International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Optimization of Varying Orientation of Continuous Fiber Direction and Its App...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Optimization of Varying Orientation of Continuous Fiber Direction and Its Applications to New Methods of Additive Manufacturing by Luca De Vivo Nicoloso* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
A review on study of composite materials in presence of crackseSAT Journals
Abstract
Composites materials are commonly used in automobiles, aircraft structures etc. due to their high specific strength and stiffness. Composites ability to retain functionality in the presence of damage is a crucial, safety and economic issue. The fatigue failure mechanisms have been widely studied. Matrix cracks, fiber break, dis-bonding and de-laminations are the main causes for progressive failure of composites under fatigue loads. In this paper, detailed review on composite in presence of cracks under different types of failure mechanisms etc have been discussed.
Keywords: Fatigue Failure Mechanisms, cracks in composite
Dynamic Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Composite Beam With CrackIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Composites have numerous applications in engineering field. In engineering design averting failure of composite material system has been a vital concern. Composite are subjected to numerous types of damage, mostly cracks and delamination. The presence of crack causes a variation in stiffness and it also affects the mechanical behavior of entire structure. Cracks are caused by fatigue under service conditions as a consequence of limited fatigue strength. Measurement of natural frequency can be taken as a tool to identify the presence of cracks which are propagated due to fluctuating stress conditions. In the present work an attempt has been made to find the natural frequencies of fiber reinforced composite cantilever beams with and without presence of a transverse surface crack. E-Glass fiber reinforced composite beams with epoxy resin having a volume fraction of 16.6% have been casted by hand lay-up method and are used for determination of natural frequencies of beams. The free vibration study is carried out by ATALON FFT analyzer, accelerometer and excitation by impact hammer. The DEWESOFT software is used to convert the responses from time domain to frequency domain and the Frequency Response Functions (FRF) are obtained. The experimental results are compared with numerical predictions using the FEM based software package ANSYS 16.2. The process of finding of natural frequencies is carried out for various crack depth ratios at various crack locations by both numerical and experimental methods. A good accord is observed between the experimental and ANSYS results.
Modal Analysis of Fibre Reinforced Composite Beams with a Transverse Crack U...IJMER
In many structures like high speed machineries, aircrafts and light weight structures
composite beams and beam like structures are main constituent elements. Cracks induced in these
structural elements cause serious failure and monitoring of these cracks is essential. The presence of
these cracks influences the dynamic characteristics of the structural elements. Hence the changes in
natural frequencies and mode shapes have been the subject of interest of many investigations. In the
present work two Fiber- Reinforced Plastic (FRP) materials, Graphite Fibre Reinforced Polyamide
and E-Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer have been selected as beam materials for modal analysis using
ANSYS 13.0. The analysis is carried out for these two beams in different ways. Initially the analysis is
carried out for different orientation of fibres for two beams. Later the effect of dimensions is analyzed
by varying one dimension of the beam at a time by keeping the other two constant. In the next step the
analysis is performed for constant dimensions of each beam for same layer orientation and constant
volume fraction of fibre by introducing transverse cracks of different depths at various positions along
the length of the beam. The results obtained are analyzed.
Optimization of Varying Orientation of Continuous Fiber Direction and Its App...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Optimization of Varying Orientation of Continuous Fiber Direction and Its Applications to New Methods of Additive Manufacturing by Luca De Vivo Nicoloso* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
A review on study of composite materials in presence of crackseSAT Journals
Abstract
Composites materials are commonly used in automobiles, aircraft structures etc. due to their high specific strength and stiffness. Composites ability to retain functionality in the presence of damage is a crucial, safety and economic issue. The fatigue failure mechanisms have been widely studied. Matrix cracks, fiber break, dis-bonding and de-laminations are the main causes for progressive failure of composites under fatigue loads. In this paper, detailed review on composite in presence of cracks under different types of failure mechanisms etc have been discussed.
Keywords: Fatigue Failure Mechanisms, cracks in composite
Dynamic Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Composite Beam With CrackIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Composites have numerous applications in engineering field. In engineering design averting failure of composite material system has been a vital concern. Composite are subjected to numerous types of damage, mostly cracks and delamination. The presence of crack causes a variation in stiffness and it also affects the mechanical behavior of entire structure. Cracks are caused by fatigue under service conditions as a consequence of limited fatigue strength. Measurement of natural frequency can be taken as a tool to identify the presence of cracks which are propagated due to fluctuating stress conditions. In the present work an attempt has been made to find the natural frequencies of fiber reinforced composite cantilever beams with and without presence of a transverse surface crack. E-Glass fiber reinforced composite beams with epoxy resin having a volume fraction of 16.6% have been casted by hand lay-up method and are used for determination of natural frequencies of beams. The free vibration study is carried out by ATALON FFT analyzer, accelerometer and excitation by impact hammer. The DEWESOFT software is used to convert the responses from time domain to frequency domain and the Frequency Response Functions (FRF) are obtained. The experimental results are compared with numerical predictions using the FEM based software package ANSYS 16.2. The process of finding of natural frequencies is carried out for various crack depth ratios at various crack locations by both numerical and experimental methods. A good accord is observed between the experimental and ANSYS results.
Modal Analysis of Fibre Reinforced Composite Beams with a Transverse Crack U...IJMER
In many structures like high speed machineries, aircrafts and light weight structures
composite beams and beam like structures are main constituent elements. Cracks induced in these
structural elements cause serious failure and monitoring of these cracks is essential. The presence of
these cracks influences the dynamic characteristics of the structural elements. Hence the changes in
natural frequencies and mode shapes have been the subject of interest of many investigations. In the
present work two Fiber- Reinforced Plastic (FRP) materials, Graphite Fibre Reinforced Polyamide
and E-Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer have been selected as beam materials for modal analysis using
ANSYS 13.0. The analysis is carried out for these two beams in different ways. Initially the analysis is
carried out for different orientation of fibres for two beams. Later the effect of dimensions is analyzed
by varying one dimension of the beam at a time by keeping the other two constant. In the next step the
analysis is performed for constant dimensions of each beam for same layer orientation and constant
volume fraction of fibre by introducing transverse cracks of different depths at various positions along
the length of the beam. The results obtained are analyzed.
RESULTS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE REINFORCED THERM...MSEJjournal1
The double cantilever beam (DCB) is widely used for fracture toughness testing and it has become popular
for opening-mode (mode I) delamination testing of laminated composites. Delamination is a crack that
forms between the adjacent plies of a composite laminate at the brittle polymer resin. This study was
conducted to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the DCB specimen of different fabric
reinforced systems (carbon fibers) with a thermoplastic matrix (EP, PEI), by using the extended finite
element method (X-FEM). It is well known that in fabric reinforced composites fracture mechanisms
include microcracking in front of the crack tip, fiber bridging and multiple cracking, and both contribute
considerably to the high interlaminar fracture toughness measured. That means, the interlaminar fracture
toughness of a composite is not controlled by a single material parameter, but is a result of a complex
interaction of resin, fiber and interface properties.
Interface Characterization of Different Types of Fibers in Engineered Cementi...IOSRJMCE
This paper surveys the research and development over the last decade about various active researches that are taking place around the world on study of interface characterization of different types of fibers used in ECC. Engineered cementitious composites (ECC), a unique member of HPFRCC featuring high tensile ductility. While micromechanics is applied in many aspects of the material design process, emphasis of this study is placed on the effect of fly ash content on altering material micro- structure and mechanical properties. Observations of micromechanical properties of interface characterization of ECC based on a large range of theoretical and experimental research are reviewed. Most of the researchers applied a single fiber pull-out test in different studies to measure the bond properties of fibers with different length, inclination and chemical treatment matrices. Outcomes of different researches carried out so far suggest that interface properties can be measured by Single fiber pull-out test. Further, a micromechanics model is developed to characterize the interface properties at single fiber pullout level. In the model, frictional bond strength, chemical debonding energy, slip-hardening and slip-softening coefficients are explicitly accounted for.
Characterization of Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of Carbon ...drboon
In this paper, the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of carbon fiber modified thermoplastic polyimide were numerically analyzed by finite element analysis. A three-dimensional model was created, in which continuous carbon fibers are aligning and paralleling to each other and uniformly distributing in the polymer matrix. The behaviors of the composites in two extreme situations, i.e., parallel or perpendicular to carbon fiber direction, were simulated. The effects of the volume fraction of carbon fiber content on the physical properties were investigated. It shows clearly that carbon fibers significantly improve the mechanical strength, and thermal and electrical conductivities. The future work includes investigation of the physical properties of the conductive network of the composites with random carbon fiber orientation, and different fillers, such as graphite, and carbon nanotubes.
buckling analysis of cantilever pultruded I-sections using 𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑌𝑆 ®IJARIIE JOURNAL
For steel beam buckling analysis is a critical area of study to determine overall section capacity subjected to
bending. Pultruded I-beams are manufactured using fiber and matrix composite lamina hence is usually orthotropic
compared to conventional steel I-beams. Many researchers have studied the buckling characteristics of simply
supported pultruded FRP beams for various types of loadings. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
buckling characteristics of cantilever beam subjected to point load at free end for WF(wide flange) & NF(narrow
flange) section. The validation has been made with experimental data. Further the parametric study has been
carried out to study the effect of fiber orientation along with fiber volume fraction on critical buckling loads.
Reconfigurable Metamaterial Structure at Millimeter Wave Frequency Range IJECEIAES
In this paper, reconfigurable metamaterial structure at millimeter wave frequency range was designed and simulated for a future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone beam switching applications. The new proposed structure was composed of a bridge-shaped resonator (BSR) in the front face and strip line at the back face of the unit cell which operates at 28GHz. First, nonreconfigurable low loss BSR unit cell was designed and subsequently, the reconfigurability was achieved using four switches formed in the gaps of the structure. The proposed structure achieves the lowest loss and almost full transmission among its counterparts by -0.06dB (0.99 in linear scale). To demonstrate the reconfigurability of the metamaterial, the reflection and transmission coefficients and real parts of the effective refractive index at each reconfigured frequency were studied and investigated. Simulation results showed that a high transmission and reflection peaks occur at each resonance frequency according to change the state of the switches.
Comparative study of experimental and analytical results of frp strengthened ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mesomechanics- The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polyme...Padmanabhan Krishnan
The importance of Mesomechanics as the The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polymer composites is described in comparison with the micromechanical domains that are of importance in ceramics and their composites.
Analysis of Stress Concentration of Laminated Composite Plate With Circular Holeijiert bestjournal
Composite materials are finding a wide range of applications in structural design,especially for lightweight structure that have stringent stiffness and strength requirements. They are attractive replacement for metallic materials for many structural applications. By finding efficient composite str ucture design that meets all requirements of specific application. This is achieved by tailoring of material properties through selective choice of orientation,no. of stacking sequence of layers that make up composite material. Composites are used more and more often for load carrying and safety structures in all kind of applications foe aviation and space technology,for vehicles etc. Composite materials have been introduced progressively in automobiles,followingpolymer materials,a few of which have be en used as matrices. It is interestingto examine the relative masses of different materials which are used in theconstruction of automobiles. Even thoughthe relative mass of polymer - based materials appears low,one needs to take intoaccount that the specif ic mass of steel is about 4 times greater than that of polymers.This explains the higher percentage in terms of volume for the polymers.
Undergraduate research poster presentationAbhinitKothari
This is the poster our research group presented at the Penn State Undergraduate Research Exhibition in April 2019. It succinctly describes the the research project we worked on. From left to right, the poster introduces the problem statement and then describes actual work conducted to address the problem. The final section presents plausible future work considerations and the results obtained by our team.
Maneuverable postbuckling of microscale plate like mechanical metamaterials w...TalalSalem5
Architected, structural materials have been reported with promising enhancement of mechanical performance
using the structural method (e.g., mechanical metamaterials MM) and the material method (e.g., composite
materials). Here, we develop the extensible, plate-like mechanical metamaterials at the microscale using the
functionally graded materials (FGM-MM) and the carbon nanotubes (CNT-MM) to obtain the advanced structural
materials with good maneuverability over the postbuckling response. Theoretical models are developed to
investigate the postbuckling response of the FGM-MM and CNT-MM subjected to the bilateral constraints, and
numerical simulations are carried out to validate the theoretical results. The theoretical models are used to
investigate the maneuverability of the postbuckling behaviors with respect to the material properties (i.e., the
FGMs and CNTs) and geometric properties (i.e., the corrugated microstructures). The findings show that the
corrugation in the MM and composition in the FGMs and CNTs assist in tuning the buckling mode transitions. The
reported CNT-MM and FGM-MM provide a novel direction for programming the mechanical response of the
artificial materials.
RESULTS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE REINFORCED THERM...MSEJjournal1
The double cantilever beam (DCB) is widely used for fracture toughness testing and it has become popular
for opening-mode (mode I) delamination testing of laminated composites. Delamination is a crack that
forms between the adjacent plies of a composite laminate at the brittle polymer resin. This study was
conducted to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the DCB specimen of different fabric
reinforced systems (carbon fibers) with a thermoplastic matrix (EP, PEI), by using the extended finite
element method (X-FEM). It is well known that in fabric reinforced composites fracture mechanisms
include microcracking in front of the crack tip, fiber bridging and multiple cracking, and both contribute
considerably to the high interlaminar fracture toughness measured. That means, the interlaminar fracture
toughness of a composite is not controlled by a single material parameter, but is a result of a complex
interaction of resin, fiber and interface properties.
Interface Characterization of Different Types of Fibers in Engineered Cementi...IOSRJMCE
This paper surveys the research and development over the last decade about various active researches that are taking place around the world on study of interface characterization of different types of fibers used in ECC. Engineered cementitious composites (ECC), a unique member of HPFRCC featuring high tensile ductility. While micromechanics is applied in many aspects of the material design process, emphasis of this study is placed on the effect of fly ash content on altering material micro- structure and mechanical properties. Observations of micromechanical properties of interface characterization of ECC based on a large range of theoretical and experimental research are reviewed. Most of the researchers applied a single fiber pull-out test in different studies to measure the bond properties of fibers with different length, inclination and chemical treatment matrices. Outcomes of different researches carried out so far suggest that interface properties can be measured by Single fiber pull-out test. Further, a micromechanics model is developed to characterize the interface properties at single fiber pullout level. In the model, frictional bond strength, chemical debonding energy, slip-hardening and slip-softening coefficients are explicitly accounted for.
Characterization of Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties of Carbon ...drboon
In this paper, the mechanical, thermal and electrical properties of carbon fiber modified thermoplastic polyimide were numerically analyzed by finite element analysis. A three-dimensional model was created, in which continuous carbon fibers are aligning and paralleling to each other and uniformly distributing in the polymer matrix. The behaviors of the composites in two extreme situations, i.e., parallel or perpendicular to carbon fiber direction, were simulated. The effects of the volume fraction of carbon fiber content on the physical properties were investigated. It shows clearly that carbon fibers significantly improve the mechanical strength, and thermal and electrical conductivities. The future work includes investigation of the physical properties of the conductive network of the composites with random carbon fiber orientation, and different fillers, such as graphite, and carbon nanotubes.
buckling analysis of cantilever pultruded I-sections using 𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑌𝑆 ®IJARIIE JOURNAL
For steel beam buckling analysis is a critical area of study to determine overall section capacity subjected to
bending. Pultruded I-beams are manufactured using fiber and matrix composite lamina hence is usually orthotropic
compared to conventional steel I-beams. Many researchers have studied the buckling characteristics of simply
supported pultruded FRP beams for various types of loadings. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
buckling characteristics of cantilever beam subjected to point load at free end for WF(wide flange) & NF(narrow
flange) section. The validation has been made with experimental data. Further the parametric study has been
carried out to study the effect of fiber orientation along with fiber volume fraction on critical buckling loads.
Reconfigurable Metamaterial Structure at Millimeter Wave Frequency Range IJECEIAES
In this paper, reconfigurable metamaterial structure at millimeter wave frequency range was designed and simulated for a future fifth generation (5G) mobile-phone beam switching applications. The new proposed structure was composed of a bridge-shaped resonator (BSR) in the front face and strip line at the back face of the unit cell which operates at 28GHz. First, nonreconfigurable low loss BSR unit cell was designed and subsequently, the reconfigurability was achieved using four switches formed in the gaps of the structure. The proposed structure achieves the lowest loss and almost full transmission among its counterparts by -0.06dB (0.99 in linear scale). To demonstrate the reconfigurability of the metamaterial, the reflection and transmission coefficients and real parts of the effective refractive index at each reconfigured frequency were studied and investigated. Simulation results showed that a high transmission and reflection peaks occur at each resonance frequency according to change the state of the switches.
Comparative study of experimental and analytical results of frp strengthened ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mesomechanics- The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polyme...Padmanabhan Krishnan
The importance of Mesomechanics as the The domain for Structural Integrity Evalution of fibre polymer composites is described in comparison with the micromechanical domains that are of importance in ceramics and their composites.
Analysis of Stress Concentration of Laminated Composite Plate With Circular Holeijiert bestjournal
Composite materials are finding a wide range of applications in structural design,especially for lightweight structure that have stringent stiffness and strength requirements. They are attractive replacement for metallic materials for many structural applications. By finding efficient composite str ucture design that meets all requirements of specific application. This is achieved by tailoring of material properties through selective choice of orientation,no. of stacking sequence of layers that make up composite material. Composites are used more and more often for load carrying and safety structures in all kind of applications foe aviation and space technology,for vehicles etc. Composite materials have been introduced progressively in automobiles,followingpolymer materials,a few of which have be en used as matrices. It is interestingto examine the relative masses of different materials which are used in theconstruction of automobiles. Even thoughthe relative mass of polymer - based materials appears low,one needs to take intoaccount that the specif ic mass of steel is about 4 times greater than that of polymers.This explains the higher percentage in terms of volume for the polymers.
Undergraduate research poster presentationAbhinitKothari
This is the poster our research group presented at the Penn State Undergraduate Research Exhibition in April 2019. It succinctly describes the the research project we worked on. From left to right, the poster introduces the problem statement and then describes actual work conducted to address the problem. The final section presents plausible future work considerations and the results obtained by our team.
Maneuverable postbuckling of microscale plate like mechanical metamaterials w...TalalSalem5
Architected, structural materials have been reported with promising enhancement of mechanical performance
using the structural method (e.g., mechanical metamaterials MM) and the material method (e.g., composite
materials). Here, we develop the extensible, plate-like mechanical metamaterials at the microscale using the
functionally graded materials (FGM-MM) and the carbon nanotubes (CNT-MM) to obtain the advanced structural
materials with good maneuverability over the postbuckling response. Theoretical models are developed to
investigate the postbuckling response of the FGM-MM and CNT-MM subjected to the bilateral constraints, and
numerical simulations are carried out to validate the theoretical results. The theoretical models are used to
investigate the maneuverability of the postbuckling behaviors with respect to the material properties (i.e., the
FGMs and CNTs) and geometric properties (i.e., the corrugated microstructures). The findings show that the
corrugation in the MM and composition in the FGMs and CNTs assist in tuning the buckling mode transitions. The
reported CNT-MM and FGM-MM provide a novel direction for programming the mechanical response of the
artificial materials.
Emily Chaing
Project Gaia
Tsunami Relief Project
Spring 2005
Product Design Studio
A project that empowers women who have lost loved ones in the tsunami allowing for individual and family growth and development on multiple levels.
Google in the Classroom: Google Groups And Sites PresentationKristin Dragos
Presented at the Illinois Association of Teachers of English Conference 2009 in Rockford, IL. This presentation documents ways Google Groups and Google Sites can be used in the classroom.
Micro Mechanical Modeling of Fiber / Epoxy Unidirectional Laminates Using Featheijes
The focus of the study was to develop the micromechanical model associated with proper damage model to predict the overall mechanical behavior of fiber/matrix unidirectional laminates. The present and first investigation studies the influence of fiber-matrix interface on the behaviour of fiber reinforced composite lamina using micromechanical models. Mechanical properties E1 and E2 are determined at various volume fractions. The second investigation studies the micro-thermo elastic behaviour of the square unit cell of a hybrid fiber reinforced composite lamina. Later this model is extended to predict the coefficients of thermal expansion of graphite-boron hybrid fiber reinforced lamina for various volume fractions.In the third investigation, an analytical solution of the thermal stresses for a fiber embedded in a matrix is presented based on the idea of the finite element and under some simplifying assumptions. The analytical solution to the problem is found for the case when the length of the embedded bar (fiber) is much greater than its radius, and the Young's modulus of the matrix is much less than that of the fiber. The problem is also solved numerically by means of finite element analysis using ANSYS 10.0. Both results are compared and it is shown that both approaches coincide very close qualitatively and quantitatively although significant discrepancies may appear at specific points for specific cases. For all above three cases 3-D finite element models have been developed from the representative volume elements of the composite which are in the form of square unit cells. The finite element software ANSYS 10.0 has been successfully executed to evaluate the properties
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Numerical Modeling of Nano Bundle and Nano
Rope-Reinforced Polymer Mechanical Properties by Seyed Hossein Mamanpush*, Zahra Matin Ghahfarokhi and Hossein Golestanian in Evolutions in Mechanical
C Engineering
The present investigation deals with the static analysis of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint in laminated FRP composites subjected to transverse loading using three-dimensional theory of elasticity based finite element method. Many researchers studied the influences of various parameters on the failure behaviour on the composites. In those studies, the typical bonding parameters are surface conditions, fillet, bond line thickness, and environmental conditions. In the present study the stresses and deformation characteristics of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint made of generally and especially orthotropic laminates (FRP) subjected to transverse loading for the three different adhesive angles, three different adhesive thicknesses with different fibre angle orientations, i.e. the adhesive angles from 350 to 450 increased in steps of 50. The variation in stresses and deflection are studied when the fibre angle orientation is varied from 00 to 900 in steps of 150. The adhesive thickness varies from 0.05 to 0.15 insteps of 0.05mm. In all the above cases stresses and displacements at various locations are evaluated for the static boundary conditions
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Prediction of Deflection and Stresses of Laminated Composite Plate with Arti...IJMER
A true understanding of their structural behaviour is required, such as the deflections, buckling loads
and modal characteristics, the through thickness distributions of stresses and strains, the large deflection
behaviour and, of extreme importance for obtaining strong, reliable multi-layered structures, the failure
characteristics. In the past, the structural behaviour of plates and shells using the finite element method has been
studied by a variety of approaches. Choudhary and Tungikaranalyzed the geometrically nonlinear behavior of
laminated composite plates using the finite element analysis.
“Investigation of Structural Analysis of Composite Beam Having I- Cross Secti...IOSR Journals
Abstract: - In structural applications, beam is one of the most common structural members that have been
considered in design. This paper is intended to provide tools that ensure better designing options for composite
laminates of I -beam. In this Paper an analytical method & FEM approach calculating axial stiffness , Axial
stress ,Axial strain of flange and web laminates. The results show the stacking sequence and fiber angle
orientation strongly affects strength of composite I-beam.
Static Analysis of Single Lap Joint of Composite Materialsijsrd.com
Mechanically fastened joints are critical parts in composite aircraft structures. The composite structural members are highly used in the following applications such as aerospace, automobiles, marine, architecture etc., In the past decades, adhesive bonding is a practical joint method for joining composite materials which provide low shear and tensile strength .To improve the tensile strength, the joint is made with material joint. Glass Fiber/Chopped strands mat and Bi-Directional fly / Epoxy composite is fabricated by hand lay-up method. The tensile properties of the material joint are obtained and compared with that of bolted joint. The experimental results shows that the material joint has superior tensile properties than the bolted joint and the Bi-Directional fly composite exhibits superior tensile strength than the chopped strands mat. Finite element analysis also done and compared with the experimental results and found to be similar.
Effects of Carbon Nanotube Dispersion on the
Material Properties of Polymer Matrix Composites by Azadeh Tavousi Tabatabaei, Seyed Hossein Mamanpush* and Bahareh Tavousi Tabatabaei in Evolutions in Mechanical Engineering
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
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W4501132137
1. M. G Muneswara Rao et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 1), May 2014, pp.132-137
www.ijera.com 132 | P a g e
Micromechanical Analysis of FRP Composite with Orthotropic
Fibers Subjected To Longitudinal and Transverse Loading
M. Gowtha Muneswara Rao1
and Sk. Zareena2
Mechanical. Engg. Dept., CMR Technical Campus A.P., India.
ABSTRACT
The present research work deals with the micromechanical analysis of fiber reinforced composites with
orthotropic fibers under fiber directional tensile loading and transverse directional tensile loading using three-
dimensional finite element method. The problem is modeled in ANSYS software and the FE model is validated
with bench mark results. Longitudinal Young’s modulus and transverse Young’s modulus corresponding
Poisson’s ratios are predicted. Fiber reinforced composite materials are now an important class of an
engineering materials. They offer outstanding mechanical properties, unique flexibility in design capabilities,
and ease of fabrication. Additional advantages include light weight and corrosion resistance, impact resistance,
and excellent fatigue strength. Today fiber composites are routinely used in such diverse applications as
automobiles, aircraft, space vehicles, offshore structures, containers and piping, sporting goods, electronics, and
appliances. In the present work, micromechanical behavior of a square unit cell of uni-directional fiber
reinforced composite with orthotropic fibers (viz., Carbon- T300 carbon- Im7 Kelvar-4Paramid and)embedded
in epoxy resin has been analyzed under tensile loading using Finite element analysis software package Ansys
14.0. The 3-D Finite Element Model with governing boundary conditions has been developed from the unit cell
of square pattern of the composite to evaluate the engineering constants like, Longitudinal modulus (E1),
Transverse modulus (E2), and Major Poisson’s ratio (12) of the above FRP composites for various fiber volume
fractions. Also, interfacial stresses induced at the fiber matrix interfaces due to longitudinal loading for various
fiber volume fractions has been estimated. Finally the results obtained from finite element analysis (Numerical
method) are validated with benchmark results. The present work will be useful to predict the engineering
constants of uni-directional fiber reinforced composite materials subjected to longitudinal loading. And also
present work will be useful to find the static behavior of FRP lamina subjected to longitudinal load.
Keywords: Epoxy, Finite Element Analysis, FRP, Interface, Lamina, Micromechanics.
I. INTRODUCTION
A Composite is a material system consisting
of two or more phases on a macroscopic scale, whose
mechanical performance and properties are designed
to be superior to those of constituent materials acting
independently. One of the phase is discontinuous,
stiffer, and stronger and is called reinforcement.
Where the less stiff and weaker phase is continuous
and is called matrix. The low density, high strength,
high stiffness to weight ratio, excellent durability and
design flexibility of fiber-reinforced composite
materials are the primary reasons for their extended
use. The fiber reinforced composites can be a tailor
made, as their properties can be controlled by the
appropriate selection of the substrata parameters such
as fiber orientation, volume fraction, fiber spacing,
and layer sequence. The required directional
properties can be achieved in the case of fiber
reinforced composites by properly selecting fiber
orientation, fiber volume fraction, fiber spacing, and
fiber distribution in the matrix and layer sequence. As
a result of this, the designer can have a tailor-made
material with the desired properties. Such a material
design reduces the weight and improves the
performance of the composite. For example, the
carbon-carbon composites are strong in the direction
of the fiber reinforcement but weak in the other
direction. Chen and Chang [1], Hussain S.A.t.al [2],
have developed predictive models for
micromechanical analysis of fiber reinforced
composites with various types of constituents.
Tandon [3] has evaluated the interfacial normal
strength in unidirectional SCS-0/ epoxy composites
by using single fiber specimens. These model
specimens are incrementally loaded in tension to
failure with a specifically built loading device
mounted on the straining stage of the microscope.
Qing Wang et al [4] has presented in situ strain
measurement is performed at a submicron scale using
a newly developed micromechanics technique SIEM
(Speckle Interferometer with Electron Microscopy).
The global mechanical response of metal-matrix
composite and transverse tension is related with the
micro mechanical behaviour of the interface. Nimmer
[5] investigated that, analytical models are presented
and are used to explore the mechanics of transversely
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. M. G Muneswara Rao et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 1), May 2014, pp.132-137
www.ijera.com 133 | P a g e
loaded, high temperature composites with a thermally
induced residual stress field and a vanishingly weak
fiber-matrix interface strength. Robertson et al [6] has
presented the formulation of a new 3-dimensional
micromechanical model for fiber reinforced material.
It is based on the relaxation of the coupling effect
between the normal and shear stress. Asp, L.E,
Berglund, L.A., [7] developed failure initiation in
polymer-matrix composites loaded transverse to the
fibers is investigated by a numerical parametric study
where the effects of constituent properties, inter phase
properties and thickness are examined. Dragan, [8]
stresses in the models from unidirectional
carbon/epoxy composite material are studied using
Finite Element Method (FEM), can be used in order
to predict stress distribution on the examinated
model. N. Krishna Vihari [9] adopted
micromechanical approach to predict the stresses at
the fiber-matrix interface of Boron/S-G/E-G fiber and
Epoxy matrix composites due to temperature gradient
across the lamina. In this paper the finite element
method has been adopted for predicting various
engineering constants uni-directional fiber reinforced
composites and the results of Ex, Ey, 12 are compared
with the rule of mixtures and Halphin-Tsai criteria.
Also, interfacial stresses induced at the interface of
fiber and resign for various volume fractions have
been estimated.
II. METHODOLOGY
A unidirectional continuous fiber reinforced
composite lamina has been idealized as a large array
of representative volume elements. Depending upon
the arrangement of the fibers across the cross section
of the lamina, different types of representative
volume elements can be obtained such as square,
hexagonal, staggered square patterns.etc. In any
pattern repetition of a particular volume of the lamina
can be observed, which is called the representative
volume element (RVE).
For the present analysis, the lamina is
considered as an array of square unit cells, one unit
cell is adopted for the micromechanical analysis of
the lamina. The cross sectional area of the fiber in the
cell is governed by the fiber volume fraction, (Vf)
which is the ratio of the volume of the fiber to the
total volume of the unit cell.
Finite element method is implemented to
study the response of the unit cell due to thermal and
mechanical loads. The size of the problem is reduced
to the possible extent by taking the advantage of
symmetry in material arrangement, geometry, loading
and boundary conditions. One-eighth (one fourth in
cross section and half in length) portion of the unit
cell is modeled for the analysis.
The volumes of the fiber and matrix in the
portion of the unit cell modeled have been discretized
into three dimensional elasticity based 20 node
solid95 finite element of ANSYS software. The
loading, boundary conditions and other multipoint
constraints are applied in remain plane during and
after deformation. The finite element software
ANSYS is successfully executed for the analysis.
2.1: SQUARE ARRAY OF UNIT CELLS
A schematic diagram of the unidirectional
fiber composite is shown in Fig.3.1.where the fibers
are arranged in the square array. It is assumed that the
fiber and matrix materials are linearly elastic. A unit
cell is adopted for the analysis. The cross sectional
area of the fiber relative to the total cross sectional
area of the unit cell is a measure of the volume of
fiber relative to the total volume of the composite.
This fraction is an important parameter in composite
materials and is called fiber volume fraction (Vf).
Fig .1 Concept of Unit cells
The 1-2-3 Coordinate system shown in
Fig.3.2 is used to study the behaviour of unit cell. The
isolated unit cell behaves as a part of large array of
unit cells by satisfying the conditions that the
boundaries of the isolated unit cell remain plane.
Fig.2 Isolated unit cell of Square packed array
It is assumed that the geometry, material and
loading of unit cell are symmetric with respect to 1-2-
3 coordinate system. Therefore, a one-eighth portion
of the unit cell is modeled for the analysis.
2.2: FINITE ELEMENT MODEL
In the study of the Micromechanics of fiber
reinforced materials, it is convenient to use an
3. M. G Muneswara Rao et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 1), May 2014, pp.132-137
www.ijera.com 134 | P a g e
orthogonal coordinate system that has one axis
aligned with the fiber direction. The 1-2-3 Coordinate
system shown in Fig.3 is used to study the behavior
of unit cell. The 1 axis is aligned with the fiber
direction, the 2 axis is in the plane of the unit cell and
perpendicular to the fibers and the 3 axis is
perpendicular to the plane of the unit cell and is also
perpendicular to the fibers. The isolated unit cell
behaves as a part of large array of unit cells by
satisfying the conditions that the boundaries of the
isolated unit cell remain plane. Due to symmetry in
the geometry, material and loading of unit cell with
respect to 1-2-3 coordinate system it is assumed that
one fourth of the unit cell is sufficient to carry out the
present analysis. The 3D Finite Element mesh on one
fourth portion of the unit cell is shown in Fig.4.
Fig.3 One-eighth portion of unit cell
Fig.4 Finite Element mesh for E1 model
(Longitudinal load)
Fig.5 Finite Element mesh for E2 model
(Transverse load)
2.3: Geometry
The dimensions of the finite element model
are taken as
X=100 units,
Y=100 units,
Z=10units.
The radius of fiber is calculated is varied to the
corresponding fiber volume.
2.4: Element type
The element SOLID186 of ANSYS V13.0
used for the present analysis is based on a general 3D
state of stress and is suited for modeling 3D solid
structure under 3D loading. The element has 20 nodes
having one degree of freedom i.e. temperature and
with three degrees of freedom at each node:
translation in the node x, y and z directions
respectively.
2.3: Boundary conditions
Due to the symmetry of the problem, the following
symmetric boundary conditions
are used
At x = 0, Ux = 0
At y = 0, Uy = 0
At z = 0, Uz = 0
In addition, the following multi point constraints are
used.
The Ux of all the nodes on the Area at x =100 is
same
The Uy of all the nodes on the Area at y =100 is
same
The Uz of all the nodes on the Area at z = 10 is same
2.4 Analytical solution
E1= σ1/ε1
E2 = σ 2/ε 2
Major Poison’s ratio 12= - ε 2 / ε1
where
σ1= Stress in x-direction ε1= Strain in x-direction
σ2= Stress in y-direction ε2 = Strain in y-direction
The mechanical properties of the lamina are
calculated using the following expressions of Theory
of elasticity.
2.5Rule of mixtures
Longitudinal young’s Modulus: E1= EfVf+EmVm
Transverse young’s Modulus: E2 = EfVf+EmVm
Major Poisson’s Ratio: 12= fVf + mVm
2.6 Materials
Three different types of fiber reinforced
composite materials considered in this investigation,
they are
Carbon T300/ Epoxy composite
Carbon IM7/ Epoxy composite
4. M. G Muneswara Rao et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 1), May 2014, pp.132-137
www.ijera.com 135 | P a g e
Kevlar/Epoxy composite
The typical properties of the three different
composite materials are illustrated in t
Table- 1: Typical properties of Fibers and Epoxy
property symb
ol
carb
onT
300
Carb
on
Im7
kevl
ar
Epoxy
Longitudi
nal
Modulus
Transeve
rse
modulus
Longitudi
nal
poisson’s
ratio
Transeve
rse
poisson’s
ratio
longitudi
nal Shear
Modulus
Transeve
rse Shear
Modulus
E1
(Gpa)
E2
(Gpa)
12
13
G12
(Gpa)
G13
(Gpa)
230
15
0.2
0.2
27
27
290
21
0.2
0.2
14
14
131
7
0.33
0.33
21
21
4.62
4.62
0.32
0.32
1.6
1.6
2.7: Loading
A pressure load of -1 MPa is applied in z-
direction (longitudinal) for E1 modal (Fig.4).
A pressure load of -1 MPa is applied in x-direction
(transverse) for E2 modal (Fig.5).
III. RESULTS
In the present work finite element analysis
has been carried out to predict the engineering
constants of three different types of uni-directional
fiber reinforced composite materials viz., Hexply
Im7-8552, Kelvar and Carbon T300 embedded in
epoxy resin. The results obtained are validated with
the results obtained by rule of mixtures and Halpin-
Tsai. In addition to that the interfacial stresses which
are induced at the interface of fiber and matrix for
various fiber volume fractions are also determined.
σ f
n = Normal stress intensity in the fiber at
the fiber matrix interface.
3.1Finite Element Analysis ofCarbonT300/Epoxy
Composite
The variation of different engineering
constants of a uni-directional Carbon T300/Epoxy
composite with respect to the different fiber volume
fractions are shown from Fig.6~8.
Fig.6: Variation of E1 with fiber volume fraction
Fig.7: Variation of E2 with fiber volume fraction.
Fig.8: Variation of 12with fiber volume fraction.
3.2Finite Element Analysis of CarbonIM7/Epoxy
Composite
The variation of different engineering
constants of a uni-directional IM7/Epoxy composite
with respect to the different fiber volume fractions are
shown from Fig.9-11.
Fig.9: Variation of E1with fiber volume fraction
5. M. G Muneswara Rao et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 1), May 2014, pp.132-137
www.ijera.com 136 | P a g e
Fig.10: Variation of E2with fiber volume fraction.
Fig.11: Variation of 12with fiber volume fraction.
3.3 Finite Element Analysis of Kevlar/Epoxy
Composite
The variation of different engineering
constants of a uni-directional Kevlar/Epoxy
composite with respect to the different fiber volume
fractions are shown from Fig.12-14 .
Fig.12: Variation of E1with fiber volume
fraction
Fig.13: Variation of E2with fiber volume fraction.
Fig.14: Variation of 12with fiber volume fraction.
IV. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
Figures 6-8 show the variation of various
properties with the fiber volume fraction.
The observations are made from the plot are:
1. The longitudinal young’s modulus E1 increases
linearly with increase in fiber volume fraction for
all the three types of composites materials.
2. In longitudinal young’s modulus the fiber
volume fraction is high it will give more strength
and high stiffness.
3. The transverse young’s modulus E2 increases
linearly with increase in fiber volume fraction for
all the three types of composites materials.
4. The major poisson’s ratio 12 increases with
increase in fiber volume fraction for all three
types of composites materials.
5. The observations are made from all the above
graphs the % of fiber volume fraction is high it
will give more strength and high stiffness.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper micromechanical analysis of
three different types of composite (Viz.,Carbon
T300/Epoxy, IM7/Epoxy and Kevlar/ Epoxy)
materials has been carried out using FEA software,
ANSYS 14 to evaluate several elastic constants. The
results of elastic moduli E1, E2, and 12 are compared
with the results obtained by using the Rule of Mixture
.It is seen that the results from the Finite Element
simulation are little bit deviating with the analytical
results Also several properties for which simple and
accurate analytical methods are not available are
evaluated. Hence finite element method is a viable
alternative to perform better analysis of fiber
reinforced composite materials.
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6. M. G Muneswara Rao et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 5( Version 1), May 2014, pp.132-137
www.ijera.com 137 | P a g e
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