The document provides instruction on applying fundamentals of inductors in AC circuits. It includes lessons on inductive reactance, determining equivalent inductance of series and parallel inductors, and measuring inductive phase shift. Students will learn formulas for inductive reactance and equivalent inductance. Experiments will measure voltages, currents and power in inductive circuits to observe inductive behavior like 90 degree phase shift between current and voltage. The goal is for students to understand the effects of inductors in AC circuits through practical exercises and measurements.
This document provides instructions for a lab on analyzing electrical power circuits using a LabVolt EMS system. Students will apply concepts of power circuits and transformers to solve engineering problems. The lab covers fundamentals of electricity including atomic structure, electric fields, voltage, current, resistance, and Ohm's law. Students will measure circuit voltages and currents using the LabVolt system and fluke metering devices. They will also determine unknown values using calculations based on Ohm's law and analyze equivalent resistances in series and parallel circuits.
The document discusses key concepts related to electromagnetic induction including:
- Faraday's law states that the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.
- Lenz's law describes the direction of induced current: it will flow in a direction to oppose the change in magnetic flux that created it.
- Self-induction occurs when a changing current in a circuit induces an opposing emf known as back emf. The property of self-inductance depends on geometry.
- RL circuits with both resistance and inductance experience an exponential rise or decay of current over time, depending on if the switch is closed or opened, with a characteristic time constant.
An ideal voltage source has zero internal resistance and supplies a constant voltage regardless of current drawn. A practical voltage source has some internal resistance, causing voltage drop. An ideal current source supplies a constant current regardless of voltage and has infinite internal resistance, while a practical current source has finite internal resistance, making the current dependent on voltage. Examples of voltage sources include batteries and alternators, while current sources include solar cells and transistors.
Material engineering and its applications.Omkar Rane
The document discusses various topics related to materials engineering and electronic materials. It provides information on semiconductors, PN junctions, Hall effect, superconductors, and various electronic devices like photodiodes, LEDs, LCDs, and photonic materials. The key topics covered include the working of intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, formation of PN junctions, biasing conditions of semiconductors, Hall effect in P and N-type materials, properties and types of superconductors, working and applications of photodiodes, LEDs, LCDs, and overview of photonic materials and their applications.
This document provides an overview of basic electrical engineering concepts including charge, current, voltage, circuits, network elements, sources, superposition theorem, Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, and maximum power transfer theorem. Key points include:
- Current is the rate of charge flow measured in amperes. Voltage is the potential difference measured in volts.
- Circuits contain both active elements that supply energy (sources) and passive elements that consume energy.
- Superposition and source transformation theorems allow analysis of circuits containing multiple sources.
- Thevenin's and Norton's theorems convert circuits to equivalent circuits with a single voltage or current source.
- Maximum power is delivered to a load when
This document discusses electric and magnetic fields, and how they arise from interacting electric charges and currents. It defines the electric field E as the force F experienced by a test charge q, divided by q. Similarly, the magnetic field B is defined as the force F experienced by a current-carrying wire, divided by the product of the current i and wire length l. The document then discusses linear and non-linear circuit elements, semiconductors, and Niels Bohr's early atomic model, noting that while insightful, Bohr's model made assumptions that were later disproven.
This document contains Abdullah Al Mahfuj's profile and a presentation on fundamentals of electrical circuits. The presentation covers principal elements like independent voltage and current sources, dependent sources, branches, nodes, loops and meshes. It also explains Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws, electric current, voltage, power, and basic measuring devices like ohmmeters, ammeters and voltmeters.
This document provides instructions for a lab on analyzing electrical power circuits using a LabVolt EMS system. Students will apply concepts of power circuits and transformers to solve engineering problems. The lab covers fundamentals of electricity including atomic structure, electric fields, voltage, current, resistance, and Ohm's law. Students will measure circuit voltages and currents using the LabVolt system and fluke metering devices. They will also determine unknown values using calculations based on Ohm's law and analyze equivalent resistances in series and parallel circuits.
The document discusses key concepts related to electromagnetic induction including:
- Faraday's law states that the induced emf in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.
- Lenz's law describes the direction of induced current: it will flow in a direction to oppose the change in magnetic flux that created it.
- Self-induction occurs when a changing current in a circuit induces an opposing emf known as back emf. The property of self-inductance depends on geometry.
- RL circuits with both resistance and inductance experience an exponential rise or decay of current over time, depending on if the switch is closed or opened, with a characteristic time constant.
An ideal voltage source has zero internal resistance and supplies a constant voltage regardless of current drawn. A practical voltage source has some internal resistance, causing voltage drop. An ideal current source supplies a constant current regardless of voltage and has infinite internal resistance, while a practical current source has finite internal resistance, making the current dependent on voltage. Examples of voltage sources include batteries and alternators, while current sources include solar cells and transistors.
Material engineering and its applications.Omkar Rane
The document discusses various topics related to materials engineering and electronic materials. It provides information on semiconductors, PN junctions, Hall effect, superconductors, and various electronic devices like photodiodes, LEDs, LCDs, and photonic materials. The key topics covered include the working of intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, formation of PN junctions, biasing conditions of semiconductors, Hall effect in P and N-type materials, properties and types of superconductors, working and applications of photodiodes, LEDs, LCDs, and overview of photonic materials and their applications.
This document provides an overview of basic electrical engineering concepts including charge, current, voltage, circuits, network elements, sources, superposition theorem, Thevenin's theorem, Norton's theorem, and maximum power transfer theorem. Key points include:
- Current is the rate of charge flow measured in amperes. Voltage is the potential difference measured in volts.
- Circuits contain both active elements that supply energy (sources) and passive elements that consume energy.
- Superposition and source transformation theorems allow analysis of circuits containing multiple sources.
- Thevenin's and Norton's theorems convert circuits to equivalent circuits with a single voltage or current source.
- Maximum power is delivered to a load when
This document discusses electric and magnetic fields, and how they arise from interacting electric charges and currents. It defines the electric field E as the force F experienced by a test charge q, divided by q. Similarly, the magnetic field B is defined as the force F experienced by a current-carrying wire, divided by the product of the current i and wire length l. The document then discusses linear and non-linear circuit elements, semiconductors, and Niels Bohr's early atomic model, noting that while insightful, Bohr's model made assumptions that were later disproven.
This document contains Abdullah Al Mahfuj's profile and a presentation on fundamentals of electrical circuits. The presentation covers principal elements like independent voltage and current sources, dependent sources, branches, nodes, loops and meshes. It also explains Kirchhoff's current and voltage laws, electric current, voltage, power, and basic measuring devices like ohmmeters, ammeters and voltmeters.
Behaviour of rlc circuit in dc using matlabSyed Shah
The document discusses the behavior of an RLC circuit when a DC voltage is applied. It first defines the basic components of a resistor, capacitor, and inductor. It then measures the voltage across each component when different resistor, capacitor and inductor values are used in the RLC circuit. The voltage across the resistor drops exponentially as the capacitor charges. The capacitor takes more time to charge as its capacitance increases. The inductor opposes current changes, causing the voltage across it to slow the rate of current change initially and become zero once the current stabilizes. Larger inductor values result in more time needed to store energy and more oscillations in the circuit.
A transformer is a device that converts alternating voltages from one level to another. It works on the principle of mutual induction between two coils linked by a magnetic field. A step-up transformer increases voltage and decreases current, while a step-down transformer decreases voltage and increases current. Real transformers are not 100% efficient due to energy losses from copper windings, flux leakage, hysteresis in the iron core, and eddy currents. However, transformers remain essential for power transmission and applications requiring different voltage levels.
This document discusses inductors and transformers. It begins by explaining how a coil of wire produces magnetism when electric current passes through it. It then describes how transformers work, using two coils - when the magnetic field in one coil changes, it induces a voltage in the other coil. The document provides examples of using transformers to step up or step down voltages. It also discusses how inductors resist rapid changes in electric current due to their magnetic fields, and how this property is used in applications like transformers, motors, and snubbers.
Voltage and Current Source foe Circuits and NetworksKetan Nayak
This document discusses voltage and current sources. It defines voltage as potential difference between two points in an electrical field and current as the flow of electric charge. Energy sources are categorized as either voltage sources or current sources. Voltage sources produce an electromotive force that causes current to flow independently of current. Current sources have infinite output resistance so current flow is independent of voltage. Ohm's law relates voltage, current, and resistance. Resistors oppose current flow. Kirchhoff's laws state that the sum of currents at a node is zero and the sum of voltages around a loop is zero.
This document discusses piezoelectric transducers, which use the piezoelectric effect where certain materials generate electric potential when mechanical strain is applied. Piezoelectric transducers work by producing an electric voltage when mechanical stress is applied to piezoelectric materials like barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate. They have advantages like high frequency response and transient response but limitations like low output and high impedance. Piezoelectric transducers are used in applications like dynamic measurement, studying high-speed phenomena, medical devices, printers, and lighters.
This document discusses electricity and related concepts. It defines electricity as the set of phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric charge, which gives effects like lightning and electromagnetic induction. It describes electric charge as a property of subatomic particles that determines electromagnetic interactions, and defines related terms like electric field, electric current, and electromagnets. It also discusses electrostatic induction, simple circuits, current, resistance, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, power, and energy transformations.
The document defines a rheostat as an electrical component with adjustable resistance. It operates based on Ohm's law, where current is inversely proportional to resistance for a given voltage. A rheostat works by allowing current to enter one terminal, flow through a wire coil and contact point, and exit the other terminal, with no polarity. Rheostats are commonly used to control current, voltage, light intensity, motor speed, and volume by varying resistance in applications like microwaves, refrigerators, lights, radios, and motors.
This document outlines the experiments for the Electrical Circuit Laboratory course handled by Mr. Karthikeyan.R. The 10 listed experiments include verifying Ohm's and Kirchoff's laws, Thevenin's and Norton's theorems, superposition theorem, maximum power transfer theorem, reciprocity theorem, measuring self-inductance of a coil, mesh and nodal analysis, transient response of RL and RC circuits, frequency response of series and parallel resonance circuits, and frequency response of single tuned coupled circuits. The course is 3 credits and totals 45 periods.
The document discusses basic concepts of electricity and electrical circuits. It defines static and current electricity, and explains that circuits require a voltage source, conductor, and load. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel. Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. Power and energy calculations are also covered.
This presentation provides an explanation of Active & Passive Circuit Element: Independent & dependent voltage & current sources, R, L, C, and Their mathematical modes, Voltage current power relations, Series and Parallel circuits, Kirchhoff's Laws. It also provides an information about
Classification of elements with numerical examples.
The Different Types of Inductors and Their Affecting Factorselprocus
An inductor is also named as a reactor, coil and choke. It is a two terminal electrical component used in various electrical and electronic circuits. An inductor is used to store energy in the form of a magnetic field. Learn the different types of inductors and their affecting factors and have a wide variety and important applications in electronics.
The document discusses magnetic fields, flux, permeability, inductance, electromagnetic induction, Lenz's law, and the working principles of DC generators and motors. It describes the main components of DC machines including the field system, armature, commutator, and brushes. Equations for emf generation in DC generators are presented. The types of DC generator excitation including separately excited, self-excited, series, shunt, and compound wound generators are defined. The characteristics curves for DC machines such as no-load saturation, internal, and external characteristics are also summarized.
This presentation contains information about some basic electrical parameters such as Voltage, Current, EMF, PD, Electric Power, Energy Ideal & Practical Sources, Types of Resistance, Heating Effect, Magnetic effect & Chemical effect of Electric Current etc.
Electric current is the flow of electric charge. It is measured in Amperes and can be measured using an ammeter. The rate of electric current is equal to the total charge passed divided by the time taken. There are two types of electric current: direct current which flows in one direction and alternating current which periodically changes direction. Electromotive force is the energy converted when a coulomb of charge passes through a source and is measured in Volts. Potential difference is the energy lost when a coulomb passes between two points in a circuit and is also measured in Volts. Components connected in series have their emfs add up while those in parallel do not. Resistance depends on the material and dimensions of a conductor. It is
This document discusses Norton's theorem for circuit analysis. It begins by listing reference books on the topic. It then states that Norton's theorem allows any linear DC circuit to be replaced by an equivalent circuit with a single current source (IN) in parallel with a single resistance (RN). It provides the procedure to calculate the Norton equivalent current and resistance by opening independent current sources, shorting independent voltage sources, and calculating the current and resistance as seen by the terminals. An example problem demonstrates finding the current through a 3 ohm resistor using Norton's theorem.
1) Electric current is the flow of electric charge. It is measured in Amperes and defined as the rate of flow of electric charge.
2) Circuits require a voltage source to provide energy to cause current flow. Current flows from the higher voltage side of the source to the higher voltage side of devices like light bulbs.
3) Power in a circuit is defined as the rate of energy transfer and is calculated by multiplying voltage and current. Power is conserved in circuits.
Step-down transformer Physics project Class 12 CBSE FinalMuhammad Jassim
FULL MARK WITH THIS. EASY NO WORY. QUESTIONS FOR VIVA WILL ALSO BE EASY SINCE THE PROJECT IS EASY.
Step-down transformer Physics project Class 12 CBSE Final
This document is a physics investigatory project on self-inductance completed by Isha Saxena of Class IIX at Nosegay Senior Secondary School under the guidance of Mr. Rajan. The project examines how the self-inductance of a coil depends on factors like the number of turns in the coil and the material of the core. The experiment involves measuring the current through and brightness of a bulb connected in series with a coil of varying turns and core materials when powered by an AC source of changing frequency. The results show that self-inductance increases with the number of turns and permeability of the core material.
This document provides instruction on applying the theory of power circuits and transformers. Students will use a LabVolt EMS system, courseware, and electrical metering devices to solve complex engineering problems involving transformers and power circuits in an austere environment. The document outlines lessons on determining capacitors in AC circuits, including measuring capacitive reactance and observing phase shifts caused by capacitors. Students will use circuit measurements and calculations to analyze capacitive reactance and phase shifts.
Behaviour of rlc circuit in dc using matlabSyed Shah
The document discusses the behavior of an RLC circuit when a DC voltage is applied. It first defines the basic components of a resistor, capacitor, and inductor. It then measures the voltage across each component when different resistor, capacitor and inductor values are used in the RLC circuit. The voltage across the resistor drops exponentially as the capacitor charges. The capacitor takes more time to charge as its capacitance increases. The inductor opposes current changes, causing the voltage across it to slow the rate of current change initially and become zero once the current stabilizes. Larger inductor values result in more time needed to store energy and more oscillations in the circuit.
A transformer is a device that converts alternating voltages from one level to another. It works on the principle of mutual induction between two coils linked by a magnetic field. A step-up transformer increases voltage and decreases current, while a step-down transformer decreases voltage and increases current. Real transformers are not 100% efficient due to energy losses from copper windings, flux leakage, hysteresis in the iron core, and eddy currents. However, transformers remain essential for power transmission and applications requiring different voltage levels.
This document discusses inductors and transformers. It begins by explaining how a coil of wire produces magnetism when electric current passes through it. It then describes how transformers work, using two coils - when the magnetic field in one coil changes, it induces a voltage in the other coil. The document provides examples of using transformers to step up or step down voltages. It also discusses how inductors resist rapid changes in electric current due to their magnetic fields, and how this property is used in applications like transformers, motors, and snubbers.
Voltage and Current Source foe Circuits and NetworksKetan Nayak
This document discusses voltage and current sources. It defines voltage as potential difference between two points in an electrical field and current as the flow of electric charge. Energy sources are categorized as either voltage sources or current sources. Voltage sources produce an electromotive force that causes current to flow independently of current. Current sources have infinite output resistance so current flow is independent of voltage. Ohm's law relates voltage, current, and resistance. Resistors oppose current flow. Kirchhoff's laws state that the sum of currents at a node is zero and the sum of voltages around a loop is zero.
This document discusses piezoelectric transducers, which use the piezoelectric effect where certain materials generate electric potential when mechanical strain is applied. Piezoelectric transducers work by producing an electric voltage when mechanical stress is applied to piezoelectric materials like barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate. They have advantages like high frequency response and transient response but limitations like low output and high impedance. Piezoelectric transducers are used in applications like dynamic measurement, studying high-speed phenomena, medical devices, printers, and lighters.
This document discusses electricity and related concepts. It defines electricity as the set of phenomena associated with the presence and flow of electric charge, which gives effects like lightning and electromagnetic induction. It describes electric charge as a property of subatomic particles that determines electromagnetic interactions, and defines related terms like electric field, electric current, and electromagnets. It also discusses electrostatic induction, simple circuits, current, resistance, Ohm's law, series and parallel circuits, power, and energy transformations.
The document defines a rheostat as an electrical component with adjustable resistance. It operates based on Ohm's law, where current is inversely proportional to resistance for a given voltage. A rheostat works by allowing current to enter one terminal, flow through a wire coil and contact point, and exit the other terminal, with no polarity. Rheostats are commonly used to control current, voltage, light intensity, motor speed, and volume by varying resistance in applications like microwaves, refrigerators, lights, radios, and motors.
This document outlines the experiments for the Electrical Circuit Laboratory course handled by Mr. Karthikeyan.R. The 10 listed experiments include verifying Ohm's and Kirchoff's laws, Thevenin's and Norton's theorems, superposition theorem, maximum power transfer theorem, reciprocity theorem, measuring self-inductance of a coil, mesh and nodal analysis, transient response of RL and RC circuits, frequency response of series and parallel resonance circuits, and frequency response of single tuned coupled circuits. The course is 3 credits and totals 45 periods.
The document discusses basic concepts of electricity and electrical circuits. It defines static and current electricity, and explains that circuits require a voltage source, conductor, and load. Circuits can be connected in series or parallel. Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance. Power and energy calculations are also covered.
This presentation provides an explanation of Active & Passive Circuit Element: Independent & dependent voltage & current sources, R, L, C, and Their mathematical modes, Voltage current power relations, Series and Parallel circuits, Kirchhoff's Laws. It also provides an information about
Classification of elements with numerical examples.
The Different Types of Inductors and Their Affecting Factorselprocus
An inductor is also named as a reactor, coil and choke. It is a two terminal electrical component used in various electrical and electronic circuits. An inductor is used to store energy in the form of a magnetic field. Learn the different types of inductors and their affecting factors and have a wide variety and important applications in electronics.
The document discusses magnetic fields, flux, permeability, inductance, electromagnetic induction, Lenz's law, and the working principles of DC generators and motors. It describes the main components of DC machines including the field system, armature, commutator, and brushes. Equations for emf generation in DC generators are presented. The types of DC generator excitation including separately excited, self-excited, series, shunt, and compound wound generators are defined. The characteristics curves for DC machines such as no-load saturation, internal, and external characteristics are also summarized.
This presentation contains information about some basic electrical parameters such as Voltage, Current, EMF, PD, Electric Power, Energy Ideal & Practical Sources, Types of Resistance, Heating Effect, Magnetic effect & Chemical effect of Electric Current etc.
Electric current is the flow of electric charge. It is measured in Amperes and can be measured using an ammeter. The rate of electric current is equal to the total charge passed divided by the time taken. There are two types of electric current: direct current which flows in one direction and alternating current which periodically changes direction. Electromotive force is the energy converted when a coulomb of charge passes through a source and is measured in Volts. Potential difference is the energy lost when a coulomb passes between two points in a circuit and is also measured in Volts. Components connected in series have their emfs add up while those in parallel do not. Resistance depends on the material and dimensions of a conductor. It is
This document discusses Norton's theorem for circuit analysis. It begins by listing reference books on the topic. It then states that Norton's theorem allows any linear DC circuit to be replaced by an equivalent circuit with a single current source (IN) in parallel with a single resistance (RN). It provides the procedure to calculate the Norton equivalent current and resistance by opening independent current sources, shorting independent voltage sources, and calculating the current and resistance as seen by the terminals. An example problem demonstrates finding the current through a 3 ohm resistor using Norton's theorem.
1) Electric current is the flow of electric charge. It is measured in Amperes and defined as the rate of flow of electric charge.
2) Circuits require a voltage source to provide energy to cause current flow. Current flows from the higher voltage side of the source to the higher voltage side of devices like light bulbs.
3) Power in a circuit is defined as the rate of energy transfer and is calculated by multiplying voltage and current. Power is conserved in circuits.
Step-down transformer Physics project Class 12 CBSE FinalMuhammad Jassim
FULL MARK WITH THIS. EASY NO WORY. QUESTIONS FOR VIVA WILL ALSO BE EASY SINCE THE PROJECT IS EASY.
Step-down transformer Physics project Class 12 CBSE Final
This document is a physics investigatory project on self-inductance completed by Isha Saxena of Class IIX at Nosegay Senior Secondary School under the guidance of Mr. Rajan. The project examines how the self-inductance of a coil depends on factors like the number of turns in the coil and the material of the core. The experiment involves measuring the current through and brightness of a bulb connected in series with a coil of varying turns and core materials when powered by an AC source of changing frequency. The results show that self-inductance increases with the number of turns and permeability of the core material.
This document provides instruction on applying the theory of power circuits and transformers. Students will use a LabVolt EMS system, courseware, and electrical metering devices to solve complex engineering problems involving transformers and power circuits in an austere environment. The document outlines lessons on determining capacitors in AC circuits, including measuring capacitive reactance and observing phase shifts caused by capacitors. Students will use circuit measurements and calculations to analyze capacitive reactance and phase shifts.
The document is a physics investigatory project report on self-inductance completed by a student. It includes sections on the aim, apparatus, theory, circuit diagram, procedure, observations, result, precautions, and sources of error of the experiment. The experiment aims to study how the self-inductance of a coil depends on factors like the number of turns in the coil, geometry of the coil, and nature of the core material. The student observes changes in current and brightness of a bulb in an AC circuit when inserting an iron core into the coil and varying the frequency of the AC source.
This document provides instructions for a training exercise on applying power circuits and transformer theory. Students will use a LabVolt electrical training system to solve complex engineering problems involving power circuits and transformers in an austere environment. Safety is a low risk. Students will be evaluated on this material during an electrical systems exam and must score at least 80% to pass. The document then outlines specific learning objectives and standards for determining power, phasors, and impedance in AC circuits using vector diagrams and measurements.
1) The document discusses concepts related to current electricity including electric charge, potential difference, flow of current, Ohm's law, resistance, and electrical circuits.
2) Key points covered include that rubbing glass with silk creates a positive charge on the glass and negative charge on the silk due to electron transfer, and that potential difference is required for electric current to flow.
3) The document also discusses measuring instruments like ammeters, voltmeters, and potentiometers; the heating effect of current; electric power; fuses; and Wheatstone bridges.
The document defines basic electrical components and concepts. It explains that electricity can be broken down into electric charge, voltage, current and resistance. It describes the three classifications of materials as conductors, insulators, and semiconductors. It compares and contrasts direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC), and explains the concepts of grounding, Ohm's law, and Watt's law.
This document provides instructions for a training course on applying power circuits and transformer theory. The training will involve using a LabVolt electrical training system to complete exercises that reinforce learning objectives around single-phase transformer operation and characteristics. Key points covered include transformer voltage and current ratios based on winding turns ratio, effects of loading and core saturation, and proper polarity when connecting transformer windings in series. Students will be evaluated on their understanding through examinations and must score at least 80% to pass.
Power Circuits and Transformers-Unit 4 Labvolt Student Manualphase3-120A
The document discusses equivalent inductance for series and parallel inductors. It states that equivalent inductance is greater for series combinations and smaller for parallel combinations, similar to equivalent resistance. Formulas are provided to calculate equivalent inductance for series and parallel configurations. The exercise objective is to determine equivalent inductance using these formulas and circuit measurements of voltage and current.
Electricity 101
- Electric charge can be positive or negative, and like charges repel while opposite charges attract. Protons have a positive charge while electrons have a negative charge.
- Electric current is the flow of electric charge carried by electrons moving between atoms. It is measured in amperes. Even small currents above 1 ampere can cause injury.
- Circuits consist of a voltage source, a load, and a path for current between them. Open circuits do not allow current to flow while closed circuits provide a complete path.
- Electricity involves the movement of electric charge. There are two types of charge: positive and negative. Like charges repel and unlike charges attract.
- Potential difference is the difference in electric potential or voltage between two points in a circuit. It is measured in volts. A voltmeter is used to measure potential difference.
- Current is the flow of electric charge. It is represented by I and measured in amperes. An ammeter is used to measure current. Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current and resistance in a circuit.
This presentation discusses electrical resistivity methods for geophysical surveying. It describes how resistivity utilizes differences in electric potential to image the subsurface. Key concepts covered include Ohm's law, electrode configurations like Wenner and Schlumberger arrays, methods like vertical electrical sounding and electric profiling, and instrumentation used including current sources, resistivity meters, and electrode types. Applications mentioned are groundwater detection, mineral exploration, and waste exploration.
The document is a physics project report submitted by Arpita Nandi to her teacher Akash Baidya. In the acknowledgement, Arpita thanks Akash for his guidance and for providing an interesting physics project topic. She conducted an experiment to study how the self-inductance of a coil depends on various factors. The experiment involved measuring current and bulb brightness in a circuit containing a coil at different frequencies both with and without an iron core inside the coil. Arpita concluded that self-inductance increases when an iron core is inserted or frequency is decreased.
Alternating current is electricity that flows first in one direction and then the other, in contrast to direct current which flows only in one direction. Some key developments in alternating current include William Stanley designing an efficient power transfer device in 1886 and contributions by Nikola Tesla and others. AC is commonly used today because it can be transformed to different voltages allowing power to be distributed over long distances more efficiently. The voltage and current values in an AC circuit are represented using root-mean-square values to average out the changing values. Components like resistors, capacitors, and inductors interact differently with alternating current compared to direct current due to properties like reactance.
This document provides an overview of electricity and electric circuits. It defines key terms like current, voltage, resistance and discusses circuit components. Current is the flow of electric charge in a circuit. Voltage and electromotive force (EMF) refer to the energy supplied by a battery or cell to push electrons through a circuit. Resistance opposes the flow of current. Circuits can be arranged in series or parallel. The document also describes effects of electric current like heating, chemical changes through electrolysis, and generation of magnetism.
This document provides an overview of self inductance, mutual inductance, and coefficient of coupling. It begins with introducing Faraday's laws of electromagnetic induction and Lenz's law. Next, it defines self inductance as the property of a coil to oppose changes in the current flowing through it. Mutual inductance is defined as the property of one coil to oppose changes in current in a neighboring coil. The coefficient of coupling represents the fraction of magnetic flux from one coil that links with another coil. The document derives equations for self inductance, mutual inductance, and the coefficient of coupling. It aims to help students understand these fundamental inductance concepts.
This document discusses electric circuits and their components. It begins by explaining that electric charges flow from areas of higher potential energy to lower potential energy. It then defines electrical potential energy and discusses how it arises from the position of an electric charge in an electric field. Capacitors are introduced as devices that can store electrical energy. The document defines capacitance and discusses how capacitors work. It also covers resistors, Ohm's Law, and the differences between series and parallel circuits. Key concepts like voltage, current, resistance, and how they relate are explained through examples, diagrams, and equations.
1) DC circuits can be linear or non-linear depending on whether their parameters such as resistance, inductance, and capacitance remain constant or change with voltage and current.
2) Kirchhoff's laws, including Kirchhoff's current law and Kirchhoff's voltage law, are important laws for analyzing electrical circuits and networks.
3) Circuit analysis methods such as mesh analysis, nodal analysis, and Thevenin's theorem allow circuits to be simplified to aid in calculation of voltage and current.
This document is a physics investigatory project report submitted by Tejas Jain to study the factors that affect the self-inductance of a coil. The aim is to observe how the effect of a coil changes when placed in series with a resistor (bulb) in a circuit powered by an AC source of adjustable frequency. The theory section explains that self-inductance is a property of current-carrying coils that opposes changes in current flow and is caused by the self-induced EMF produced in the coil. The factors that affect self-inductance are the number of turns, geometry of the coil, and nature of the core material. The procedure and observations sections are not included.
The document provides an overview of direct current (DC) circuits and some key concepts including:
1. Ohm's law defines the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. It states that voltage is directly proportional to current.
2. Kirchhoff's laws (KCL and KVL) are important circuit analysis tools. KCL states the algebraic sum of currents at a node is zero. KVL states the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero.
3. Circuits can have components connected in series, parallel, or a combination. Nodal analysis uses KCL and Ohm's law to set up equations to solve for unknown node voltages in a circuit.
Power Circuits and Transforers-Unit 6 Labvolt Student Manualphase3-120A
This document provides instruction on analyzing balanced three-phase AC circuits connected in wye and delta configurations. It discusses the differences between line and phase voltages and currents. Formulas are presented for calculating active, reactive, and apparent power in balanced three-phase circuits. Exercises are included to measure voltages and currents in wye- and delta-connected resistive loads to verify the theoretical calculations and relationships between line and phase values.
Power Circuits and Transformers-Unit 2 Labvolt Student Manualphase3-120A
This document discusses alternating current (AC) and sine waves. It explains that AC voltage continually changes polarity and amplitude, and can be considered a DC voltage that is changing. The frequency of an AC voltage is the number of times per second its polarity changes. Sine waves are well-suited for electrical systems as they allow for efficient power transfer. Key parameters of sine waves include amplitude, frequency, phase, and phase shift. Circuit laws like Ohm's Law apply to AC circuits as well.
Power Circuits and Transforers-Unit 9 Labvolt Student Manualphase3-120A
This document discusses operating three-phase transformers. It will cover connecting transformer windings in wye and delta configurations, verifying proper phase relationships through voltage and current measurements, and studying transformer operation characteristics. Key aspects of three-phase circuits from a previous unit are reviewed, including wye and delta connections and how they affect line and phase voltages and currents. The four common ways to connect transformer windings - delta-delta, wye-wye, delta-wye, and wye-delta - are also discussed. Proper procedures for verifying phase relationships in wye and delta secondary windings are outlined.
Power Circuits and Transforers-Unit 8 Labvolt Student Manualphase3-120A
This exercise explores connecting transformers in parallel and measuring their efficiency. Two 100-VA transformers are connected in parallel to supply a 200-VA load. Efficiency is calculated as the ratio of output power to input power. Measurements of input and output power will be taken to determine the overall efficiency and verify that the load is shared between the two transformers. Connecting transformers in parallel allows supplying power greater than the rating of a single transformer.
Power Circuits and Transforers-Unit 7 Labvolt Student Manualphase3-120A
This document discusses an exercise on measuring and understanding the voltage and current characteristics of a single-phase transformer. Key points include:
- Measurements showed that the ratio of primary to secondary voltage equals the transformer turns ratio, and the ratio of primary to secondary current equals the inverse of the turns ratio.
- Core saturation was observed at higher voltages, where the exciting current increased more rapidly and the voltage ratio was affected.
- The exercise demonstrated how to properly connect transformer windings in series-aiding and series-opposing configurations.
Power Circuits and Transforers-Unit 5 Labvolt Student Manualphase3-120A
* Active power (P) = 3 kW = 3,000 W
* Inductive reactive power (Q) = 4 kvar
* Using the power triangle:
* Apparent power (S) = √(P^2 + Q^2)
* = √(3,000^2 + 4,000^2)
* = √(9,000,000 + 16,000,000)
* = √25,000,000
* = 5,000 VA = 5 kVA
The apparent power is 5 kVA. The answer is b.
Power Circuits and Transforers-Unit 1 Labvolt Student Manualphase3-120A
This document discusses fundamentals of electrical circuits, including basic concepts, symbols, and terminology. It covers topics like voltage, current, resistance, and Ohm's law. The document contains detailed information and diagrams about atomic structure, electric fields, resistance of materials, and measuring voltage and current using a data acquisition system. It provides objectives and procedures for an exercise to demonstrate and apply Ohm's law using circuit measurements.
Power Circuits and Transforers-Unit 3 Labvolt Student Manualphase3-120A
This document discusses determining equivalent capacitance for series and parallel capacitors. It explains that capacitance opposes changes in voltage across capacitor terminals and depends on factors like dielectric material and plate size/spacing. The exercise objectives are to calculate equivalent capacitance using circuit measurements and explain how capacitance values combine in series and parallel configurations.
This document provides an overview of operational energy strategies and concepts. It discusses the Department of Defense's operational energy policy and goals to increase warfighting capability, reduce logistical risks, and enhance the current force. It also covers renewable energy sources, microgrids, energy modeling software, and includes practical exercises for students. The objectives are to understand operational energy doctrine and evaluate energy systems using tools like HOMER, AutoDISE and Xendee.
This document contains engineering drawings and specifications for electrical work on a construction project at a military base in Fallujah, Iraq. It includes site plans, building floor plans, panel schedules, and notes from Mike Mears, the electrical engineer, and Mike Keck, the drafter. The project number is 120A-WOBC-Phase 3 and the drawings are dated November 18, 2018.
The document provides guidance for conducting a load survey of three buildings - a barracks, TOC, and DFAC - that will be used during a mission in Ramadi, Iraq. It lists the existing electrical equipment in each building, including lighting, outlets, appliances, HVAC units, and electronics. Based on this equipment inventory and power requirements, the document determines:
- A 100 kW diesel generator would be sufficient to power all three buildings from a central location.
- Cables will be run from the generator to 200A, 100A, and 60A panel boxes to distribute power within each building.
- The generator and panel boxes will need to be properly sized and located to avoid voltage drop and ensure balanced
This document provides information about understanding AC/DC motors and generators theory. It outlines the objectives, safety requirements, risk level, and evaluation criteria for a block of instruction. The instruction will cover fundamentals of rotating machines, different types of DC motors and generators, induction motors, and motor theory concepts. Students will be evaluated on an examination and must score 80% or higher to pass. Lab exercises will use Labvolt trainers to cover the topics.
The document provides guidance for students on designing electrical distribution systems at the building level. It covers key considerations like understanding different types of loads, performing load calculations according to NEC articles like 220 and 250, sizing conductors, circuit breakers and panels according to NEC requirements. The objectives are listed as understanding applicable NEC tables, demand factors, panel balancing, cable and circuit breaker sizing. Guidance is provided on calculating lighting, receptacle, appliance, HVAC, motor and other specialty equipment loads.
H08 Principles of Power Systems Design phase3-120A
This document provides guidance for a classroom lesson on identifying the principles of electrical power system design. The lesson objectives are to determine power system design criteria, understand and apply voltage drop calculations to the design process, and understand logistical requirements. Students will be evaluated on their understanding through an examination requiring a score of 80% or higher. The document lists relevant design standards and regulations and provides an example voltage drop calculation.
1) The document provides step-by-step instructions for creating a surface in Civil 3D from point data in a CSV file that was collected using a survey or mapping tool. It describes how to import the point data, create a surface, edit the surface properties, and drape an image onto the surface for visualization.
This document outlines the career path and assignments for 120A Construction Engineering Technicians and 125D Geospatial Engineering Technicians in the Army.
For 120A, the typical path includes company level assignments in years 1-5, battalion level assignments in years 6-7, brigade or regimental level assignments from years 8-12, and chief warrant officer or senior staff assignments after year 12.
For 125D, the typical path includes division level geospatial intelligence assignments in years 1-5, functional or brigade combat team assignments in years 6-7, and chief warrant officer or staff assignments at higher echelons like Army Geospatial Center after year 12. Both tracks emphasize obtaining related professional certifications along the career
The Engineer Branch Newsletter is a semi-annual newsletter produced for members of the Engineer Regiment by the Engineer Officer Branch of the Human Resources Command located at Fort Knox, KY. It provides updates on personnel moves, promotions, and career opportunities from the Branch Chief, COLs Desk, LTCs Desk, and other leadership positions. The newsletter encourages officers to update their profiles on the Assignment Interactive Module 2.0 system for the upcoming 19-02 manning cycle and provides information on upcoming visits by HRC leadership to various units.
Act career maps (warrant officer) en-us-120 aphase3-120A
This document outlines the career map for an Army Warrant Officer 1 (WO1) through Chief Warrant Officer 5 (CW5) in career track 120A. It details key developmental assignments such as vertical construction platoon technician roles. It also lists broadening assignments, professional military education requirements, functional training opportunities, and self-development recommendations including completion of associate's, bachelor's and master's degrees in business administration or management and reading lists from the U.S. Army, Chief of Staff of the Army, and U.S. Army Engineer School. The goal is to provide Warrant Officers with a path for professional growth throughout their career.
This document provides guidance on applying electrical safety requirements in accordance with various regulatory standards. Students will be evaluated on their understanding of these safety requirements during an examination. The document discusses key concepts related to grounding and bonding electrical systems, including defining important terms and describing different types of grounding systems. It emphasizes that proper grounding and bonding methods are necessary to ensure safety and allow protective devices to operate during faults.
The document provides guidance on applying electrical safety requirements and lockout/tagout procedures. It discusses the NFPA 70E, NEC, NESC, and EM 385-1-1 standards for electrical safety. Lockout/tagout procedures involve identifying energy sources, opening disconnects, applying locks or tags, verifying de-energization, and grounding circuits if needed. Complex procedures require written plans. Risk assessment involves analyzing hazards, tasks, associated risks, and protective measures. The document provides instruction on these topics to ensure electrical safety.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...bijceesjournal
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
2. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
ACTION: Apply the theory of power circuits and transformers.
CONDITIONS: Given a LabVolt EMS system, LabVolt courseware,
Fluke electrical metering devices, and applicable references.
STANDARD: Effectively use transformers and power circuits theory to
solve complex engineering problems in an austere environment.
3. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• Safety Requirements: None
• Risk Assessment Level: Low
• Environmental Considerations: None
• Evaluation: Students will be evaluated on this
block of instruction during the Electrical Systems
Design Examination 1. Students must receive a
score of 80 percent or above to receive a GO.
5. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
ACTION: Apply Fundamentals Inductors in AC Circuits.
CONDITIONS: Given a LabVolt EMS system, LabVolt courseware,
Fluke electrical metering devices, and applicable references.
STANDARD: Use circuit measurements to determine the inductive
reactance of inductors, and you will measure and observe the phase
shift between voltage and current caused by inductors.
6. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• When you have completed this unit, you will be able to
demonstrate and explain the effects of inductors in ac
circuits.
• You will use circuit measurements to determine the
inductive reactance of inductors, and you will measure and
observe the phase shift between voltage and current
caused by inductors.
S3D03-6
Lesson Objectives
7. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• The exercises in this unit are quite similar to those in Unit 3,
and as you will discover, inductor behavior in electric
circuits is the converse to capacitor behavior in electric
circuits.
• Both components store energy, and both cause a phase
shift of 90° between voltage and current.
• Capacitors store energy in an electric field set up by the
application of a voltage, while inductors store energy in a
magnetic field set up by a current that flows in a coil of
wire.
8. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• Inductors are frequently called chokes or coils. The entire
electrical industry revolves around coils, which are found in
motors, generators, relays, and numerous other electrical
devices.
• The fundamental property of inductors is to oppose
changes in the current flowing through its coil.
• The opposition to current changes is proportional to the
inductor's inductance (L).
• The inductance is a measure of the amount of energy that
an inductor stores in the magnetic field set up when a
current flows through its coil, and the measurement unit for
inductance is the henry (H).
9. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• When inductance is added to an ac circuit, an effect similar to
that of capacitance is observed, that is, there is opposition to the
flow of current.
• This effect is referred to as the inductive reactance (XL), which
is defined as the opposition created by inductance to the flow of
alternating current.
• When current flows through a coil of wire, a magnetic field is set
up and this field contains energy.
• As the current increases, the energy contained in the field also
increases.
• When the current decreases, energy contained in the field is
released, and the magnetic field eventually falls to zero when the
current is zero.
• The situation is analogous to the capacitor, except that in a
capacitor, it is the voltage that determines the amount of stored
energy, while in the inductor it is the current.
10. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• Consider the inductive circuit shown in Figure 4-1.
• The ac power source will cause alternating current flow in
the inductor coil, and the current will increase, decrease,
and change polarity in the same alternating manner as the
source voltage.
• Consequently, the coil will alternately receive energy from
the source and then return it, depending on whether the
current through the inductor is increasing (magnetic field is
expanding) or decreasing (magnetic field is collapsing).
• In ac circuits, power flows back and forth between the
inductor and the power source and nothing useful is
accomplished, just like the case for capacitors.
11. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• If a wattmeter were connected to measure the power
consumed by an ideal inductor, it would indicate zero.
• In practice however, all coils dissipate some active power
and the wattmeter indicates a small amount of power.
• This is because the coil wire always has resistance, and
therefore, dissipates power as a resistor does.
12. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• There is a voltage drop across the inductor and current
flows in the inductive ac circuit in a way very similar to the
purely capacitive circuit.
• The apparent power (E x I product) is equal to the reactive
power in the case of the ideal inductor, and the
instantaneous power waveform shows that there are
instances of both positive and negative power peaks like it
does for capacitive ac circuits.
• In order to distinguish between capacitive reactive power
and inductive reactive power, a negative sign is usually
associated with capacitive var, and a positive sign with
inductive var.
13. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to
determine inductive reactance by using measurements of circuit
currents and voltages.
LSA 1: Inductive Reactance
Time: 4 hrs
PE: 50 mins
14. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• Inductive reactance is defined as the opposition to
alternating current flow caused by inductance.
• Inductance is a property of inductors and increases when
the inductor has an iron core.
• The measurement unit for inductance is the henry (H).
• Its effect is very similar to that caused by capacitance, and
like capacitive reactance, inductive reactance changes with
frequency.
• However, since it is directly proportional to frequency,
inductive reactance increases when the frequency
increases, which is opposite to capacitive reactance.
• Also, increasing an inductor's inductance increases its
inductive reactance.
15. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• When a dc voltage is applied to an inductor, a dc current flows
through the inductor's coil.
• Because the dc current does not change with time, the inductor
does not oppose current flow and the current magnitude is only
limited by the resistance of the coil wire.
• When an alternating voltage having an rms value equal to the dc
voltage is applied to the same inductor, an alternating current
flows through the inductor's coil.
• Because the current changes continuously, the inductor opposes
changes in current and the current magnitude is limited to a
much lower value than that obtained with the dc voltage.
• The greater the inductance of the inductor, the greater the
opposition to current changes.
• The opposition to ac current flow caused by an inductor is
referred to as inductive reactance.
16. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• The formula for determining inductive reactance in an ac
circuit is as follows:
• The formula for determining inductive reactance shows that
it is directly proportional to frequency and inductance,
and will double whenever the frequency or the inductance
is doubled.
17. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• familiar Ohm's law, which gives XL=EL/IL, along with the
equivalent expressions and IL=EL/XL and EL=IL x XL. EL and
IL used in these expressions represent rms voltage and
current values.
• These expressions of Ohm's law, along with the laws of
Kirchhoff seen in earlier exercises are all valid for solving
inductive ac circuits.
19. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• In this exercise, you determined the inductive reactance for
different ac circuits using Ohm's law and measurements of
circuit voltages and currents.
• You also observed that Ohm's law is valid for inductive ac
circuits, and demonstrated that reactance changed in direct
proportion to the amount of circuit inductance.
21. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to determine the
equivalent inductance for series and parallel inductors.
• You will also be able to explain and demonstrate equivalent inductance using
circuit measurements of current and voltage.
22. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• Inductors are electrical devices made up of a coil of wire wound around a core.
• The core material can be non-magnetic like wood or plastic, or magnetic
material like iron or steel. Inductors made with non-magnetic cores are called
air-core inductors, while those with iron and steel are iron-core inductors.
• Using magnetic materials for the core allows greater values of inductance to be
obtained because magnetic materials concentrate the magnetic lines of force
into a smaller area.
• Figure 4-3 shows examples of air-core and iron-core inductors.
23. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• An inductor stores energy in the magnetic field created around its coil of wire
when the current through the coil changes.
• The amount of energy that the inductor can store depends on its inductance,
the type of core, and the number of turns of wire.
• The measurement unit for inductance, the henry (H), is the value obtained
when current changing at a rate of one ampere per second causes a voltage of
one volt to be induced in the inductor.
24. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• The formulas used to determine equivalent inductance are the same form as
• those used for equivalent resistance.
• As in the case for resistance, equivalent inductance LEQ is greater for series-
connected inductors, while it is smaller for parallel combinations.
• Series and parallel combinations of inductors are shown in Figure 4-4 and
Figure 4-5, respectively.
26. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• In this exercise, you determined the equivalent circuit
inductance for parallel and series combinations of inductors
using the formulas for equivalent inductance.
• You also combined the use of these formulas with
measurements of circuit voltages, currents, and inductive
reactance.
28. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• When you have completed this exercise, you will be able to measure and
demonstrate inductive phase shift.
• You will also observe the instances of positive and negative power in the power
waveform of reactive ac circuits.
29. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• As you saw in previous units, the voltage and current waveforms in
resistive ac circuits are in phase, and the power dissipated by resistors
is active power in the form of heat.
• Now, just like the case when capacitance is present in an ac circuit,
there is a phase shift between voltage and current because of
inductance.
• This phase shift is caused by the opposition of inductors to current
changes.
• When current flowing in an inductor starts to change, the inductor
reacts by producing a voltage that opposes the current change.
• The faster the current changes, the greater the voltage produced by the
inductor to oppose the current change.
• In other words, the voltage across the inductor is proportional to the
rate of change in current.
30. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• Now, suppose that a sine-wave current flows in an inductor.
• At the instant the current goes through a minimum value (negative peak
value), the current is no longer changing and the inductor voltage is
zero since the current rate of change is zero.
• Then, when the current is going to zero amplitude, its rate of change is
maximum and the inductor voltage is maximum.
• As a result, the current in an ideal inductor lags the voltage by 90°.
• The inductive phase shift of 90° between current and voltage is shown
in Figure 4-8.
31. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• As mentioned earlier in Unit 2, reactive components that cause a phase
shift between circuit voltage and current produce instantaneous power
waveforms having negative and positive values, meaning that power
goes back and forth between the source and the reactive component.
• The instantaneous power waveform for a purely inductive ac circuit is
shown in Figure 4-9.
• This waveform also has equal areas of positive and negative power,
like that for a purely capacitive ac circuit, and the average power over a
complete period is zero.
• However, as you will see in this exercise, real inductors have some
resistance and they will consume a small amount of active power.
32. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• Consequently, positive and negative areas in the power waveform will
not be exactly equal.
• Note that the instantaneous power waveform frequency is twice the ac
source frequency.
34. UNCLASSIFIED
UNCLASSIFIED
• In this exercise, you determined inductive phase
shift in an ac circuit using measurements of the
current and voltage waveforms.
• You demonstrated that some active power is
dissipated in inductive circuits because of the
resistance of the inductor wire.
• Finally, observation of the circuit waveforms
allowed you to confirm the theoretical behavior of
the circuit current and voltage.