A finite element model of fractured tibia with Joshi’s External Stabilizing System (JESS) mounted on it was developed using 3D beam elements in the ANSYS software. The model was loaded in axial compression and the average axial stiffness of the model was calculated. The analytical value of axial stiffness was compared with reported experimental value to validate the finite element model. The validated model was used to carry out parametric studies on the model to determine the axial properties of JESS. It was observed that axial stiffness of JESS increased by 58% when k-wire diameter was varied from 2 mm to 4 mm while keeping other geometric configurations of the device constant; however, the axial stiffness of the device does not show any significant improvement when the diameter of medio-lateral pins in diaphyseal hold were increased. The findings should help in understanding the axial properties of JESS so that it can be used judiciously in clinical applications.
Modelling and static analysis of femur bone by using different implant materialsIOSR Journals
Femur is leg bone of the human body Undergoing more deformation. Biomechanics is the theory of
how tissues, cells, muscles, bones, organs and the motion of them and how their form and function are
regulated by basic mechanical properties. The aim of this study is to create a model of real proximal human
femur bone and the behavior of femur bone is analyzed in ANSYS under physiological load conditions.
A finite element model of bones is generated by using CT scan data are being widely used to make
realistic investigations on the mechanical behavior of bone structures. . Orthopedic implantation is done in case
of failure. Before implantation it is necessary to analyze the perfectness in case of its material property, size and
shape, surface treatment, load resistance and chances of failure. Analysis is done for the stresses formed in
different femur implant materials under static loading condition using ANSYS software.
Analysis is done on different materials like structural steel, and Ti-6Al-4V implant materials. Since
each femur carries 1/2 the body weight , analysis is done for 550kg,650kg, 750kg load, including the cases of
patient carrying certain weight. And based on the analysis it can be concluded that, while comparing these two
implant materials Ti-6Al-4V gave less deformation on static load conditions. TI-6AL4V is a low density
material, which has excellent bio compatible and mechanical properties, it is ideal for the use of an implant in surgeries. Finally the success of implantation depends on implant material and size, implantation method and
its handling by the patient
Natural Vibration Analysis of Femur Bone Using HyperworksIJERA Editor
The main objective of the femur bone analysis is to know the natural frequencies and identify the fracture location of the bone through simulation based on the HYPERWORKS. The femur bone analysis is subjected to free-free and fixed-fixed boundary conditions. The mode shape shows that the natural frequency of free-free boundary condition varies from 0 Hz to 57 Hz and for fixed-fixed boundary condition 11 Hz to 171 Hz. On the bases of these two boundary conditions mode shape is determined and fracture location can be easily notified.
Recent joint surgery studies reveal increased
revisions and resurfacing of the metal on metal hip joints. Metal
on metal hip implants were developed more than thirty years ago
and their application has been refined because of availability of
advanced manufacturing techniques and partly by advancements
in material science and engineering. Development of composite
materials may provide greater durability to metal-on-metal hip
implants .This review article is a study of the latest literature of
metal-on-metal hip implants and its various modeling techniques.
Numbers of methods are used for convergence and numerical
solution to investigate the performance of metal-on-metal hip
implant for accurate stable solution. This paper presents analysis
done by various researchers on metal-on-metal hip implants for
wear, lubrication, fatigue, bio-tribo-corrosion, design, toxicity
and resurfacing. After in vivo and in vitro studies, it is found that
all these methods have limitations. There is a need of more
insight for lubrication analysis, geometry of bearings, materials
and input parameters. The information provided in this work is
intended as an aid in the assessment of metal-on-metal hip joints.
Modelling and static analysis of femur bone by using different implant materialsIOSR Journals
Femur is leg bone of the human body Undergoing more deformation. Biomechanics is the theory of
how tissues, cells, muscles, bones, organs and the motion of them and how their form and function are
regulated by basic mechanical properties. The aim of this study is to create a model of real proximal human
femur bone and the behavior of femur bone is analyzed in ANSYS under physiological load conditions.
A finite element model of bones is generated by using CT scan data are being widely used to make
realistic investigations on the mechanical behavior of bone structures. . Orthopedic implantation is done in case
of failure. Before implantation it is necessary to analyze the perfectness in case of its material property, size and
shape, surface treatment, load resistance and chances of failure. Analysis is done for the stresses formed in
different femur implant materials under static loading condition using ANSYS software.
Analysis is done on different materials like structural steel, and Ti-6Al-4V implant materials. Since
each femur carries 1/2 the body weight , analysis is done for 550kg,650kg, 750kg load, including the cases of
patient carrying certain weight. And based on the analysis it can be concluded that, while comparing these two
implant materials Ti-6Al-4V gave less deformation on static load conditions. TI-6AL4V is a low density
material, which has excellent bio compatible and mechanical properties, it is ideal for the use of an implant in surgeries. Finally the success of implantation depends on implant material and size, implantation method and
its handling by the patient
Natural Vibration Analysis of Femur Bone Using HyperworksIJERA Editor
The main objective of the femur bone analysis is to know the natural frequencies and identify the fracture location of the bone through simulation based on the HYPERWORKS. The femur bone analysis is subjected to free-free and fixed-fixed boundary conditions. The mode shape shows that the natural frequency of free-free boundary condition varies from 0 Hz to 57 Hz and for fixed-fixed boundary condition 11 Hz to 171 Hz. On the bases of these two boundary conditions mode shape is determined and fracture location can be easily notified.
Recent joint surgery studies reveal increased
revisions and resurfacing of the metal on metal hip joints. Metal
on metal hip implants were developed more than thirty years ago
and their application has been refined because of availability of
advanced manufacturing techniques and partly by advancements
in material science and engineering. Development of composite
materials may provide greater durability to metal-on-metal hip
implants .This review article is a study of the latest literature of
metal-on-metal hip implants and its various modeling techniques.
Numbers of methods are used for convergence and numerical
solution to investigate the performance of metal-on-metal hip
implant for accurate stable solution. This paper presents analysis
done by various researchers on metal-on-metal hip implants for
wear, lubrication, fatigue, bio-tribo-corrosion, design, toxicity
and resurfacing. After in vivo and in vitro studies, it is found that
all these methods have limitations. There is a need of more
insight for lubrication analysis, geometry of bearings, materials
and input parameters. The information provided in this work is
intended as an aid in the assessment of metal-on-metal hip joints.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Walker E, Sandercock T, Perreault E. Influence of scaling assumptions on tendon stiffness estimation. American Society of Biomechanics 2012, Gainesville FL, August 16 2012. (podium)
Finite Element Investigation of Hybrid and Conventional Knee ImplantsCSCJournals
Total Knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures relieve arthritic pain and restore joint function by replacing the contact surfaces of the knee joint. These procedures are often performed following arthritic degeneration of the joint causing the patient pain. Cobalt-chrome, stainless steel (316L grade) and titanium alloys are widely used in the majority of distal femoral implants in TKA procedures. The use of such stiff materials causes stress shielding (i.e. a lack of mechanical stresses being experienced by the bone surrounding the implant) leading to gradual bone loss and implant failure. The aim of this paper is to develop a new hybrid knee implant which combines a polymer-composite (CF/PA-12) with an existing commercial implant system (P.F.C.® Sigma™) made from stainless steel. This hybrid implant is expected to alleviate stress shielding and bone loss by transferring much more load to the femur compared to conventional metallic implants. Results of the FEA simulations showed that the CF/PA-12 lined femoral component generated almost 63% less in peak stress compared to the regular stainless steel component, indicating more load transfer to the bone and consequently alleviating bone resorption.
Dr jehad al sukhun gives modelling of orbital deformationjehadsukhun
The purpose of this study was to develop a three-dimensional finite-element model (FEM) of the human orbit, containing the globe, to predict orbital deformation in subjects following a blunt injury
Study of Influence of Different Parameters of Head- Restraints on Energy Abso...AM Publications
Head Restraints are provided to safeguard occupant head and neck from injuries during rear impact.
According to the study made by organizations like ECE (Economic commission of Europe) and NHTSA (National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration USA) on different accidents, many safety regulations are developed for
passenger cars coming on roads. ECER17 and FMVSS202a are the regulations made to test and ensure safety of seat
headrestraints. One of the most important tests according to these regulations is energy absorption test. In this testsetup
the Head Form with mass 6.8kg, diameter 165mm and velocity of 24.1km/hr hits the Head restraint. The passing
criteria of the test is such that the headform should not experience deceleration more than 80 times gravitation for the
period more than or equal to 3ms. Also during impact, there should not be excess lifting of the headrest. Different
parameters of the headrest assembly such as angle of inclination of the front face of headrest, radius of curvature of
headrest rod, Notch depth of notches on headrest rod and stiffness variation of the headrest plastic part have
influence on the test results. In this paper, influence of these parameters is studied on the energy absorption test
mainly on the lifting of the headrest.
EMG Investigations Regarding Handle Size, Grip Force and Stroke Rotation In S...Waqas Tariq
The present study investigated the effect of handle size (35mm and 40mm), grip type (loose grip and tight grip) and supine stroke rotation (30 ? , 45 ? and 60 ? ) on electromyography i.e. EMG activity of forearm muscles for a screwing task in an experimental simulation. The eight participants performed the screw driving task for a 2 minutes duration (supination). The EMG activities of forearm muscles were recorded during this task. The muscles selected for EMG recording were FCR, FCU, FDS and ECRB muscles. The results showed that the flexor muscles were more activated than extensor muscles. Among giving conditions, 40mm handle size using loose grip with 60 ? stroke was most comfortable.
New study on friction in a mom total hip prosthesis with balls in self direct...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Towards A Safer Design of Helmets: Finite Element & Experimental AssessmentSari Kassar
Motorcycle helmets are vital to protect from recurrent road accidents as they prove crucial in reducing brain trauma. This research piece presents a new and plausible bio-inspired design affined to the foam liner material and structure in helmets. The proposed liner design is inspired from animal horn micro-structure and tubule arrangement. An innovative drop-testing apparatus is presented with a spring-ratchet mechanism for experimental testing. The aim is to validate the new design by meeting the ECE 22.05 standard for motorbike helmets using peak linear acceleration and HIC criteria. Experimental results are partly verified against FEA simulations for two proposed samples. Further samples call for more complex simulations at a later stage to best describe material properties and structures.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Walker E, Sandercock T, Perreault E. Influence of scaling assumptions on tendon stiffness estimation. American Society of Biomechanics 2012, Gainesville FL, August 16 2012. (podium)
Finite Element Investigation of Hybrid and Conventional Knee ImplantsCSCJournals
Total Knee arthroplasty (TKA) procedures relieve arthritic pain and restore joint function by replacing the contact surfaces of the knee joint. These procedures are often performed following arthritic degeneration of the joint causing the patient pain. Cobalt-chrome, stainless steel (316L grade) and titanium alloys are widely used in the majority of distal femoral implants in TKA procedures. The use of such stiff materials causes stress shielding (i.e. a lack of mechanical stresses being experienced by the bone surrounding the implant) leading to gradual bone loss and implant failure. The aim of this paper is to develop a new hybrid knee implant which combines a polymer-composite (CF/PA-12) with an existing commercial implant system (P.F.C.® Sigma™) made from stainless steel. This hybrid implant is expected to alleviate stress shielding and bone loss by transferring much more load to the femur compared to conventional metallic implants. Results of the FEA simulations showed that the CF/PA-12 lined femoral component generated almost 63% less in peak stress compared to the regular stainless steel component, indicating more load transfer to the bone and consequently alleviating bone resorption.
Dr jehad al sukhun gives modelling of orbital deformationjehadsukhun
The purpose of this study was to develop a three-dimensional finite-element model (FEM) of the human orbit, containing the globe, to predict orbital deformation in subjects following a blunt injury
Study of Influence of Different Parameters of Head- Restraints on Energy Abso...AM Publications
Head Restraints are provided to safeguard occupant head and neck from injuries during rear impact.
According to the study made by organizations like ECE (Economic commission of Europe) and NHTSA (National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration USA) on different accidents, many safety regulations are developed for
passenger cars coming on roads. ECER17 and FMVSS202a are the regulations made to test and ensure safety of seat
headrestraints. One of the most important tests according to these regulations is energy absorption test. In this testsetup
the Head Form with mass 6.8kg, diameter 165mm and velocity of 24.1km/hr hits the Head restraint. The passing
criteria of the test is such that the headform should not experience deceleration more than 80 times gravitation for the
period more than or equal to 3ms. Also during impact, there should not be excess lifting of the headrest. Different
parameters of the headrest assembly such as angle of inclination of the front face of headrest, radius of curvature of
headrest rod, Notch depth of notches on headrest rod and stiffness variation of the headrest plastic part have
influence on the test results. In this paper, influence of these parameters is studied on the energy absorption test
mainly on the lifting of the headrest.
EMG Investigations Regarding Handle Size, Grip Force and Stroke Rotation In S...Waqas Tariq
The present study investigated the effect of handle size (35mm and 40mm), grip type (loose grip and tight grip) and supine stroke rotation (30 ? , 45 ? and 60 ? ) on electromyography i.e. EMG activity of forearm muscles for a screwing task in an experimental simulation. The eight participants performed the screw driving task for a 2 minutes duration (supination). The EMG activities of forearm muscles were recorded during this task. The muscles selected for EMG recording were FCR, FCU, FDS and ECRB muscles. The results showed that the flexor muscles were more activated than extensor muscles. Among giving conditions, 40mm handle size using loose grip with 60 ? stroke was most comfortable.
New study on friction in a mom total hip prosthesis with balls in self direct...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Towards A Safer Design of Helmets: Finite Element & Experimental AssessmentSari Kassar
Motorcycle helmets are vital to protect from recurrent road accidents as they prove crucial in reducing brain trauma. This research piece presents a new and plausible bio-inspired design affined to the foam liner material and structure in helmets. The proposed liner design is inspired from animal horn micro-structure and tubule arrangement. An innovative drop-testing apparatus is presented with a spring-ratchet mechanism for experimental testing. The aim is to validate the new design by meeting the ECE 22.05 standard for motorbike helmets using peak linear acceleration and HIC criteria. Experimental results are partly verified against FEA simulations for two proposed samples. Further samples call for more complex simulations at a later stage to best describe material properties and structures.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Survey Analysis on CMOS Integrated Circuits with Clock-Gated Logic StructureIJERA Editor
Various circuit design techniques has been presented to improve noise tolerance of the proposed CGS logic families. Noise in deep submicron technology limits the reliability and performance of ICs. The ANTE (Average Noise Threshold Energy) metric is used for the analysis of noise tolerance of proposed CGS. A 2-input NAND and NOR gate is designed by the proposed technique. Simulation results for a 2-input NAND gate at clock gated logic show that the proposed noise tolerant circuit achieves 1.79X ANTE improvement along with the reduction in leakage power. Continuous scaling of technology towards the manometer range significantly increases leakage current level and the effect of noise. This research can be further extended for performance optimization in terms of power, speed, area and noise immunity.
Amelioration of safety management in infrastructure projectsIJERA Editor
Accidents are a major public health concern, resulting in an estimated 1.2 million deaths and 50 million injuries
worldwide each year specifically, the relationships between drivers' characteristics and road accidents are not
fully understood. Many factors are involved in the accident occurrence at construction site. Some important
elements that create a significant portion of accidents include: safety management error, poor training programs,
human element, act of god, outdated procedure and no clear monitoring policy. Although some of these items
are inevitable, but the occurrence of the largest part can be prevented. Therefore, for ameliorating the safety in a
project each of these items should be analyzed and a practical approach introduced. In general, near miss,
incident and accident are three dependent levels that mainly lead to injury. Risk and hazard are allocated in first
level which means near miss, therefore, no on-time identification of hazard and risk causes to create incident
and preventing accident in incident stage is unavoidable.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Data Collection via Synthetic Aperture Radiometry towards Global SystemIJERA Editor
Nowadays it is widely accepted that remote sensing is an efficient way of large data management philosophy. In
this paper, we present a future view of the big data collection by synthetic aperture radiometry as a passive
microwave remote sensing towards building a global monitoring system. Since the collected data may not have
any value, it is mandatory to analyses these data in order to get valuable and beneficial information with respect
to their base data. The collected data by synthetic aperture radiometry is one of the high resolution earth
observation, these data will be an intensive problems, Meanwhile, Synthetic Aperture Radar able to work in
several bands, X, C, S, L and P-band. The important role of synthetic aperture radiometry is how to collect data
from areas with inadequate network infrastructures where the ground network facilities were destroyed. The
future concern is to establish a new global data management system, which is supported by the groups of
international teams working to develop technology based on international regulations. There is no doubt that the
existing techniques are so limited to solve big data problems totally. There is a lot of work towards improving 2-
D and 3-D SAR to get better resolution.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance of water and diluted ethylene glycol as coolants for electronic c...IJERA Editor
As the number of transistors increases with new generation of microprocessor chips, the power draw and heat load to dissipate during operation increases. As a result of increasing the heat loads and heat fluxes the Conventional cooling technologies such as fan, heat sinks are unable to absorb and heat transfer excess heat dissipated by these new microprocessor. So, new technologies are needed to improve the heat removal capacity. In the present work single phase liquid cooling system with mini channel is analyzed and experimentally investigated. Mini channels are chosen as to provide higher heat transfer co-efficient than conventional channel. Copper pipes of 0.36 mm diameter are taken to fabricate heat sink and heat exchanger. A pump is used to circulate the fluid through heat sink and heat exchanger. A solid heated aluminium block to simulate heat generated electronic component is used and electrical input is supplied to the heated aluminium block and cooling system is placed over the heated block. The performance of the cooling system is analyzed from the experimental data obtained. It is experimentally observed that the mini channel liquid cooling system with water as a coolant has better performance than diluted ethylene glycol as coolant at different flow rates. The surface temperature of the heated aluminium block with convective heat transfer co-efficient is observed
Socially Shared Images with Automated Annotation Process by Using Improved Us...IJERA Editor
Objectives: The main objective of this research is to increase the semantic concepts prominently as well as
reduce the searching time complexity. This is also aimed to ensure the higher privacy with security and develop
the accurate privacy policy generation.
Methods: The existing method named as adaptive privacy policy prediction (A3P) is used to discover the best
available privacy policy for the user’s image being uploaded. The proposed method name as improved semantic
annotated markovian semantic Indexing (ISMSI) is used for retrieving the images semantically.
Findings: The proposed method achieves high performance in terms of greater accuracy values.
Application/Improvements: The proposed system is done by using semantic annotated markovian semantic
Indexing (ISMSI) approach. ISMSI method is used for identification of similarity as well as semantic annotated
images and improves the privacy significantly.
Financing Small Scale Contractors through Mobilization Advance Payments for I...IJERA Editor
The construction industry plays an important role in any economy, and its activities are vital to the achievement
of the socio-economic development goals of a nation.
In Ghana, the construction and housing industry plays an immeasurable role in the national developmental
agenda. What however, appears to be debatable is whether the industry wields the much expected driving force
required to pronounce its vital contribution towards accelerated national growth in terms of infrastructural
development. This paper assesses the extent to which Mobilization Advance Payment (MAP) contribute to the
output of small scale contractors in the Tamale metropolis. Thirty (30) construction firms, fifteen (15)
consultancy firms and fifteen (15) financial institutions were surveyed, and Chi-Squared (X2) test at α=0.05was
run on responses using SPSS. The study revealed that 49% of key stakeholders in the construction industry in
the Tamale metropolis see mobilization advance payment from clients as the most accessible and affordable
form of construction financing. This was closely followed by Banks/Saving & Loans (regulated financial
institution) with 43%, and 8% for non-regulated financial institutions. A significantly high number of
consultants (60%) agreed that mobilization advance payment is the most accessible and affordable form of
construction financing. The Chi-Squared (X2) Test on MAP and contractors performance also revealed an X2
statistic of ≈0.711 for a degrees of freedom of 4 which means that MAP arrangements for contractors contribute
significantly to their output.
Regrettable though, the misappropriation or misuse of such funds by some contractors has resulted in
difficulties in accessing mobilization advance payments even by genuine contractors in dire need of working
capital. Abandoned projects, delay in project delivery, cost overruns and employment of unqualified personnel
among others result from the unavailability of this accessible and affordable form of construction financing.
This adversely affects the performance of contractors and the overall project success. It was strongly
recommended that clients strive to make mobilization advance payments available and easily accessible to
contractors to enhance their performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Catchment classification: multivariate statistical analyses for physiographic...IJERA Editor
The objective of this study was to determine physiographic similarity, as indicator of hydrologic similarity
between catchments located in the Upper Niger Basin, and to derive the dominant factors controlling each group
singularity. We utilized a dataset of 9 catchments described by 16 physical and climatic properties distributed
across a wide region with strong environmental gradients. Catchments attributes were first standardized before
they underwent an integrated exploratory data analysis composed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
followed by Hierarchical Clustering. Results showed a clear distribution into 2 major clusters: a group of
easterly flat catchments and another of westerly hilly catchments. This nomenclature came from the
interpretation of the main factors, topography and longitude, that seem to control the most important variability
between both clusters. In addition, the hilly catchments were designated to be dominated by forest and
ACRISOL soil type, two additional drivers of similarity. The outcome of this study can help understanding
catchment functioning and provide a support for regionalization of hydrological information.
Future of Supply Chain Management in Various food Production.IJERA Editor
This paper analyse the case of any production system and the structure of supply chain has evolved
progressively over the time of sequential supply chain, to global supply chain. This evolution has reflected the
change in business environment from static to dynamic. So the purpose of this paper is to propose an agenda for
future research in supply chain management. We also measure the effect of FDI in India to the existing
production industries in India.
Experimental stress analysis and fea of dental implantseSAT Journals
Abstract Dental implants are used as prosthetic treatment alternatives made of Titanium for treating partial edentulism in patients. The
oessointegration of bone and implant at the interface is of utmost importance as the success or failure of a dental implant depends
on the manner in which stresses are transferred to the surrounding bone. The osseointegrated dental implant plays a role similar
to that of natural teeth as it is exposed to static and dynamic loadings continuously. However, the functional forces in
Osseointegrated dental implant are transmitted directly to the jaw bone as compared to the natural teeth where there is a healthy
periodontium. This could cause micro-fracture at the bone-implant interface, fracture of implant, loosening of components of
implant system and unwanted bone resorption. Therefore, it is essential to understand stress concentration on implants at the
bone implant interface. This study aims in investigating and monitoring the stresses along the bone implant interface for different
types of dental implant .Photo elastic stress analysis was carried on four commercial implants with varying diameter and same
length, and the verification of the experimental results was done using finite element analysis.
Keywords: Dental Implant, Photoelasticity, Stress Analysis, Implant Bone Interface, FEA
ANSYS Mechanical software provides a vast library of material models that can help users simulate various kinds of behaviors such as elasticity, plasticity, creep and hyperelasticity, just to name a few.
Although these models can be used to investigate the mechanical response of a large number of different materials such as metals, rubbers, biological tissues and special alloys, users may wish to incorporate their own material laws into ANSYS.
This task can be accomplished by means of a user-programmable feature named USERMAT, a subroutine that allows users to write their own material constitutive equations within a general material framework using ANSYS’ current element technology.
This presentation shows the use of USERMAT recently shown at the 2014 ANSYS Regional Conference in Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
Probabilistic Design of Hollow Circular Composite Structure by using Finite E...IJERA Editor
This study represents simulation of hollow circular composite beam by using Monte Carlo method .A three
dimensional static analysis of large displacement type has been carried out. Finite element analysis of hollow
circular composite structure has been carried out and uncertainty in bending stress is analyzed. Bending stress
was objective function. Beam length, beam radius, elastic modulus, shear modulus and Poisson ratio of epoxy
graphite, ply angles of hollow circular section, radius and force are randomly varied within effective range and
their effect on bending stress has been analyzed. In order to validate the results, one loop of simulation is
benchmarked from results in literature. Ultimately, best set of probabilistic design variable is proposed to reduce
bending stress under static loading condition.
Two different schemes called “ties and longitudinal stiffeners” were proposed for improving the performance of stainless steel square thin walled tubes. An analytical study using finite element models loaded axially has been conducted. Both geometric and material nonlinearities were considered. Those models were verified against the results obtained from previous researches. The analytical study compared between unstiffened, ties stiffened and longitudinally stiffened stainless steel square thin walled tubes. The studied parameters were square thin walled tube width-to-thickness ratio (W/t) and the axial spacing of stiffening along the length. It was observed that the axial load strength can be enhanced by proposed ties stiffening schemes.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Stiffness Characteristics of Joshi’s External Stabilization System under Axial Compression: a Finite Element Method Based Study
1. Rajeev Kumar et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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Stiffness Characteristics of Joshi’s External Stabilization System under Axial Compression: a Finite Element Method Based Study Rajeev Kumar*, R C Gupta*, Sanjay Mishra** *Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow, UP, India ** Scientist G, Department of Science & Technology (DST), New Delhi, India ABSTRACT A finite element model of fractured tibia with Joshi’s External Stabilizing System (JESS) mounted on it was developed using 3D beam elements in the ANSYS software. The model was loaded in axial compression and the average axial stiffness of the model was calculated. The analytical value of axial stiffness was compared with reported experimental value to validate the finite element model. The validated model was used to carry out parametric studies on the model to determine the axial properties of JESS. It was observed that axial stiffness of JESS increased by 58% when k-wire diameter was varied from 2 mm to 4 mm while keeping other geometric configurations of the device constant; however, the axial stiffness of the device does not show any significant improvement when the diameter of medio-lateral pins in diaphyseal hold were increased. The findings should help in understanding the axial properties of JESS so that it can be used judiciously in clinical applications.
Keywords – JESS, external fixators, tibial fracture, axial stiffness, k-wires, finite element analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
External fixation is a method of stabilization of bone fractures in which a number of percutenous metal pins pass through the fractured bone segments with their ends connected to a rigid frame. Joshi External Stabilizing System (JESS) is an external bone stabilizing device used in the Indian subcontinent. It was designed and fabricated by Dr BB Joshi in late seventies primarily for the treatment of hand trauma [1]. However, due to its low cost and highly versatile nature it evolved with time to be used in the treatment of variety of musculoskeletal disorders. At present, JESS is prominently used in intra-articular distal radial fractures [2], management of idiopathic clubfoot [3], hand trauma and its sequels [4]. Recent applications have been reported about JESS being used in treatment of injuries of tibial plateau and tibial plafond [5]. Many experimental procedures have been employed to study the behaviour of external fixation devices. Yilmaz et al. [6] conducted an experimental study to determine the stiffness characteristics of standard and hybrid Ilizarov circular fixators. Stein et al. [7] performed a biomechanical study on hybrid ring tubular external fixator to measure and compare the mechanical properties of different hybrid fixators. Schrøder et al. [8] performed experimental investigations of four different configurations of the Hoffmann external fixation system to assess its mechanical properties. Experimental procedures are important in establishing basic characteristics of fixation devices. However, they have some inherent shortcomings.
Such procedures are time consuming, costly and need a large number of experimental data. Also, a minor change in the device requires another set of experiments to collect new data. As a result analytical methods such as finite element method have gained popularity for evaluating the mechanical properties of fixation devices analytically. Many researchers have used finite element analysis to study the mechanical properties of external fixation devices. Rybicki [9] presented the role and approach of finite element analysis in orthopedic studies and the application of FEM in the analysis of stresses in intact bones, analysis of fixation devices and prosthetic devices with a review of works carried out by researchers in these areas. Chao and An [10] classified the commonly used external fixation devices according to their geometrical configurations. They proposed a two dimensional and three dimensional beam elements to develop the finite element model of external fixators. Koo et al. [11] developed a finite element model using three dimensional beam elements in ABAQUS software and analyzed it for various loading conditions. It was found that under constrained axial compression, the pin diameter is the most critical parameter that could affect the system stiffness followed by pin offset. It was also reported that once the pin diameter exceeded certain value, it could not improve the system stiffness significantly.
Bartel et al. [12, 13] developed a model using symmetric and unsymmetrical beam theory and demonstrated that beam theory, if used within its limitations, could provide an excellent model for understanding the overall behaviour of bone-implant
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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systems. Prendergast et al. [14] conducted finite element analysis and mechanical testing of unilateral and bilateral external fixators. Watson et al. [15] developed a modular FE model of the components of Illizarov external fixation system to predict mechanical properties of any configuration of the device. The first reported study on characterization of JESS was carried out by Kumar et al. [16] who conducted an experimental and finite element based investigation to determine and compare the axial stiffness of JESS and proposed a validated FE model of JESS under axial compression. Present study aims to analyze of the effect of variation in k-wire diameter on overall axial stiffness of JESS while keeping all other geometrical parameters of the fixator constant using finite element method. It will also study the change in axial stiffness of device when the size of medio-lateral pins in diaphyseal hold is varied.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Geometrical features of JESS A JESS frame used for treatment of proximal tibial fractures can be configured in two parts, a proximal hold or helmet and a diaphyseal hold. The proximal hold consists of two circular rods of 4 mm diameter curved into a three quarter circular rings mounted on the proximal tibia with help of three percutenous pins (k-wires) inserted at about 22.5º with each other. The second three quarter circular ring has a lesser diameter than the first ring and it is added to reinforce the strength of proximal hold. For a JESS used in treatment of metaphyseal tibial fracture, the k-wire diameters may vary from 2.0 mm to 4.0 mm depending upon the clinical requirements. Universal link joints are used to join k-wires to the outer and inner circular rings with proximal tibia. The diaphyseal hold is composed of three parallel pins inserted in the tibia diaphysis in medio- lateral plane (m-l pins) below the fracture fragment and are attached to two Z shaped connecting rods on the either side of tibia using universal link joints. The proximal hold and diaphyseal hold are in turn connected to each other with help of two anterior and two posterior connecting rods joining diaphysis hold to the outer ring of the proximal hold. In addition, one half pin is inserted from anterior in anterior- posterior plane to provide further fragment stability. Fig.1 shows the laboratory specimen of JESS configured on steel tubes simulated as tibial bone which was used for developing a three dimensional finite element model in our study. 2.2 Finite element analysis of JESS
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of geometric variations on the overall axial stiffness of JESS using a validated three dimensional finite element model of JESS as proposed by Kumar et. al. [16]. Therefore, the finite element model of JESS was developed using the identical geometric specifications and material properties as prescribed in the study.
Fig.1 JESS configured on steel tubes To create the FE model, the structural geometry of the JESS configured on steel tubes was created using ANSYS finite element software. A 15 mm gap was provided between the ends of the hollow steel tubes to represent the metaphyseal tibial fracture. The gap was maintained at 15 mm to ensure the complete load transfer through fixator rather than through the steel tubes. The wireframe model was discretized using 3D beam element (Beam 188). As the different components of the model had different sizes, appropriate section properties were allocated to each component. The discretized model of JESS consisted of 146 nodes and 164 elements. The elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio for the parts of JESS, k-wires, m-l pins & idealized tibial bone segments were taken as 200 GPa & 0.28 respectively. The idealized pin-bone and pin fixator interfaces and various universal link joints of the JESS were modeled as rigid joints. To measure the axial compression of JESS, the distal end of the model was fixed by setting all degrees of freedom to zero. A vertical compression load was applied to the proximal end. Fig.2 shows the FE model of JESS with applied load and boundary conditions. The model was analyzed for static, linear analysis under axial compression.
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Fig.2 FE model with load and boundary conditions applied The axial stiffness and corresponding inter fragmentary displacements of the JESS frame during the axial loading were calculated from the FE model. Fig.3 shows the deformed FE model of JESS configured on steel tubes under axial compressive load. The validated FE model was used to carry out two parametric studies to assess the effect of geometric variations on the axial properties of JESS.
Fig.3 Deformed model of JESS under axial compression
In the first study, the diameter of the k-wires in proximal hold was varied from 2 mm to 4 mm in the step of 0.5 mm and the axial stiffness of the JESS frame was evaluated. All other geometrical parameters were kept identical including the m-l pin diameter. These steps were repeated for another value of m-l pins diameter and variation in axial stiffness was evaluated. This way total four set of data were collected for four different diameters of m-l pins. In the second study, for a selected diameter of k-wire, the diameters of m-l pins in the diaphysis hold were increased from 2.5 mm to 4 mm in a step of 0.5 mm and axial stiffness in each case was calculated. Then k-wire diameter was set to another value and m-l pins diameters were varied to evaluate another set of stiffness data for JESS.
III. RESULTS
The axial stiffness of JESS was calculated by finite element model under individual loading condition. The average axial stiffness obtained by FE analysis having k-wire size of 2 mm was compared with the reported experimental value [16] and was found to be comparable. Thus, the FE model can be used as valid model to simulate the axial mechanical properties of JESS. Effect of geometric variations were studied and it was observed that the average axial stiffness of JESS improved by about 58% on varying the diameter of the k-wires from 2 mm to 4 mm in proximal hold with m-l pin diameter kept at 4 mm and keeping all other geometrical parameters constant. Further, by changing the medio-lateral pins diameter in diaphyseal hold from 2.5 mm to 4 mm the average axial stiffness was increased by only about 6.2% while k-wire diameter was kept constant at 4 mm.
IV. DISCUSSION
Goodship and Kenwright [18] has reported that the mechanical properties of an external fixation device influence the biological environment at the bone fracture and controlled micro-movement of fracture could facilitate secondary healing in the fractured bone. Mechanical properties of fixation devices also affect the outcome of any fixation process. A very rigid fixator can delay healing; on the other hand an over flexible fixation device may lead to increase chances of pin-bone tract infection, mal- union and even non-union in some cases. Therefore, it is extremely important for a surgeon to have a good knowledge of comparative mechanical properties of the fixation device to use it in clinical applications. The axial stiffness of the JESS was calculated by developing a three dimensional finite element model using 3D beam elements in ANSYS software. It was observed that the average axial stiffness of the JESS increases nonlinearly with increase in the diameter of k-wires and the overall increase in axial stiffness by changing the diameter of k-wires from 2 mm to 4 mm was about 58%. The change in axial stiffness for each size of k-wire with m-l pins diameter maintained at 2.5 mm is shown in figure 4.
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Fig.4 Variation in axial stiffness of JESS with change in k-wire diameter (m-l pins diameter 2.5 mm) It was also observed that incremental gain in axial stiffness from diameter 2 mm to 4 mm drops as the k-wire diameter increases. The gain in axial stiffness was about 19% when the diameter of k-wire was changed from 2 mm to 2.5 mm however, the increase was only 5.5% when the diameter was changed from 3.5 mm to 4 mm. As 4 mm k-wire size is the maximum pin diameter used in a standard JESS under clinical application therefore, axial stiffness was not calculated for higher values of k-wire size beyond 4 mm. The overall improvement in axial stiffness was about 54% on variation of k-wire size when m-l pin diameter was fixed at 2.5 mm and it was about 58% when m-l pin diameter was fixed at 4 mm. Fig.5 shows the effect of variation in k-wire diameters on axial stiffness of JESS.
Fig.5 Variation in axial stiffness of JESS for different set of m-l pin sizes
In the second part, k-wire diameters were fixed and m-l pins diameter in diaphysis hold was varied from 2.5 mm to 4 mm in the step of 0.5 mm and for each case, axial stiffness of the device was calculated. These five sets of observations are plotted fig.6. It can be seen that by changing the m-l pins diameter from 2.5 mm to 4 mm while keeping the k- wire diameter constant increases the axial stiffness by a mere 3.5% to 6.2%. It can therefore be suggested that the size of medio-lateral pin does not play a significant role in determining the axial stiffness of the fixator. On the other hand, the k-wire size used in proximal hold plays a major role in controlling the overall axial stiffness of the JESS fixation device and can be manipulated to improve the stiffness of JESS in clinical applications.
V. CONCLUSION
Finite element model of JESS configured on steel tubes was developed with 3D beam element in ANSYS software and two parametric studies were conducted. Results show that the axial stiffness of the JESS can be improved by changing the diameter of k- wires in proximal hold. Thus, k-wire sizes play a significant role in determining the axial properties of JESS.
Fig.6 Variation in axial stiffness for varying medio- lateral pin diameter The results of the study are based on a standard configuration of JESS device commonly used in stabilization of tibial fractures. However, the JESS is available in slightly different modules by different manufacturers in India. The exact configurations of JESS may vary in clinics depending upon surgeon’s own judgment and practice. Therefore, the above results may not be generalized for all types of the JESS configurations. Nevertheless, the present study suggests a way by which axial stiffness of JESS frame can be improved as per the clinical requirements. Conflict of interest statement All authors hereby declare that this study was not funded by any agency and there are no personal relationships with anyone who could influence the results of present study.
REFERENCES
[1] R. Prabhu, A legend forever-Dr Brij Bhusan Joshi, Indian Journal Orthopedics, 43(3), 2009, 312.
[2] S.Thomas, C. John, T. P. Johnny, Intra- articular distal radial fractures – external
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