to bend and flex during walking or running. In contrast, vertical talus is a rare birth defect where the foot is rigid with no arch and the heel and front of the foot point upwards instead of flat on the ground. This makes walking difficult without special braces or surgery to reconstruct the arch and tendons.
1) Tuberculosis of the knee joint is the third most common site of osteoarticular tuberculosis, accounting for around 10% of skeletal tuberculosis cases.
2) Initial pathology involves hematogenous spread to the synovium or subchondral bone, forming tubercles. Advanced cases involve erosion of joint surfaces and destruction of bones.
3) Clinical features include knee swelling, warmth, effusion, tenderness, and restricted painful movement. Advanced cases develop triple deformity of flexion, adduction, and internal rotation.
This document provides an overview of Legg Calve Perthes disease, including its definition, demographics, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, classifications, management, and surgical procedures. Some key points:
- It is avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children, most common in ages 4-8 years. Positive family history and low birth weight are risk factors.
- Clinical features include hip/thigh pain aggravated by movement. Imaging shows stages from avascular necrosis to fragmentation to regeneration/healing.
- Conservative management includes bracing for young/mild cases. Surgical containment is used for more severe/older cases to encourage spherical remodeling.
- Procedures
Hammer toes is a condition where the toe is bent at the middle joint, causing it to resemble a hammer. There are two types - flexible and rigid. Risk factors include genetics and wearing tight shoes. Symptoms are pain at the bent joint from corns. Causes include tight shoes putting pressure on the toe tendon. Treatment depends on whether the toe is flexible or rigid - orthotics for flexible toes and surgery for rigid toes.
This document provides information on slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), including:
- SCFE involves slippage of the femoral epiphysis posteriorly and inferiorly due to weakness of the growth plate.
- It most commonly affects obese adolescent boys and girls during periods of rapid growth.
- Clinical features include pain in the groin or knee and limited range of motion of the hip.
- Treatment involves closed or open reduction and internal fixation using pins or screws to stabilize the slip.
- The goals of treatment are to prevent further slippage and allow healing to occur without complications like avascular necrosis.
This document discusses congenital convex pes valgus (CVT), a rare rigid flatfoot condition present at birth. CVT is caused by genetic syndromes or abnormal muscle fibers/tendon contractures. Clinically, it presents as a rigid flatfoot with the talus medially displaced. Imaging can classify the deformity and assess reducibility. Nonoperative treatment with casting is rarely effective. The preferred surgical treatment is a single-stage correction using approaches like Cincinnati to release tissues and reduce/fix the talonavicular joint. Complications include recurrence, stiffness, and avascular necrosis of the talus. Later presentations may require more extensive fusions.
The document discusses lateral condyle fractures of the humerus. It begins by describing the anatomy of the lateral condyle. Lateral condyle fractures comprise 17% of distal humerus fractures and typically occur in children around 6 years old, representing a Salter-Harris type IV physeal injury. The mechanism of injury is typically a fall on an extended arm with a varus force. Clinical presentation includes pain, swelling, limited movement, and possible skin changes or wounds. Treatment involves either immobilization in a cast for undisplaced fractures or open reduction and internal fixation with pins or screws for displaced fractures. Complications can include non-union, deformity, nerve palsy, malunion, growth arrest, or
Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain that results from inflammation of the plantar fascia. It occurs when excess stress is placed on the fascia, often due to activities like long-distance running. Symptoms include pain along the bottom of the heel that is usually worst with first steps in the morning. Risk factors include age over 40, obesity, tight calf muscles, and wearing poorly fitting shoes. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and examination, while imaging can show thickening of the plantar fascia. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and stress on the fascia through stretching, orthotics, night splints, and heel pads.
Flat foot, also known as pes planus, is a condition where the arch of the foot collapses, causing the entire sole of the foot to touch the ground. It can be congenital or acquired later in life. Flexible flat foot can be corrected by dorsiflexing the toes while rigid flat foot cannot. Treatment depends on the type and severity, ranging from exercises and orthotics to reconstructive surgery like triple arthrodesis for rigid flat foot. The goal is to relieve pain by restoring the arch alignment and motion of the foot.
Peroneal tendinopathy is inflammation of the peroneal tendons behind the lateral malleolus caused by overuse or repetitive ankle motion. It is common in athletes and those with foot biomechanics like overpronation. Patients experience pain and swelling along the tendons that is worsened by activities like running. Examination reveals tenderness along the tendon course. Treatment begins conservatively with rest, bracing, stretching and strengthening exercises. For persistent cases, corticosteroid injections or surgery may be used to repair damaged tendons.
Hammer toe is a deformity of the toes characterized by an abnormal flexion of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint. It is typically caused by tightness of the long flexor tendon or an underlying condition like bunions. Physical examination reveals calluses and accentuated toe flexion while standing. Treatment ranges from padding and stretching for mild cases to surgical correction involving tendon release or joint replacement for severe, fixed deformities.
Hallux valgus, also known as a bunion, is a progressive foot deformity where the first metatarsophalangeal joint is affected, causing the big toe to deviate laterally away from the second toe. This is often accompanied by pain and functional impairment. Non-surgical treatments include footwear modifications and orthotics to reduce pressure and pain. Surgical options vary based on severity, from osteotomies like the Chevron procedure for mild cases to joint fusions for severe deformities. Post-operative management focuses on gradually restoring range of motion and strengthening through physical therapy exercises.
Amputation is the surgical removal of a limb or part of a limb. It has been performed for centuries as a treatment for trauma, infection, tumors, and other conditions. The procedure involves carefully marking the incision site, administering antibiotics, ligating blood vessels, and creating a conical stump for prosthesis fitting. Factors like adequate blood supply, joint mobility, and wound healing must be considered when determining the appropriate amputation level. With modern techniques, amputation allows many patients to regain mobility and independence through prosthetic devices.
Spina ventosa is a form of tuberculous dactylitis that affects the short tubular bones of the hands and feet in children. It occurs secondary to tuberculosis infection and presents as swelling and tenderness of the affected bone. Investigations may show leukocytosis and elevated inflammatory markers. Chest x-rays and bone x-rays can identify periosteal reaction, lytic lesions, or sclerosis. Biopsy is needed to confirm the diagnosis. A case report described a 13-year-old girl with left index finger pain, weight loss, and loss of appetite who was found to have spina ventosa on biopsy along with a tuberculoma seen on brain MRI. She was started on antitub
This document discusses coxa vara, which is a hip deformity characterized by an abnormal decrease in the femoral neck-shaft angle. It classifies coxa vara as congenital, developmental, or acquired. Developmental coxa vara is the most common type and is caused by a primary cartilage defect in the femoral neck. Clinical features include limping and pain. Treatment involves corrective valgus osteotomies to restore the neck-shaft angle and relieve stress on the femoral physis. The document describes several techniques for valgus osteotomy including Pauwel's, Borden's, and subtrochanteric osteotomy. The goal of surgery is to stimulate healing of the femoral neck defect and restore normal
The Krukenberg surgery converts the forearm into a forceps-like structure by separating the radius and ulna into opposing rays that can act against each other like chopsticks. This allows amputees, especially in areas without modern prosthetics, to regain some hand function. The procedure involves longitudinally splitting the flexor and extensor muscles of the forearm into radial and ulnar groups and severing the interosseous membrane to separate the radius and ulna at their tips while maintaining motion at their proximal ends. Reconstructing the forearm in this way provides a more useful alternative to amputees than a mechanical prosthesis.
This document discusses vertical talus, a rare congenital foot deformity. It begins by defining vertical talus and listing its synonyms. It then discusses the etiology, associated conditions, clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and classification systems for vertical talus. The document concludes by outlining treatment approaches for vertical talus, which typically involves serial casting in infants followed by surgical correction if needed. Surgical techniques described include open reduction with possible navicular excision or arthrodesis depending on the age and severity of the deformity.
This presentation is made to act as a guide and a short reminder to clinicians and medical students on Volkmann's Ischaemic Contracture, which is a medical condition that can lead to activities limitation and public participation restriction. This presentation explore aspects of the condition such as what it is, causes, how it can be diagnosed, how it can be managed and others.
1) Fractures of the humeral shaft can result from a fall on an outstretched hand or direct blow to the arm.
2) Treatment involves either hanging casts or surgery depending on the severity of the fracture and any complications.
3) Complications can include injury to the radial nerve and non-union of the bone fragments, so careful assessment of nerve function is important both before and after treatment.
Cubitus varus, or gunstock deformity, is caused by malunion of supracondylar fractures and results in the forearm being deviated inward at the elbow with loss of the carrying angle. It is a triplanar deformity involving varus, hyperextension, and internal rotation. Treatment options include observation for young children, hemiepiphysiodesis to alter growth, and corrective osteotomy. The lateral closing wedge osteotomy is commonly used to safely correct the varus deformity through removal of a lateral wedge. Other techniques include medial opening wedge, oblique, dome, and step-cut osteotomies. Postoperative management focuses on immobilizing the arm in extension
This document discusses genu varum (bow legs) and provides information on its normal development, differential diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. It notes that genu varum is normal in infants and typically resolves on its own by 18-24 months as the child begins walking. Persistent or worsening bowing after age 2 may indicate an underlying condition. Common causes include physiologic bowing, Blount's disease, rickets, and bone dysplasias. Assessment involves history, exam of limb alignment and growth, and full-length radiographs. Treatment depends on the etiology but may include stretching, bracing, or corrective osteotomy.
Hammer toe is caused by tight shoes that force the toe into a flexed position, shortening the muscles and tendons. It most commonly affects the second toe, causing it to rotate downward into a claw-like position. Mild cases in children can be treated with foot manipulation and splinting, while wearing properly fitting shoes can help prevent worsening. For more severe cases, podiatrists may recommend straightening devices, exercises, or surgery to straighten the joint.
Foot Solutions offers other treatments, including forefoot products designed to relieve hammer toes, such as hammer toe crests and hammer toe splints. These devices will help hold down the hammer toe and provide relief to the forefoot. Gel toe shields and gel toe caps are also recommended to eliminate friction between the shoe and the toe, while providing comfort and lubrication.
1) Tuberculosis of the knee joint is the third most common site of osteoarticular tuberculosis, accounting for around 10% of skeletal tuberculosis cases.
2) Initial pathology involves hematogenous spread to the synovium or subchondral bone, forming tubercles. Advanced cases involve erosion of joint surfaces and destruction of bones.
3) Clinical features include knee swelling, warmth, effusion, tenderness, and restricted painful movement. Advanced cases develop triple deformity of flexion, adduction, and internal rotation.
This document provides an overview of Legg Calve Perthes disease, including its definition, demographics, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, classifications, management, and surgical procedures. Some key points:
- It is avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children, most common in ages 4-8 years. Positive family history and low birth weight are risk factors.
- Clinical features include hip/thigh pain aggravated by movement. Imaging shows stages from avascular necrosis to fragmentation to regeneration/healing.
- Conservative management includes bracing for young/mild cases. Surgical containment is used for more severe/older cases to encourage spherical remodeling.
- Procedures
Hammer toes is a condition where the toe is bent at the middle joint, causing it to resemble a hammer. There are two types - flexible and rigid. Risk factors include genetics and wearing tight shoes. Symptoms are pain at the bent joint from corns. Causes include tight shoes putting pressure on the toe tendon. Treatment depends on whether the toe is flexible or rigid - orthotics for flexible toes and surgery for rigid toes.
This document provides information on slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), including:
- SCFE involves slippage of the femoral epiphysis posteriorly and inferiorly due to weakness of the growth plate.
- It most commonly affects obese adolescent boys and girls during periods of rapid growth.
- Clinical features include pain in the groin or knee and limited range of motion of the hip.
- Treatment involves closed or open reduction and internal fixation using pins or screws to stabilize the slip.
- The goals of treatment are to prevent further slippage and allow healing to occur without complications like avascular necrosis.
This document discusses congenital convex pes valgus (CVT), a rare rigid flatfoot condition present at birth. CVT is caused by genetic syndromes or abnormal muscle fibers/tendon contractures. Clinically, it presents as a rigid flatfoot with the talus medially displaced. Imaging can classify the deformity and assess reducibility. Nonoperative treatment with casting is rarely effective. The preferred surgical treatment is a single-stage correction using approaches like Cincinnati to release tissues and reduce/fix the talonavicular joint. Complications include recurrence, stiffness, and avascular necrosis of the talus. Later presentations may require more extensive fusions.
The document discusses lateral condyle fractures of the humerus. It begins by describing the anatomy of the lateral condyle. Lateral condyle fractures comprise 17% of distal humerus fractures and typically occur in children around 6 years old, representing a Salter-Harris type IV physeal injury. The mechanism of injury is typically a fall on an extended arm with a varus force. Clinical presentation includes pain, swelling, limited movement, and possible skin changes or wounds. Treatment involves either immobilization in a cast for undisplaced fractures or open reduction and internal fixation with pins or screws for displaced fractures. Complications can include non-union, deformity, nerve palsy, malunion, growth arrest, or
Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain that results from inflammation of the plantar fascia. It occurs when excess stress is placed on the fascia, often due to activities like long-distance running. Symptoms include pain along the bottom of the heel that is usually worst with first steps in the morning. Risk factors include age over 40, obesity, tight calf muscles, and wearing poorly fitting shoes. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and examination, while imaging can show thickening of the plantar fascia. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and stress on the fascia through stretching, orthotics, night splints, and heel pads.
Flat foot, also known as pes planus, is a condition where the arch of the foot collapses, causing the entire sole of the foot to touch the ground. It can be congenital or acquired later in life. Flexible flat foot can be corrected by dorsiflexing the toes while rigid flat foot cannot. Treatment depends on the type and severity, ranging from exercises and orthotics to reconstructive surgery like triple arthrodesis for rigid flat foot. The goal is to relieve pain by restoring the arch alignment and motion of the foot.
Peroneal tendinopathy is inflammation of the peroneal tendons behind the lateral malleolus caused by overuse or repetitive ankle motion. It is common in athletes and those with foot biomechanics like overpronation. Patients experience pain and swelling along the tendons that is worsened by activities like running. Examination reveals tenderness along the tendon course. Treatment begins conservatively with rest, bracing, stretching and strengthening exercises. For persistent cases, corticosteroid injections or surgery may be used to repair damaged tendons.
Hammer toe is a deformity of the toes characterized by an abnormal flexion of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint. It is typically caused by tightness of the long flexor tendon or an underlying condition like bunions. Physical examination reveals calluses and accentuated toe flexion while standing. Treatment ranges from padding and stretching for mild cases to surgical correction involving tendon release or joint replacement for severe, fixed deformities.
Hallux valgus, also known as a bunion, is a progressive foot deformity where the first metatarsophalangeal joint is affected, causing the big toe to deviate laterally away from the second toe. This is often accompanied by pain and functional impairment. Non-surgical treatments include footwear modifications and orthotics to reduce pressure and pain. Surgical options vary based on severity, from osteotomies like the Chevron procedure for mild cases to joint fusions for severe deformities. Post-operative management focuses on gradually restoring range of motion and strengthening through physical therapy exercises.
Amputation is the surgical removal of a limb or part of a limb. It has been performed for centuries as a treatment for trauma, infection, tumors, and other conditions. The procedure involves carefully marking the incision site, administering antibiotics, ligating blood vessels, and creating a conical stump for prosthesis fitting. Factors like adequate blood supply, joint mobility, and wound healing must be considered when determining the appropriate amputation level. With modern techniques, amputation allows many patients to regain mobility and independence through prosthetic devices.
Spina ventosa is a form of tuberculous dactylitis that affects the short tubular bones of the hands and feet in children. It occurs secondary to tuberculosis infection and presents as swelling and tenderness of the affected bone. Investigations may show leukocytosis and elevated inflammatory markers. Chest x-rays and bone x-rays can identify periosteal reaction, lytic lesions, or sclerosis. Biopsy is needed to confirm the diagnosis. A case report described a 13-year-old girl with left index finger pain, weight loss, and loss of appetite who was found to have spina ventosa on biopsy along with a tuberculoma seen on brain MRI. She was started on antitub
This document discusses coxa vara, which is a hip deformity characterized by an abnormal decrease in the femoral neck-shaft angle. It classifies coxa vara as congenital, developmental, or acquired. Developmental coxa vara is the most common type and is caused by a primary cartilage defect in the femoral neck. Clinical features include limping and pain. Treatment involves corrective valgus osteotomies to restore the neck-shaft angle and relieve stress on the femoral physis. The document describes several techniques for valgus osteotomy including Pauwel's, Borden's, and subtrochanteric osteotomy. The goal of surgery is to stimulate healing of the femoral neck defect and restore normal
The Krukenberg surgery converts the forearm into a forceps-like structure by separating the radius and ulna into opposing rays that can act against each other like chopsticks. This allows amputees, especially in areas without modern prosthetics, to regain some hand function. The procedure involves longitudinally splitting the flexor and extensor muscles of the forearm into radial and ulnar groups and severing the interosseous membrane to separate the radius and ulna at their tips while maintaining motion at their proximal ends. Reconstructing the forearm in this way provides a more useful alternative to amputees than a mechanical prosthesis.
This document discusses vertical talus, a rare congenital foot deformity. It begins by defining vertical talus and listing its synonyms. It then discusses the etiology, associated conditions, clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and classification systems for vertical talus. The document concludes by outlining treatment approaches for vertical talus, which typically involves serial casting in infants followed by surgical correction if needed. Surgical techniques described include open reduction with possible navicular excision or arthrodesis depending on the age and severity of the deformity.
This presentation is made to act as a guide and a short reminder to clinicians and medical students on Volkmann's Ischaemic Contracture, which is a medical condition that can lead to activities limitation and public participation restriction. This presentation explore aspects of the condition such as what it is, causes, how it can be diagnosed, how it can be managed and others.
1) Fractures of the humeral shaft can result from a fall on an outstretched hand or direct blow to the arm.
2) Treatment involves either hanging casts or surgery depending on the severity of the fracture and any complications.
3) Complications can include injury to the radial nerve and non-union of the bone fragments, so careful assessment of nerve function is important both before and after treatment.
Cubitus varus, or gunstock deformity, is caused by malunion of supracondylar fractures and results in the forearm being deviated inward at the elbow with loss of the carrying angle. It is a triplanar deformity involving varus, hyperextension, and internal rotation. Treatment options include observation for young children, hemiepiphysiodesis to alter growth, and corrective osteotomy. The lateral closing wedge osteotomy is commonly used to safely correct the varus deformity through removal of a lateral wedge. Other techniques include medial opening wedge, oblique, dome, and step-cut osteotomies. Postoperative management focuses on immobilizing the arm in extension
This document discusses genu varum (bow legs) and provides information on its normal development, differential diagnosis, assessment, and treatment. It notes that genu varum is normal in infants and typically resolves on its own by 18-24 months as the child begins walking. Persistent or worsening bowing after age 2 may indicate an underlying condition. Common causes include physiologic bowing, Blount's disease, rickets, and bone dysplasias. Assessment involves history, exam of limb alignment and growth, and full-length radiographs. Treatment depends on the etiology but may include stretching, bracing, or corrective osteotomy.
Hammer toe is caused by tight shoes that force the toe into a flexed position, shortening the muscles and tendons. It most commonly affects the second toe, causing it to rotate downward into a claw-like position. Mild cases in children can be treated with foot manipulation and splinting, while wearing properly fitting shoes can help prevent worsening. For more severe cases, podiatrists may recommend straightening devices, exercises, or surgery to straighten the joint.
Foot Solutions offers other treatments, including forefoot products designed to relieve hammer toes, such as hammer toe crests and hammer toe splints. These devices will help hold down the hammer toe and provide relief to the forefoot. Gel toe shields and gel toe caps are also recommended to eliminate friction between the shoe and the toe, while providing comfort and lubrication.
This document summarizes an orthopedic extern case conference discussing a 54-year-old Thai female patient who presented to the hospital two hours after a motorcycle fell on her left ring finger. On examination, she had a 3 cm laceration wound deep to the bone on her left ring finger, with bleeding and pain on movement but no numbness. The diagnosis was an open mallet finger injury, classified as a Type II injury involving an open laceration. Treatment for this type of injury involves continuous splinting for 8 weeks with the finger in slight hyperextension.
This document discusses osteopetrosis, also known as marble bone disease, which is a rare hereditary disorder characterized by defective osteoclast function that results in abnormally dense and brittle bones. There are two subtypes: infantile autosomal recessive osteopetrosis, which is more severe and often fatal in childhood, and autosomal dominant osteopetrosis, which is less severe and allows survival into adulthood. The document describes the clinical features, radiographic findings, differential diagnoses, and key features that distinguish osteopetrosis from similar conditions like pyknodysostosis and melorheostosis.
1. The document discusses various surgical procedures for correcting hallux valgus deformity, including distal soft tissue procedures, osteotomies of the first metatarsal, and phalangeal osteotomies.
2. Common procedures described are the modified McBride bunionectomy, Mitchell osteotomy, Chevron osteotomy, and Ludloff osteotomy.
3. Patient factors like age, severity of deformity, and joint arthritis help determine which procedure is most appropriate. Soft tissue procedures are preferred for milder cases while more severe deformities may require metatarsal osteotomies.
Frozen shoulder, also known as adhesive capsulitis, is a condition characterized by pain and stiffness in the shoulder joint that limits range of motion. It involves thickening and scarring of the shoulder joint capsule. Treatment involves conservative measures like oral anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroid injections into the joint, physical therapy including heat therapy and gentle range of motion exercises, and manipulation under anesthesia for refractory cases. Physical therapy aims to reduce pain and inflammation in the early stage and increase mobility in the stiffening stage through heat, passive range of motion, and home exercises.
Hammertoe surgery is a procedure to correct a hammertoe, which is a deformity that causes the toe to bend abnormally at the middle joint. It is typically caused by an imbalance of the tendons and muscles in the foot that leads to the toe bending over time. Depending on the severity, treatments may include padding, orthotics, splinting, or surgery to remove bone and tissue and straighten the toe. The surgery aims to relieve pain, correct the deformity, and restore normal foot function.
This was a presentation done at Kanungo Institute of diabetic Specialitis Bhubaneswar . the audience included the students from Karolinkska Institute Sweden
This document discusses chronic osteomyelitis with diaphyseal sequestrum, or a large piece of dead bone separated from the main bone shaft. It takes a long time for the involucrum, or new bone formation, to fully develop and separate the sequestrum. The sequestrum must then be surgically removed. Several case studies are presented demonstrating patients with diaphyseal sequestrum who underwent sequestrectomy after sufficient involucrum formation, with complete healing post-surgery.
Hallux rigidus is a degenerative condition of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint that causes pain and stiffness. It is graded from I to III based on decreased range of motion and radiographic findings. Conservative treatments include orthotics, injections, and physical therapy. Surgical options range from cheilectomy and proximal phalangeal osteotomy for mild cases to joint replacement or arthrodesis for more severe cases. Arthrodesis has shown success rates over 90% with the use of plates, screws, and proper positioning of the fused joint. Complications can include nonunion, malalignment, and increased risk of arthritis in the interphalangeal joint.
Hallux limitus is a progressive arthritic condition that limits the upward motion of the big toe (hallux). Over time, it can worsen and lead to hallux rigidus, where there is no motion in the big toe joint. Risk factors include repetitive stress on the big toe, abnormal foot muscle imbalance, flat feet, and inflammatory conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or gout. Common signs are pain, stiffness, swelling in the big toe joint, limping, and decreased range of motion.
A 27-year-old male baseball player presents with sudden pain and swelling in his right index finger DIP joint after throwing a fastball. Examination reveals swelling and inability to fully extend the DIP joint, with normal motor function elsewhere. X-rays show a terminal extensor tendon disruption with associated avulsion fracture. Treatment is splinting the DIP joint in extension for 6-10 weeks, with surgery indicated if the fracture involves over 40% of the joint surface or there is volar subluxation.
Sprengel's deformity is a congenital anomaly where the scapula is abnormally high. The document discusses the embryology, presentation, associated anomalies, evaluation and surgical treatment of Sprengel's deformity. It focuses on the modified Woodward procedure used to surgically treat 13 patients with Sprengel's deformity at a hospital in Jordan between 1999-2006. The procedure aims to release muscles and reposition the scapula, with the goal of improving shoulder mobility.
Review on Case Hemisection of the Spinal Cord (Brown Sequard Syndrome)
This case is a trigger in Neuroscience Module in Medical Faculty University of Indonesia
A 20-year-old male presented with pain in his right index finger after a basketball hit the end of the finger. On examination, the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint of the right index finger was swollen, tender to touch, and the patient was unable to extend the DIP joint. A diagnosis of an intra-articular avulsion fracture of the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx was made. The treatment plan included pain control, splinting the DIP joint in extension for 6-8 weeks while allowing the other finger joints to move freely, and possible surgery if the fracture involved over 25% of the articular surface.
Osteogenesis imperfecta - By Dr. Lokesh SharoffLokesh Sharoff
Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder that causes bone fragility and fractures. There are several classifications and clinical features are dependent on severity. Treatment involves bisphosphonates to increase bone density and reduce fractures, bracing to prevent fractures and allow mobility, and surgery to correct deformities. The goal of treatment is to maximize function and ambulation while preventing further fractures and deformity.
Hallux Rigidus is a painful condition of the big toe joint characterized by restricted motion, especially in dorsiflexion, and proliferative bone formation around the joint. It is most commonly caused by repetitive microtraumas or acute injury to the joint. Conservative management includes medications like NSAIDs, joint manipulation, orthotics to stiffen the forefoot and reduce motion at the big toe joint, and footwear modifications. Surgical options like cheilectomy or joint fusion are considered if conservative care fails to provide relief from pain and stiffness.
This document describes the standard and optional portals used in knee arthroscopy. The standard portals are the anterolateral, anteromedial, and posteromedial portals. The anterolateral portal is created first and allows visualization of most knee structures. Portal placement is important to avoid damaging structures. Optional portals like the superolateral and posterolateral portals provide additional views but have risks if not carefully placed. Proper portal placement and technique are described to maximize visualization and safety.
Foot Health 101 - Ali El-Saheli DPM,FACFAS - April 23, 2019Summit Health
We’ll discuss simple steps to keep your feet strong and mobile. With proper detection, intervention and care most foot and ankle problems can be lessened or prevented. Learn from our expert about preventative care and the latest treatments for common and athletic foot injuries, diabetic foot complications, arthritis and skin and nail disorders.
Podiatry & Foot Care - General Tips (Northern Foot Care)Dr. Daniel Reminga
A podiatrist is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating foot and ankle problems. Common issues seen by podiatrists include bunions, heel pain, hammertoes, ingrown toenails, and neuromas. Podiatrists undergo medical school and additional graduate training in podiatry. Top foot problems include bunions, hammertoes, heel spurs, ingrown nails, neuromas, and plantar fasciitis. Basic foot care guidelines include regularly inspecting feet, properly trimming toenails, wearing shoes that fit well, and alternating shoes.
Call Now (412) 486-5100 - At Dr. Nigro Ankle and Foot Care we have been committed to providing you with the most advanced podiatric care in a compassionate and caring environment since 1990. Dr. Nigro Foot and Ankle Care physicians take a whole-person approach to your feet and ankles, because your overall wellness can influence the health of your feet. Visit us at http://PittsburghFootandAnkle.com
Medical perspective on running and hiking injuriessc951
1) Common hiking and running injuries include runner's knee, IT band syndrome, sprains, meniscal tears, and blisters.
2) The knee joint is made up of bones, ligaments, and menisci. Injuries occur when these structures are overextended or receive direct impact.
3) Prevention focuses on proper footwear and replacement every 500 miles, stretching, strength training, and listening to your body. Seeking medical care promptly for red flags can prevent long-term issues.
A hammertoe is characterized by an abnormal bending at the middle joint of the toe, resembling a hammer. With time, the toe may become more rigid, causing corns and bunions to develop.
Medical perspective on running and hiking injuriessc951
This document discusses common running and hiking injuries such as patellofemoral pain syndrome, iliotibial band syndrome, sprains, meniscal injuries, and blisters. It provides details on the anatomy of the knee and causes of these injuries. Prevention tips include proper footwear based on foot type, replacing shoes every 500 miles, and stretching. For treating injuries, it recommends RICE (rest, ice, compression, elevation), NSAIDs, and seeing a medical provider if red flags like severe pain or deformity are present.
Call Now (412) 486-5100 - At Dr. Nigro Ankle and Foot Care we have been committed to providing you with the most advanced podiatric care in a compassionate and caring environment since 1990. Dr. Nigro Foot and Ankle Care physicians take a whole-person approach to your feet and ankles, because your overall wellness can influence the health of your feet. Visit us at http://PittsburghFootandAnkle.com
Call Now (412) 486-5100 - At Dr. Nigro Ankle and Foot Care we have been committed to providing you with the most advanced podiatric care in a compassionate and caring environment since 1990. Dr. Nigro Foot and Ankle Care physicians take a whole-person approach to your feet and ankles, because your overall wellness can influence the health of your feet. Visit us at http://PittsburghFootandAnkle.com
Plantar fasciitis is a painful inflammatory condition of the plantar fascia in the sole of the foot, often caused by overuse. It commonly causes heel pain with the first steps in the morning or after periods of rest. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation, stretching the fascia, and supporting the arch through various physical therapies, orthotics, and in severe cases, corticosteroid injections or surgery.
This document discusses the drawbacks of traditional bunion surgery, which can be extremely debilitating with a long and painful recovery process due to the foot's complex anatomy and circulation issues. In contrast, minimally invasive bunion surgery is described as a safer and virtually painless modern alternative that avoids the issues of traditional surgery by disturbing little soft tissue and allowing for immediate mobility. The document promotes seeking a free consultation for this improved surgical approach to bunions and other foot problems.
The document provides information about common foot problems and their causes. It discusses that 3 out of 4 people experience foot problems in their lifetime due to factors like ill-fitting shoes and neglect of proper foot care. It also notes that women experience foot issues like high heels more than men. The document includes diagrams of foot bones and ligaments as well as information about specific conditions like plantar fasciitis, bunions, corns and calluses, heel spurs, Achilles tendonitis, and diabetic foot complications.
Soft Tissue Injuries of Ankle & Foot.pptxNaolShibiru
The document provides information on common ankle and foot injuries. It describes:
1) The anatomy of the ankle joint and classifications of ankle fractures including external rotation, abduction, adduction, and compression fractures.
2) Common foot fractures such as fractures of the talus, calcaneus, and metatarsals. Jones' fracture of the fifth metatarsal is also described.
3) Soft tissue injuries around the ankle including plantar fasciitis, Achilles tendinitis, shin splints, and turf toe are summarized with causes, signs, and treatment approaches.
The document discusses common foot problems such as bunions, hammertoes, heel pain, Morton's neuroma, athlete's foot, plantar warts, and ingrown toenails. It describes the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for each condition. Conservative treatments include changes in footwear, padding, orthotics, and medications while surgical interventions may be considered for severe or persistent cases. Proper foot care and regularly trimming toenails can help prevent ingrown toenails.
A lot of people with bunions find pain alleviation with simple treatments to decrease strain on the big toe, like using wider shoes or using padding in their shoes. However, if these measures don't alleviate your symptoms, your physician may encourage bunion surgery.
A neuroma is a painful growth of nerve tissue that commonly forms between the third and fourth toes. It causes pain, burning, tingling, or numbness in the ball of the foot or between the toes. Neuromas are often caused by biomechanical foot issues, trauma, improper footwear, repeated stress or pressure on the feet. Treatment options range from changes in footwear, padding, orthotics, anti-inflammatory medication, cortisone injections, and in severe cases, surgical removal of the neuroma. Preventive measures include wearing shoes with enough room in the toe box and avoiding excessive compression of the toes.
Tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction occurs when the tibialis posterior tendon becomes inflamed and stretched, causing pain and difficulty walking. It progresses through four stages as the tendon tears and the foot arch flattens. Treatment includes rest, bracing, physiotherapy, and surgery such as tendon repair or reconstruction if non-surgical methods fail. Surgery aims to relieve pain and stop deformity progression, but full recovery can take up to a year with prolonged physiotherapy.
Metatarsalgia is a painful inflammation of the ball of the foot caused by overuse from high-impact sports, ill-fitting shoes that put pressure on the metatarsal bones, or underlying foot issues. Symptoms include pain in the ball of the foot that gets worse with activity. Treatment focuses on rest, orthotics, pads and changes to activities and footwear. For most cases, conservative care relieves pain, but surgery may be needed in severe cases to realign bones causing persistent pain.
This document discusses various methods of fracture treatment including traction, splinting, and plaster of Paris. It provides details on skin traction and skeletal traction, including indications, application techniques, and complications. It also outlines different types of splints and how to properly apply and care for plaster of Paris casts. The goal of these treatments is to reduce fractures, maintain alignment, and allow rehabilitation through immobilization and gradual reduction of muscular forces.
Hammertoes are a contracture of the toe at the first joint, causing the toe to bend in an upside-down V shape. There are two types - flexible, which can still be moved, and rigid, which are more serious and immobile. Symptoms include pain, corns, swelling, and restricted toe motion. Hammertoes are usually caused by an imbalance of toe muscles, heredity, injury, or shoes that are too tight. Treatment depends on severity but may include padding, taping, medications, orthotics, or surgery to remove bone prominence and restore toe alignment. Seeing a podiatrist early can help avoid surgery.
1. An ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) is an externally applied brace that controls and supports the ankle and foot. AFOs are commonly used after ankle injuries to immobilize or support the joint during rehabilitation.
2. AFOs can be custom-fit or pre-fabricated. Custom AFOs are molded specifically for each individual while pre-fabricated AFOs come in standard sizes. The document discusses various types of AFOs including solid, hinged, and air-stirrup designs.
3. AFOs are used to treat acute ankle injuries, during rehabilitation to prevent re-injury, prophylactically in high-risk patients or activities, and
Similar to Hammer Toes: Causes, Symptoms and Treatments (20)
This document provides a list of popular Halloween candies and their carbohydrate content. It includes over 100 types of candy and lists the serving size and number of carbohydrates per serving for each. The candies range from 1 gram of carbs for a single War Heads Junior to 36 grams for a package of Zours. Popular choices like Snickers, Reese's Peanut Butter Cups, and Skittles are also listed with their carb counts.
This document contains a new patient medical information form for the podiatry group Drs. Susan & Brad Mattison. The form collects personal information like name, date of birth, ethnicity, contact details, weight, blood pressure, and family medical history. It also asks about social habits like smoking and drinking. Finally, the form inquires about the patient's medical history including conditions like diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, and allergies. It requests details of past surgeries and the reason for the visit.
Patient forms we welcome you to mattison podiatry group as our patient drs ma...Mattison Podiatry Group
This document appears to be an intake form for patients of Drs. Susan and Brad Mattison's podiatry group. It requests personal information such as name, date of birth, insurance information, and reason for visit. It notes that co-pays and deductibles are due at time of service, and asks patients to authorize the release of medical records to their insurance company for payment. The form provides contact information for two office locations in Boynton Beach, Florida.
A simple foot exam can reveal the first signs and symptoms of diabetes and identify more serious complications that could potentially lead to lower-limb amputations. via American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA)
Arthritis and your Feet: Understanding the different types of Arthritis, the symptoms associated with them and how to properly treat it. via American Podiatric Medical Association (APMA)
This document provides a summary of a podiatrist's education, training, scope of practice, specializations, and services offered. The podiatrist completed 4 years of undergraduate study, 4 years of podiatric medical school, and 2-3 years of residency training, specializing in trauma. Their scope of practice covers conditions like trauma, diabetes, dermatology, sports medicine, arthritis, and biomechanics. They offer multi-disciplinary care, wound care, orthotics, footwear recommendations, and surgical interventions for issues such as bunions and bone deformities.
Nail problems can provide insight into overall health issues. Ingrown toenails occur when the sides or corners of toenails dig into skin and can cause pain, redness, and swelling. Fungal nail infections are common and occur under the nail, causing discoloration and thickening over time. Both conditions are best evaluated and treated by a podiatrist, who can properly diagnose and prescribe topical medications, oral medications, or procedures to remove infected nail material or permanently prevent further ingrown nails. Self-treatment is not recommended and can worsen infections.
Plantar fasciitis is an inflammation of the long band of connective tissue running from the heel to the ball of the foot. Heel spur syndrome is a bony overgrowth on the heel bone. Plantar fasciitis and heel spur syndrome affect women more than men. They can cause the bottom of the heel and arch to become painful.
This notice describes the privacy practices of Oakwood Lakes Podiatry Group regarding protected patient health information. It explains that patient information will only be used or disclosed for treatment, payment, or healthcare operations. It provides patients with rights regarding their health information, such as requesting restrictions on uses/disclosures, inspecting and copying records, and complaining about privacy violations. The notice takes effect on April 14, 2003.
- There are several early warning signs of diabetes that manifest in the feet, including dryness, itching, tingling, burning sensations, muscle cramps, changes in skin color or temperature, and thickening or breaking of toenails.
- Diabetics are more prone to developing serious foot problems quickly due to impaired circulation or nerves. Any foot issues should be viewed as potentially dangerous and require prompt podiatric care.
- It is important for diabetics to regularly inspect and care for their feet, including daily washing and drying, and seeing a podiatrist twice per year. Foot injuries or infections should be promptly treated.
A bunion is an enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe that forms when the toe bone moves out of place, forcing the toe to bend towards the others and causing a painful bump. Bunions are caused by years of abnormal motion and pressure over the big toe joint from factors like inherited foot type, poorly fitting shoes, and how we walk. Symptoms include a swollen bump at the base of the big toe and pain with movement. Treatment options depend on the severity but may include padding, orthotics, physical therapy, anti-inflammatory drugs, and surgery to remove the bony enlargement and realign the toe joint.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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1. HAMMERTOE
What Is Hammertoe? go away, even after trimming. In hammertoe may develop if a toe is
Hammertoe is a contracture— more severe cases of hammertoe, too long and is forced into a cramped
or bending—of one or both joints open sores may form. position when a tight shoe is worn.
of the second, third, fourth, or fifth Because of the progressive nature Occasionally, hammertoe is
(little) toes. This abnormal bending of hammertoes, they should receive caused by some kind of trauma, such
can put pressure on the toe when early attention. Hammertoes never as a previously broken toe. In some
wearing shoes, causing problems to get better without some kind of people, hammertoes are inherited.
develop. Common symptoms of intervention.
hammertoes include: Treatment:
• Pain or irritation of the affected Non-Surgical Approaches
toe when wearing shoes. There are a variety of treatment
• Corns (a buildup of skin) on options for hammertoe. The treatment
the top, side, or end of the toe, your podiatric foot and ankle surgeon
or between two toes. Corns are selects will depend upon the severity
caused by constant friction against Normal Toes of your hammertoe and other factors.
the shoe. They may be soft or hard, A number of non-surgical meas-
depending upon their location. ures can be undertaken:
• Calluses (another type of skin • Trimming corns and calluses. This
buildup) on the bottom of the should be done by a healthcare
toe or on the ball of the foot. professional. Never attempt to do
Corns and calluses can be painful this yourself, because you run the
Hammertoes
and make it difficult to find a risk of cuts and infection. Your
comfortable shoe. But even without podiatric surgeon knows the
corns and calluses, hammertoes can What Causes Hammertoe? proper way to trim corns to bring
cause pain because the joint itself The most common cause of ham- you the greatest benefit.
may become dislocated. mertoe is a muscle/tendon imbal- • Padding corns and calluses.
Hammertoes usually start out as ance. This imbalance, which leads Your podiatric surgeon can provide
mild deformities and get progressively to a bending of the toe, results from or prescribe pads designed to
worse over time. In the earlier stages, mechanical (structural) changes in shield corns from irritation. If
hammertoes are flexible and the the foot that occur over time in you want to try over-the-counter
symptoms can often be managed some people. pads, avoid the medicated types.
with noninvasive measures. But if Hammertoes are often aggravated Medicated pads are generally not
left untreated, hammertoes can by shoes that don’t fit properly—for recommended because they may
become more rigid and will not example, shoes that crowd the toes. contain a small amount of acid
respond to non-surgical treatment. And in some cases, ill-fitting shoes that can be harmful. Consult
Corns are more likely to develop as can actually cause the contracture that your podiatric surgeon about
time goes on—and corns never really defines hammertoe. For example, a this option.