This research project aims to study the electrocoagulation (EC) process using iron electrodes for water treatment. Specifically, it will apply the EC process to synthetic solutions of methyl orange as a model organic pollutant. The objectives are to optimize the operating conditions of the EC process and identify the mechanisms involved in organic matter removal. Various physicochemical analytical techniques will be used to characterize the implementation and effectiveness of the EC process for removing organic pollutants from water. The research seeks to explore the use of EC with iron electrodes as a promising alternative to conventional water treatment methods, especially those using aluminum, which can cause health issues.

1. ‫الوثيقة‬ ‫رقم‬FRM0065R01
Research Priority / ‫البحث‬ ‫أولوية‬
‫الصحي‬ ‫الصرف‬ ‫مياه‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫وإعادة‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫تحلية‬ Water Desalination and Wastewater Reuse
Research Proposal Title / ‫البحثي‬ ‫المقترح‬ ‫عنوان‬
‫البحثي‬ ‫المقترح‬ ‫عنوان‬
Research
Proposal Title
‫عربي‬
Arabic
‫التخثير‬ ‫بتقنية‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫معالجة‬‫تطبيق‬ :‫الحديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫مسريين‬ ‫باستعمال‬ ‫الكهربائي‬‫م‬ ‫على‬‫حاليل‬
‫أورانج‬ ‫الميثيل‬ ‫من‬ ‫مركبة‬
‫انجليزي‬
English
Water Treatment by Electrocoagulation Process Using Iron
Electrodes: Application on Synthetic Solutions of Methyl Orange
‫البحث‬ ‫على‬ ‫الدالة‬ ‫الكلمات‬
Keywords of the Research
‫المياه‬ ‫معالجة‬
Water treatment
‫الكهربائي‬ ‫التخثير‬
Electrocoagulation
‫الحديد‬
Iron
‫المياه‬ ‫ملوثات‬
Water pollutants
‫الميثيل‬‫أورانج‬
Methyl orange
Summary of Research (Arabic)
‫ا‬ ‫ومعالجة‬ ‫المالحة‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫تحلية‬ ‫في‬ ‫المستعملة‬ ،‫الكيميائية‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫إنتاج‬ ‫إن‬‫للمع‬ ‫احتراما‬ ‫السطحية‬ ‫لمياه‬‫ا‬ ‫ايير‬‫بالن‬ ‫لخاصة‬‫وبتوفير‬ ‫وعية‬
‫التقنية‬ ‫والعوامل‬ ‫اإلنسان‬ ‫لصحة‬ ‫بالنسبة‬ ‫حيوية‬ ‫أهمية‬ ‫ذو‬ ‫بحث‬ ‫محور‬ ،‫المياه‬ ‫من‬ ‫المطلوبة‬ ‫الكميات‬‫واالقتصا‬‫دية‬‫ال‬‫حي‬ ‫في‬ ‫هامة‬‫اة‬
‫جهة‬ ‫من‬ .‫الكيميائية‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫إنتاج‬ ‫في‬ ‫واسع‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫مستعملة‬ ‫الكيميائية‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫إن‬ .‫البشر‬‫فاعلية‬ ،‫أخرى‬‫ا‬‫ال‬ ‫لطرق‬‫ف‬ ‫كيميائية‬‫ي‬
‫الطبيعية‬ ‫العضوية‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫من‬ ‫التخلص‬‫والمصطنعة‬‫برهنت‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫هذه‬ .‫الكهربائية‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫مع‬ ‫بالمقارنة‬ ‫ضعيفة‬‫أفض‬ ‫على‬‫تقني‬ ‫ليتها‬‫ا‬
‫في‬ ‫جدارتها‬ ‫أثبتت‬ ‫الحديد‬ ‫من‬ ‫لمسريين‬ ‫المستعملة‬ ‫الكهربائي‬ ‫التخثير‬ ‫تقنية‬ ،‫كهربائية‬ ‫كطريقة‬ .‫واقتصاديا‬‫ت‬‫ا‬ ‫حلية‬‫لم‬‫الما‬ ‫ياه‬‫لحة‬
‫من‬ ‫مسريين‬ ‫باستعمال‬ ‫الكهربائي‬ ‫التخثير‬ ‫دراسة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫يهدف‬ ‫البحثي‬ ‫المشروع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫إن‬ .‫السطحية‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫ومعالجة‬‫الحدي‬‫إ‬ ‫أجل‬ ‫من‬ ‫د‬‫نتاج‬
‫التخث‬ ‫تطبيق‬ ‫على‬ ‫يركز‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫هذا‬ .‫المياه‬ ‫معالجة‬ ‫في‬ ‫بها‬ ‫اإلستعانة‬ ‫بغية‬ ‫الحديد‬ )‫موجبة‬ ‫(أيونات‬ ‫كتيونات‬‫الك‬ ‫ير‬‫على‬ ‫هربائي‬‫محاليل‬
‫محضرة‬‫هو‬ ‫الكهربائي‬ ‫التخثير‬ .‫والمصطنعة‬ ‫العضوية‬ ‫للمادة‬ ‫كمثال‬ ‫أختير‬ ‫أورانج‬ ‫المثيل‬ .‫أورانج‬ ‫المثيل‬ ‫من‬‫ص‬‫مح‬ ‫يغة‬‫للتخثي‬ ‫دثة‬‫ر‬
‫الكه‬ ‫التخثير‬ ‫أصبح‬ ‫لقد‬ .‫كمخثرات‬ ‫المعدنية‬ ‫الكتيونات‬ ‫إلنتاج‬ ‫الكهربائي‬ ‫التيار‬ ‫يستعمل‬ ‫بماأنه‬ ‫الكيميائي‬‫ربائي‬‫و‬‫اإلستع‬ ‫اسع‬‫نظرا‬ ‫مال‬
‫مقا‬ ‫العديدة‬ ‫إليجابياته‬‫واسع‬ ‫نطاق‬ ‫على‬ ‫تستعمل‬ ‫باتت‬ ‫الحديد‬ ‫أمالح‬ ،‫أخرى‬ ‫جهة‬ ‫من‬ .‫الكيميائي‬ ‫بالتخثير‬ ‫رنة‬‫طيلة‬‫ا‬‫لعشريتين‬
‫صحية‬ ‫مشاكل‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫أساسا‬ ‫يرجع‬ ‫وهذا‬ .‫األليمنيوم‬ ‫بأمالح‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫األخيرتين‬)‫الم‬ ‫سبيل‬ ‫على‬ ‫الزهايمر‬ ‫مرض‬‫الحصر‬ ‫ال‬ ‫ثال‬(‫االتي‬
‫استعمال‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫يتسبب‬‫األلومنيوم‬‫ا‬ ‫التخثير‬ ‫عملية‬ ‫في‬‫تكم‬ ‫البحثي‬ ‫المشروع‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫أسبقية‬ ،‫وبالتالي‬ .‫لكيميائي‬‫تط‬ ‫في‬ ‫ن‬‫تقنية‬ ‫بيق‬‫م‬‫بتكرة‬
‫للبيئة‬ ‫صديقة‬ ‫مادة‬ ‫باستعمال‬)‫األليمنيوم‬ ‫بدل‬ ‫الحديد‬(‫الخص‬ ‫وجه‬ ‫على‬ ‫السطحية‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫في‬ ،‫آخر‬ ‫صعيد‬ ‫وعلى‬ .‫الطبيعية‬ ‫المادتان‬ ،‫وص‬
‫ونزعهما‬ ‫واسع‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫حاظرتان‬ ‫واإلصطناعية‬‫يعتبر‬‫ال‬ ‫هذا‬ .‫حيوي‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكثر‬‫العم‬ ‫الظروف‬ ‫اكتشاف‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫يصبو‬ ‫مشروع‬‫ال‬ ‫لية‬‫مثلى‬
‫ستستعم‬ ‫تحليلية‬ ،‫وكيميائية‬ ‫فيزيائية‬ ،‫تقنيات‬ ‫عدة‬ .‫العضوية‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫من‬ ‫التخلص‬ ‫في‬ ‫الكامنة‬ ‫الآلليات‬ ‫وكذا‬‫ت‬ ‫في‬ ‫ل‬‫التطب‬ ‫شخيص‬‫يق‬
.‫السعودية‬ ‫العربية‬ ‫المملكة‬ ‫في‬ ‫المياه‬ ‫معالجة‬ ‫مصانع‬ ‫في‬ ‫الكهربائي‬ ‫للتخثير‬ ‫الواعد‬

2. 1‫الوثيقة‬ ‫رقم‬FRM0065R01
Summary of Research (English)
The production of chemical reagents used in desalination and water treatment satisfying the high
quality standards and the required quantities is a crucial research axis for both human health and
technical and economic reasons. Chemical methods are widely used for the production of such
reagents. However, their efficiencies for natural organic matter (NOM) and artificial organic matter
(AOM) are poor in comparison with electrochemical techniques. These processes are proved more
advantageous for technical and economic reasons. As an electrochemical technology,
electrocoagulation (EC) process using iron electrodes has been shown as a promising for
water/wastewater treatment and seawater pretreatment. This research project aims to study the EC
process using iron electrodes for iron coagulant species’ production for water treatment. The work
focuses on the application of the electrochemical process on synthetic solutions of methyl orange
(MO). MO is chosen as a model of NOM and AOM. The EC process is the updated version of the
chemical coagulation since it uses the electric current to produce in situ cationic metallic species as
coagulants and flocculants. The EC process is becoming largely used due to its several advantages
in comparison with the conventional coagulation. Iron salts are largely used during the last two
decades in comparison with aluminum salts. This is due to several health problems (e.g., Alzheimer
disease) caused by using aluminum in chemical coagulation process. Consequently, the originality
of this research project is the application of a new process (i.e., EC) using a green chemical product
(iron instead of aluminum). In the surface water, NOM and AOM are frequently present and must
be removed. This is why MO is chosen to represent these organic matters. The project aims to
identify the optimal operating conditions and the involved mechanisms in the EC process for
organic matter removal. Physicochemical analytical methods will be used in order to characterize
the implementation of the EC process in local water treatment plants in Saudi Arabia.
Introduction
The scarcity of the water resources in the Saudi Arabia constitutes severe problems. These problems
are accentuated with the growing population and industrial pollutions. Surface water treatment
technology applied in Saudi Arabia is mainly conventional, i.e. coagulation/flocculation, settling,
filtration and disinfection. The low efficiencies of these classical processes in terms of organic
matters removal have pushed water treatment researchers to develop new technologies such as
electrochemical processes. These processes, especially electrocoagulation (EC), know large
successful applications in both water and wastewater treatment. On the other hand, aluminum salts,
which were largely used, are substituted with iron salts due to some provoked health problems
(Alzheimer disease). Consequently, this work constitutes a new research axis and aims to optimize

3. 2‫الوثيقة‬ ‫رقم‬FRM0065R01
EC process operating conditions. A particular focus will be made on the organic matters removal
mechanism. Indeed, these objectives may be reached through the EC process application, using iron
electrodes, on synthetic solutions of methyl orange (MO).
Objectives / ‫األهداف‬
This research project can serve the kingdom of Saudi Arabia Vision 2030 in many aspects such as
Water Desalination, Wastewater Reuse and Pollution Management. This project aims to achieve the
following objectives:
The main objectives of this Research Project are:
1. The optimization of the operating conditions of EC process for methyl orange (MO) removal
using response surface method (RSM).
2. The study of the implicated mechanisms in the EC process using analytical techniques such as
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Ultraviolet-visible, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and
Fourier Transform Infra-Red.
3. To suggest an adequate procedure for industrial application of the EC process taking in
consideration the organic matter removal.
Literary Survey / ‫األدبي‬ ‫المسح‬
It is well known that natural organic matter (NOM) and artificial organic matter (AOM) in water
constitute grave health problems. Therefore, their elimination is imposed for several causes: (1)
affect organoleptic features of water (color, taste and odor), (2) react with most oxidants employed
in treating water, thus diminishing their disinfection potential, (3) influence oxidant need, (4)
produce disinfection by-products (DBPs), (5) affect elimination of inorganic solids, (6) influence
coagulant need, (7) could disturb coagulation parameters and efficiency, (7) affect corrosion
phenomena, (8) foul membranes, (11) reduce adsorption potential of granular activated carbon
(GAC)/powder activated carbon (PAC) via pore fouling, and compete with taste and odor for
adsorption sites in GAC/PAC [1-11].
In the water treatment industry, coagulation and flocculation are largely employed. During such
chemical techniques, chemicals (mainly aluminum or iron salts) and different products (like
polyelectrolytes) are injected in water to form bigger agglomerates that could be retained by
decantation process. Coagulation and flocculation needs important land area and a huge supply of
chemical products. Consequently, a more cost-effective technique to purify a large set of
contaminated water is requested for treating water efficiently. Electrocoagulation (EC) treatment of
water could meet this requirement [12-17]. EC implies dissolution of metal from the anode with
concomitant generation of OH-
and H2(g) taking place at the cathode [18-23]. Usually, the EC

4. 3‫الوثيقة‬ ‫رقم‬FRM0065R01
devices are employed as a substitution of chemical injection setups and do not benefit from the H2(g)
produced in the EC process. Therefore, EC possesses the potential to eliminate a huge set of
contaminants: suspended solids; heavy metals; petroleum products; color from dye-containing
solution; aquatic humus; and defluoridation of water [24-29].
Research Design and Methodology / ‫البحث‬ ‫ومنهجية‬ ‫تصميم‬
The project approach consists of the following tasks:
- Bibliographic research.
- Preliminary analysis and experiments.
- Optimization of the experimental conditions of EC process for methyl orange (MO) removal using
RSM.
- Advanced analysis and experiments using design of experiment technology.
- Suggestion of the implicated mechanisms in the EC process using analytical techniques such as
Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, Ultraviolet-visible, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and
Fourier Transform Infra-Red.
- Methodology for the industrial application of the EC process as an efficient water treatment
technology, taking in consideration the removal of the organic matter.
- Publications and communications of the obtained results.
- Final report.
Research Management Plan / ‫البحث‬ ‫خطة‬ ‫إدارة‬
The roles and involvements duration of the Research Group in this proposal are presented below:
Dr. Djamel Ghernaout (Principal Investigator, during the year of the research project):
- General supervision of the project and coordination among team members.
- Purchase of equipment and chemicals
- Publications and communications of the obtained results
- Progress and Final Report for project
Dr. Noureddine Elboughdiri and Dr. Saleh Alarni (Co-investigators, during the year of the research
project):
- Preliminary analysis and experiments
- Advanced analysis and experiments
- Industrial application of the EC process
Dr Alsamani Salih, Dr Ramzi Hadj Lajimi and Dr. Abdelfattah Amari (Co-investigators, during the
year of the research project)
- Optimization of the experimental conditions of EC process using RSM

5. 4‫الوثيقة‬ ‫رقم‬FRM0065R01
- Suggestion of the implicated mechanisms in the EC process using analytical techniques such as
GC/MS, UV-vis, SAA
Work Plan / ‫عمل‬ ‫خطة‬
The work plan duration and phases of Project Research Group are:
- Bibliographic research about the data base and sample collections (Dr. Djamel Ghernaout, Dr.
Noureddine Elboughdiri, and Dr. Mohammed Abu-Dayeh Matouq), month 1-12.
- Preliminary analyses and experiments (Dr. Noureddine Elboughdiri and Dr. Saleh Alarni), Month
1-2
- Optimization of the experimental conditions of EC process for methyl orange (MO) removal using
RSM (Dr Alsamani Salih, Dr Ramzi Hadj Lajimi and Dr. Abdelfattah Amari) (Month 3-5)
- Advanced analysis and experiments (Dr. Noureddine Elboughdiri and Dr. Saleh Alarni), Month 6-
8
- Suggestion of the implicated mechanisms in the EC process using analytical techniques such as
GC/MS, UV-vis, SAA, FTIR, SEM (Dr Alsamani Salih, Dr Ramzi Hadj Lajimi and Dr. Abdelfattah
Amari), Month 8-9
- Methodology for the industrial application of the EC process as an efficient water treatment
technology, taking in consideration the removal of the organic matter (Dr. Noureddine Elboughdiri
and Dr. Saleh Alarni), Month 8-10
- Progress Report for project (Dr. Djamel Ghernaout), month 3-6.
- Publications and communications of the obtained results (all members of the research project)
(Month 4-11)
- Conclusion (Dr. Djamel Ghernaout and Dr. Mohammed Abu-Dayeh Matouq), Month 11-12
References List / ‫قائمة‬ ‫المراجع‬
[1] D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, A. Kellil, Natural Organic Matter Removal and Enhanced
Coagulation as a Link Between Coagulation and Electrocoagulation, Desalin. Water Treat. 2 (2009)
209-228.
http://www.deswater.com/abstracts/a_116.pdf
[2] D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, M.W. Naceur, Embodying the Chemical Water Treatment in the
Green Chemistry – A review, Desalination 271 (2011) 1-10.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0011916411000439
[3] D. Ghernaout, M.W. Naceur, B. Ghernaout, A Review of Electrocoagulation as a Promising
Coagulation Process for Improved Organic and Inorganic Matters Removal by Electrophoresis and
Electroflotation, Desalin. Water Treat.28 (2011) 287-320.

6. 5‫الوثيقة‬ ‫رقم‬FRM0065R01
http://www.deswater.com/abstracts/a_1493.pdf
[4] B. Ghernaout, D. Ghernaout, A. Saiba, Algae and Cyanotoxins Removal by
Coagulation/flocculation: A review, Desalin. Water Treat. 20 (2010) 133-143.
http://www.deswater.com/abstracts/a_1202.pdf
[5] D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, Sweep Flocculation as a Second Form of Charge Neutralisation –
A Review, Desalin. Water Treat. 44 (2012) 15-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.691699
[6] D. Ghernaout, B. Ghernaout, From Chemical Disinfection to Electrodisinfection: The
Obligatory Itinerary?,Desalin. Water Treat. 16 (2010) 156-175.
http://www.deswater.com/abstracts/a_1085.pdf
[7] D. Ghernaout, M.W. Naceur, Ferrate(VI): In Situ Generation and Water Treatment – A review,
Desalin. Water Treat. 30 (2011) 319-332.
http://www.deswater.com/abstracts/a_2217.pdf
[8] D. Ghernaout, The Hydrophilic/hydrophobic Ratio vs. Dissolved Organics Removal by
Coagulation – A Review, Journal of King Saud University – Science 26 (2014) 169-180.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2013.09.005
[9] D. Ghernaout, The Best Available Technology of Water/Wastewater Treatment and Seawater
Desalination: Simulation of the Open Sky Seawater Distillation, Green and Sustainable Chemistry,
3 (2013) 68-88.
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=31981
[10] D. Ghernaout, S. Moulay, N. Ait Messaoudene, M. Aichouni, M.W. Naceur, A. Boucherit,
Coagulation and Chlorination of NOM and Algae in Water Treatment: A review, International
Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Special Issue: Environmental Science and
Treatment Technology) 2 (2014) 23-34.
http://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.s.20140203.14.pdf
[11] S. Cotillas, J. Llanos, P. Cañizares, S. Mateo, M.A. Rodrigo, Optimization of an integrated
electrodisinfection/ electrocoagulation process with Al bipolar electrodes for urban wastewater
reclamation, Water Res. 47 (2013) 1741-1750.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135412009165
[12] D. Ghernaout, A. Badis, B. Ghernaout, A. Kellil, Application of Electrocoagulation in
Escherichia Coli Culture and two Surface Waters, Desalination, 219 (2008) 118-125.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0011916407005681?via%3Dihub
[13] E. Lacasa, P. Cañizares, C. Sáez, F.J. Fernández, M.A. Rodrigo, Removal of nitrates from
groundwater by electrocoagulation, Chem. Eng. J. 171 (2011) 1012-1017.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894711005249

7. 6‫الوثيقة‬ ‫رقم‬FRM0065R01
[14] F. Ulu, S. Barışçı, M. Kobya, M. Sillanpää, An evaluation on different origins of natural
organic matters using various anodes by electrocoagulation, Chemosphere (2014),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.063
[15] H.A. Moreno-Casillas, D.L. Cocke, J.A.G. Gomes, P. Morkovsky, J.R. Parga, E. Peterson,
Electrocoagulation mechanism for COD removal, Sep. Purifi. Technol. 56 (2007) 204-211.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586607000846
[16] M.Y.A. Mollah, J.A.G. Gomes, K.K. Das, D.L. Cocke, Electrochemical treatment of Orange II
dye solution-Use of aluminum sacrificial electrodes and floc characterization, J. Hazard. Mater. 174
(2010) 851-858.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389409015921
[17] K.-W. Pi, Q. Xiao, H.-Q. Zhang, M. Xia, A.R. Gerson, Decolorization of synthetic Methyl
Orange wastewater by electrocoagulation with periodic reversal of electrodes and optimization by
RSM, Process Safety and Environmental Protection 92 (2014) 796-806.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957582014000159
[18] E-S.Z. El-Ashtoukhy, N.K. Amin, Removal of acid green dye 50 from wastewater by anodic
oxidation and electrocoagulation—A comparative study, J. Hazard. Mater. 179 (2010) 113-119.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304389410002803
[19] D. Ghernaout, M.W. Naceur, A. Aouabed, On the Dependence of Chlorine By-products
Generated Species Formation of the Electrode Material and Applied Charge during Electrochemical
Water Treatment, Desalination, 270 (2011) 9-22.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S001191641100021X
[20] M. Rajab, C. Heim, T. Letzel, J.E. Drewes, B. Helmreich, Electrochemical disinfection using
boron-doped diamond electrode – The synergetic effects of in situ ozone and free chlorine
generation, Chemosphere 121 (2015) 47-53.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653514012685
[21] N. Ardhan, E.J. Moore, C. Phalakornkule, Novel anode made of iron scrap for a reduced-cost
electrocoagulator, Chem. Eng. J. 253 (2014) 448-455.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894714006408
[22] D. Ghernaout, S. Irki, A. Boucherit, Removal of Cu2+
and Cd2+
, and Humic Acid and Phenol
by Electrocoagulation Using Iron Electrodes, Desalin. Water Treat. 52 (2014) 3256–3270.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.852484
[23] D. Ghernaout, C. Benblidia, F. Khemici, Microalgae Removal from Ghrib Dam (Ain Defla,
Algeria) Water by Electroflotation Using Stainless Steel Electrodes, Desalin. Water Treat. (2015)
(in press).
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19443994.2014.907749#.U040EvJOXX4

8. 7‫الوثيقة‬ ‫رقم‬FRM0065R01
[24] D. Ghernaout, A.I. Al-Ghonamy, M.W. Naceur, N. Ait Messaoudene, M. Aichouni, Influence
of operating parameters on electrocoagulation of C.I. disperse yellow 3, J. Electrochem. Sci. Eng.
4(4) (2014) 271-283
http://pub.iapchem.org/ojs/index.php/JESE/article/view/146
[25] D. Ghernaout, A.I. Al-Ghonamy, S. Irki, A. Grini, M.W. Naceur, N. Ait Messaoudene, M.
Aichouni, Decolourization of bromophenol blue by electrocoagulation process, Trends in Chemical
Engineering 15 (2014) 29-39.
http://www.researchtrends.net/tia/abstract.asp?in=0&vn=15&tid=1&aid=5587&pub=2014&type=3
[26] D. Ghernaout, C. Benblidia, F. Khemici, Microalgae Removal from Ghrib Dam (Ain Defla,
Algeria) Water by Electroflotation Using Stainless Steel Electrodes, Desalin. Water Treat. 54
(2015) 3328-3337.
doi: 10.1080/19443994.2014.907749
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19443994.2014.907749#.U040EvJOXX4
[27] S. Irki, D. Ghernaout, M.W. Naceur, Decolourization of Methyl Orange (MO) by
Electrocoagulation (EC) using iron electrodes under a magnetic field (MF), Desalin. Water Treat.
79 (2017) 368-377.
http://www.deswater.com/in_press/abstracts/20797.pdf
[28] D. Ghernaout, Microorganisms’ Electrochemical Disinfection Phenomena, EC Microbiology
9 (2017) 160-169.
https://www.ecronicon.com/ecmi/pdf/ECMI-09-00288.pdf
[29] D. Ghernaout, M. Aichouni, M. Touahmia, Mechanistic Insight into Disinfection by
Electrocoagulation - A Review, Desalination and Water Treatment 141 (2019) 68-81.
http://www.deswater.com/DWT_abstracts/vol_141/141_2019_68.pdf
Expected results and ways to benefit from them / ‫النتائج‬ ‫المتوقعة‬ ‫وطرق‬ ‫االستفادة‬ ‫منه‬
There are several expected results:
- Knowledge transfer to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia on recent water treatment technologies.
- Comprehension of the EC Process for water treatment plants.
- Find the optimal conditions to implement the EC process as new and efficient technology in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Publication of papers in international journal with high impact factor.
- Supervision of master and Ph. D. students in the EC process research.
The mechanism for implementation of the results is focused on the following axes:
- Patent the EC technology.

9. 8‫الوثيقة‬ ‫رقم‬FRM0065R01
- Present the results of this research to the local industrial that have some water pollution and
wastewater treatment problems.
- Choose an appropriate industrial company for producing EC process devices to be diffused in the
industrial market.
- Encourage and assist industrial companies to applicate the EC process in their water and
wastewater treatment plants.
- Collaborate with national and international industrial partners to ameliorate the industrial
application of the EC process.
- Collaborate with research laboratories at the national and international level.

10. 9‫الوثيقة‬ ‫رقم‬FRM0065R01